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Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829

3rd International Conference on Evolutionary Computing and Mobile Sustainable

3rd International Conference on Evolutionary
Networks (ICECMSNComputing
2023) and Mobile Sustainable
Networks (ICECMSN 2023)
A Proportional Work Analysis to Significant Approaches in
A Proportional Work Analysis to Significant Approaches in
Blockchain for Supply-Chain Technology
Blockchain for Supply-Chain Technology
Himani Saraswataa, Mahesh Manchandabb, Sanjay Jasolacc
Himani Saraswat , Mahesh Manchanda , Sanjay Jasola
Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun,248001,India
a,b,c
a,b,c
Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun,248001,India
himanisivaraman@gmail.com,manchandamahesh@gmail.com,sjasola@yahoo.com
himanisivaraman@gmail.com,manchandamahesh@gmail.com,sjasola@yahoo.com

Abstract
Abstract
Modern technologies have replaced many of the conventional managerial work areas. Blockchain, one of the newest head-turn
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developments.
© 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
©
© 2024
2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. B.V.
This is anTheopenAuthors.
accessPublished
article under by ELSEVIER
the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of theof3rd
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee theInternational
3rd International Conference
Conference on Evolutionary
on Evolutionary Computing and
Peer-review
Computing under
and responsibility
Mobile
Mobile Sustainable Networks Sustainable of the scientific
Networks committee of the 3rd International Conference on Evolutionary
Computing and Mobile Sustainable Networks
Keywords: — blockchain; supply chain;logistics;business; analysis; review; data.
Keywords: — blockchain; supply chain;logistics;business; analysis; review; data.

1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
The world of the Supply chain is inherent, complex, geographically distinct, disciplined, governed, globalized, and
The
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provide A supply
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in the context arrangement of businesses
and services provided
that are involved in the various forms and activities that provide value in the context of goods and services provided
1877-0509 © 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
1877-0509 © 2024
This is an open The article
access Authors. Published
under the CCby ELSEVIERlicense
BY-NC-ND B.V. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an open
Peer-review access
under article under
responsibility thescientific
of the CC BY-NC-ND license
committee of (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
the 3rd International Conference on Evolutionary Computing and
Peer-review under responsibility
Mobile Sustainable Networks of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Evolutionary Computing and
Mobile Sustainable Networks

1877-0509 © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Evolutionary
Computing and Mobile Sustainable Networks
10.1016/j.procs.2023.12.051
820 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829
Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 2

to the final consumer, both upstream and downstream. These days, supply chains cut across many geographic borders
and socioeconomic levels, each needing a unique set of equalizations and checks to ensure the chain functions
smoothly [1]. The supply chain network covers the most primary activities like planning, implementation, and
integration along with coordination of correspondence of the customer, also to make the business process more
informational and controlled process flow.

The impact of globalization has been the backbone of supply chain management; but inefficient transactions, fraud,
and pilferage are certain issues that increased in it. The cost included taking care of middle people, their unwavering
quality, and their straightforwardness to assist in overseeing the complicated traceability of the supply chain.
Considering depending on a single organization to share sensitive and important information puts the entire system at
risk from mistakes, hacking, and fake data, supply chain units must have a great deal of trust in one another. Certain
laws are put in place to safeguard consumer rights since these procedures have an impact on the financial flows of
information and products. When an organization effectively oversees the "activities" and relationships within the
supply chain it speaks to "a cognizant exertion by the SCM firms to create and oversee supply chain in a most
productive and viable manner". The supply arrangement has a straightforward arrangement for the supply side of
arranging and for the request side of organizing. The supply side comprehends all the units of the supply chain that
provide inputs, which involves directly or indirectly of the logistics company.

Blockchain is becoming well-known in the supply chain and logistics industries. Since these systems are impervious
to fraud and harmful attacks, the supply chain needs a more decentralized approach. A hacker cannot progress to the
weakest link in the chain using a distributed ledger. Blockchain technology is much more than just Bitcoin. It is not
limited to just that. It is a far more cost-effective, safe, and promising technique. First, the cryptocurrency Bitcoin and
the core blockchain technology (BCT) were introduced by one or more individuals under a pseudonym Using the
peer-to-peer paradigm of the internet, Satoshi Nakamoto [2] has created a massive infrastructure around electronic
payment systems [3]. A blockchain network consists of several nodes that perform transactions to alter a set of shared
states while maintaining track of them. Beginning with the introduction of electronic cash [4], the list of innovations
in the secure digital record space includes land records, music rights, loyalty programs, SCM, financial services
credentials and identities, and many more[5]. It gains value from smart contracts for BCT insurance, digital product
licensing, and other advances.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF JOURNALS AND PUBLICATIONS

2.1 Blockchain

Blockchain is an outstanding new global technology. Numerous industries have benefited from blockchain
technology advancements, including healthcare, banking, automation, accounts/audit, pharmaceutical, and
education. It is distinct and more reliable due to features like a) immutability, b) open-source, c) security, d)
decentralization, e) irreversible, and f) traceability. An additional benefit that the application can make use of is
the traceability of BCT. The researchers talked about the elements of data quality in a consensus method that
promotes data consistency, cryptography that ensures immutability and makes tracking easier, and a
decentralized ledger that makes data available. Not only has blockchain penetrated the healthcare industry, but
it has also spread to other industries, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, finance, education, food,
manufacturing, retail, and medical. Blockchain innovation has the potential to greatly enhance research and
teaching by increasing their efficiency, safety, and transparency[6, 7]. The banking sector has boosted
blockchain initiatives by 110% since 2018, and the market has grown at a rate of 4.3 billion US dollars. A [23]
Emotional Blockchain Companies: Chain Analysis, Coinme Moneybase Spring Labs Circle of Fibre Blockchain
technology is moving forward thanks to IBM ConsenSys MoonPay.
 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829 821
Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

2.2. Blockchain in Supply Chain

It has been proposed that the application of blockchain technology to supply chain and logistics is the most
significant development to occur in recent memory. According to certain accounts, SCM and BCT are integrated at a
very early stage. According to the experts, the supply chain system can gain significantly more from blockchain
technology in terms of security, integrity, and traceability. Contracts can be changed to transfer information from the
client to the information analyst while keeping agents at a strategic distance. Blockchain can ensure the security and
ownership of the information gathered. This revolutionary invention can be used to describe how to collaborate with
truly underutilized and highly productive instruments. For example, by using blockchain technology, an untapped data
set may be released, which could be an improved dataset and an underutilized example that can be utilized to form
contemporary knowledge.

. Blockchain is a material that can be uncovered and classified into multiple categories. For example, Blockchain
can help the coordinating sector make the process more efficient and help identify the reason behind any abandons.
When it comes to saving the companies limitless sums of money, this is frequently really helpful. Generally speaking,
blockchain is a media that supports a variety of servers or clients.

This could also be the time to implement under-utilized cutting-edge innovations. Additionally, this can be more
beneficial for companies looking to establish their niche and outperform their rivals. The supply chain sector jumped
at the prospect of utilizing the BCT since they were afraid of losing out on the technology. Consequently, the
Blockchain's release quickly attracted public interest, and companies rushed to quickly use the technology [24].
Nevertheless, a significant portion of failed Blockchain ventures occurred as a result of the unnaturally fast rate of
inventive appropriation and the otherworldliness surrounding Bitcoin and Blockchain, with a 90%–92% failure rate
estimated. A highly unique data framework covering the entire preparation of generation, supply, offering, obtainment,
capacity, application, send out, use, pulverization and traceability of the framework was deduced from the
investigations [8, 9]. IoT (Internet of Things) and smart contracts are the most cohesive combination; they are guiding
research into an entirely new realm of possibilities.
The concept of this article is to enhance and address the performance drawback of the supply chain management
and make the traceability, data transparency and increase the efficiency of the overall system. The blockchain creates
a structure of data with inherent data security qualities [10]. The basic core of blockchain technology is based on
cryptography, decentralization, consensus algorithms and most importantly ensured transactions. There is no single
point of failure and no participating member across the network can change the transaction directives. Blockchains
that require permission and are not open are less vulnerable to malevolent actors. A permissioned blockchain has
fewer total participants than a permissionless blockchain, but because there are fewer copies of the transaction floating
about, it is less safe. However, because there are fewer nodes to validate for each transaction, it operates more quickly.
The difference is in whether the network's design allows anybody to join (permissionless) or restricts access to specific
individuals only (permissioned). A shared digital ledger of all digital events amongst the participating agents is the
technology of distributed, decentralized technology [11,12]

2.3 Blockchain and SCM Business

The most important takeaway from how BCT is effective on SCM :

• Elimination of Fraud and Theft: Blockchain's public ledger technology provides transparency and makes it
possible to trace the ownership history of numerous goods, like diamonds, for instance.
• Transaction Process - The traceability of the technology allows wholesalers to determine a product's precise
origin, which, in the event of contamination, can save lives and inspire consumer confidence.
• Smart Contracts: These allow for the automation of the purchasing process while also guaranteeing the
reliability, validity, and accessibility of the products.
822 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829
Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 4

• Tracking - Blockchain makes it easier to track documents connected to commerce, such as purchase orders,
modification orders, receipts, shipment alerts, and more.

A few things around our display supply chain are imperfect. Companies have begun joining Blockchain for real-
time information get to, security, traceability, and auditability for their supply chain administration as they have
started to perceive the guarantee of cutting-edge innovations like it. Since the huge potential of blockchain in
supply chains cannot be disputed. Better product traceability and shipment tracking from beginning to finish can
assist EU businesses in combating counterfeiting. Since blockchain technology is an evolving shared
unchangeable ledger that tracks product movement and transactions at every level of a business network, it has
the potential to be extremely important to this objective. By identifying products' proof of origin, blockchain
combats counterfeiting by offering a secure tracking mechanism from the start of the supply chain—the
acquisition of raw materials—to the very end—where the end user receives the finished product.

. As blockchain technology gains traction outside of finance, both established businesses and startups are exploring
its potential in various other domains. Blockchain-based supply chain innovation has the potential to significantly
increase corporate value by improving supply chain transparency, lowering risk, and streamlining overall supply chain
management. According to Emergen research [10], companies like Amazon, Microsoft, IBM, and Huawei use
blockchain in their supply- chain and logistics. The end-to-end permeability required by supply chains to viably track
and follow the generation handle with improved computerization can be given by supply chain arrangements made
utilizing Amazon Overseen Blockchain. Azure Blockchain Workbench to set up a consortium network. Blockchain
technology is being used by businesses to digitize workflows for procedures like transferring real products through the
supply chain. Smart contracts, which are automatically executed when pre-defined business requirements are met, are
used in IBM Blockchain. Supply chain financing and supply chain tracing are two uses for Huawei's Blockchain Service
(BCS), which is a low-cost and simple-to-use service. It uses decentralized, shared, and tamper-proof ledgers to promote
fairness and transparency and to enable cost-effective risk management.

2.4 Demand Forecasting, Throughput, and Latency in Supply Chain

Blockchain and that too Ethereum Blockchain is not extensively famous in the world as it is a new technology.
research recommends that the further development of this technology will bring a tremendous change in today
industry-oriented era. But the supply chain can be further analyzed based on throughput latency and demand
forecasting has to be taken into regard for the smooth working of the system. Now if Ethereum-based blockchain
technology convincingly handles the criteria of this section then the system gives the next level of security. Many
techniques have brought these all into the same frame but some of the prediction of the product order does not go
beyond reach. In a supply chain, demand forecasting often entails utilizing different mathematical models to estimate
future demand for products or services. A strategy that is often used in demand forecasting is exponential smoothing.
This method forecasts future demand by utilizing weighted averages of past observations and is based on time series
data. The fundamental formula for exponential smoothing
Ft+1=α×Yt+(1−α)×Ft
Where:
➢ Ft+1 is the forecasted demand for the next period (t+1).
➢ It is the actual demand for the current period (t).
➢ It is the forecasted demand for the current period (t).
➢ α is the smoothing parameter (0 <= α <= 1), which determines the weight given to the most recent observation
Yt. Smaller values of α give more weight to past observations, while larger values give more weight to the most
recent observation.

The approach used is determined by the nature of the data, the specific aims of the prediction, and the available
resources for analysis and computing. Furthermore, when dealing with many variables, seasonality, and other factors
that influence demand in a supply chain, these equations can grow more complicated.
✓ Blockchain Equation (Simplified):
Block+1=Hash(Block+Transaction)Blockn+1=Hash(Blockn+Transactionn)
 Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5
Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829 823

Where:
• Block+1 =Blockn+1 represents the next block in the blockchain.
• Blockn = Blockn represents the current block in the blockchain.
• Transaction=Transaction represents the transaction or event to be added to the blockchain.
• Hash: it is a hash function that generates a unique cryptographic hash based on its input
In supply chain management, throughput refers to the pace at which products or services flow through the
manufacturing or distribution process. It is a crucial performance indicator that gauges the system's efficiency in
delivering items to customers. The formula for determining throughput is relatively simple:

✓ Throughput Equation:
Throughput=Total Output period
Throughput=Time PeriodTotal Output
Where:
• Total Output refers to the total quantity of products or services that have been produced, processed, or
delivered within a specific period.
• Period is the duration of time over which the throughput is measured. It can be in hours, days, weeks, etc.
For example, if you want to calculate the throughput of a manufacturing line that has produced 1000 units of a product
in a day, the equation would be:
Throughput=1000 units1 day=1000 units/day

Throughput=1 day1000 units=1000 units/day

Throughput can be measured at different points within the supply chain, such as in manufacturing,
distribution, or even at the entire supply chain level.
The temporal lag that happens between the start of an activity or event and its completion is referred to as
supply chain latency. It's a critical statistic for assessing the effectiveness and responsiveness of supply chain
processes. The formula for determining latency is straightforward:

✓ Latency Equation:
Latency=End Time−Start Time Latency=End Time−Start Time
Where:
• End Time is the time when the event or action is completed.
• Start Time is the time when the event or action is initiated.

3. PROPORTIONAL WORK ANALYSIS

Fig 1, the contribution of articles per year

 Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 6
824 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829

Figure 1 shows the increase in research publications in the supply chain and blockchain fields. An increasing amount
of work has gone into researching blockchain technology and how it might be used in different industries. This study's
scope spans from technical analysis to practicality in the field. Research experienced a remarkable surge following
the COVID-19 pandemic. This has been made feasible by the amazing potential to make the supply chain more
transparent and safer.
The method applied for the selection of the research work to review is quite comprehensive. The literature is retrieved
from the Scopus database. The initial step is to look for all the BCT papers between 2015-2022 and then the received
information is scrutinized by the terms "SCM" and "Blockchain Technology”. Then the second filter is applied by the
terms "Article", and "conference" and then the area of interest words are filtered " Crypto", "Agriculture", Finance",
"Healthcare", "Production", and" Pharmacy". During the third iteration, after removing the stop-words the data set
was cleanly available for the review. We scrutinized the research work with all the 250 terms which appear less than
10 times. So we received 60 research articles into consideration (we received 300 articles but out of them we
considered only 60). Figure 2 illustrates the iterations and methodology of the steps.

Fig 2. Research Method applied in corpus

A blockchain can hold several types of information [13], but the most popular usage for transactions has been as a
ledger. In the case of Bitcoin, blockchain is decentralized, which means that no single person or organization has
control—rather, all users collectively retain control. Because decentralized blockchains are immutable, the data
entered is irreversible. Transactions in Bitcoin are permanently recorded and accessible to anybody. [14]. In this
article, blockchain appears to still be a developing technology that is underutilized.

From a Big Data perspective, this paper investigates the necessity of blockchain in the context of Industry 4.0 for
supply chain management [15] with its decentralized implementation and security features, blockchain technology
offers an alternative to the current anti-counterfeiting systems. One may imagine a situation where brands, retailers,
and marketplaces are part of a blockchain network with nodes holding data to verify the products' legitimacy. Even
though there are many different blockchain systems, each with its distinctive features, there isn't yet a chat system in
place that makes use of a blockchain platform. In this study, we thoroughly examined the needs of the knowledge-
based discussion system and provided a decision model for selecting the best blockchain platform. Numerous metrics,
such as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Analytical
Hierarchy Process (FAHP)[16], are utilized to assess and generate trustworthy results. The findings indicate that there
is a growing body of study being done on blockchain applications in specific managerial domains, like supply chain
and finance. Still, it's thought that this field's conceptual growth is relatively new in other areas, such as the
 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829 825
Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

management of counterfeit and premium items. Furthermore, by classifying the extant literature according to specific
topics, the four primary study themes were identified: strategy and regulation, enablement and implication, multi-
domain deployment, and Bitcoin's inefficiencies. Notwithstanding the conflict between secrecy and openness,
blockchain characteristics can maintain security and boost transparency simultaneously.

A smart contract-based blockchain-based inventory-sharing strategy that links suppliers and retailers over a private
Ethereum network This strategy enhances supply chain transaction security, dependability, and transparency by fusing
blockchain technology with decentralized storage. Blockchain technology is widely used in cryptographic currencies.
Applications for Bitcoin and emerging technologies like Ethereum are among the many possible uses. Blockchain,
which has immense promise, makes creative use of distributed ledger, cryptography, and computation to enable us to
generate, value, trust, and truthfulness [17]. It highlights the possibility for a decentralized future, where technology
users can be empowered without being constrained by an outside power broker, as well as the many other advantages
that technology offers us. Blockchain technology is driving the next major change in information technology. The
endeavor uncovered and encompassed every pertinent research study released in this domain, considerably assisting
scholars and professionals in their comprehension of the related investigations. However, there has been discussion
of the management ramifications and associated big theories for upcoming blockchain-enabled SC advances. The
sociological consequences of blockchain technology and various related concerns have been studied. The results of
the content analysis show that companies are more likely to actively seek out and implement blockchain supply chain
applications if they are subject to normative pressure to do so and acknowledge the relative advantage, compatibility,
and complexity of blockchain technology. There is a lot of interest in the possible applications of blockchain
technology in the food supply chain way to increase traceability.

The program significantly increased the producer's product traceability by providing a secure, transparent, and
efficient means of monitoring and tracing goods across the supply chain. Certain scholars offer two perspectives.
Firstly, they demonstrate how value chain networks and existing supply chains could be enhanced and streamlined by
utilizing Blockchain technology in conjunction with IoT infrastructure [18]. Second, they establish the foundation for
further research by deriving six research hypotheses that specify how Blockchain technology can affect crucial IoT
aspects (such as quality, traceability and interoperability, information flows, immutability and auditing, scalability,
and security. The research indicates which SCM-specific obstacles need to be solved in advance as well as possible
applications of blockchain technology in SCM by 2035[19,20]. Although blockchain technology is marketed as a
means of facilitating transactions between untrusted parties, a noteworthy study shows that the trust-related advantages
of blockchain technology are not easily transferred to supply chain management (SCM) without extra conditions.
Remarkably, supply chain partners will still need to actively manage trust.

However, our analysis indicates that by 2035, blockchain technology will be widely applied in supply chain
management, offering valuable context and thought-provoking viewpoints to field decision-makers`[19] To capture
the most significant aspects of blockchain adoption in supply chains, our conceptual model combines the unified
theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model with the task-technology fit (TTF) and information
system success (ISS) models, as well as trust-based information technology innovation adoption constructs[21,22].
Using structural equation modeling, we find that the ISS, TTF, and UTAUT models positively impact the key factors
impacting supply chain workers' interest in using blockchain. According to our research, inter-organizational trust
significantly influences blockchain adoption intentions, however, inter-organizational trust has a substantial effect on
the association between the UTAUT dimension and blockchain adoption intentions
826 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829
Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 8

4. WORK IN SCM BY ETHEREUM

The SCM application is designed to implement numerous Supply Chain Management System features. A tamperproof
and accurate architecture including blockchain technology is fabricated which provides security to the system. Only
registered users are allowed to interact with the system. Each registered user receives their own set of personal
credentials. The system grants authorization to do certain operations based on their job after authenticating their details
[23]. Sellers are granted the ability to add and ship items. Buyers can buy an item, get information about it, and receive

Figure 3 a) & b) Ethereum Gas price and the average Ether

transaction cost over time in terms of average gas cost

it. The SCM smart contract validates the operations that are carried out. The suggested system's prototype is being
tested to see how well it works and to see if the security levels are being met. The transparency in SCM is towards
the information to be readily available for the end users to access. The Ethereum Average Gas Price Chart shows the
daily average gas price used by the Ethereum network. Figures a) & b) Illustrates the Ethereum Gas price from 2015
till 2023 and the average Ether transaction cost over time in terms of average gas cost.

Ethereum promises better transparency in the supply chain as it has innovation in its approach It is impractical to
remove all kept records collectively since verified records of every transaction are available to the members via
publicly available or private records. An integrated database is more susceptible to crashes, defilements, and hacking.

The virtual ecosystem mainly relies on Blockchain Technology to facilitate peer-to-peer trades and transactions, as
well as decision-making sharing. The SCM and BCT publications need more significant adoption [24]. The biggest
challenge in the research is that there are changes in the fast pace of changing related blockchain. The analysis and
results are mainly restricted to a single database only i.e. Scopus DB, the restriction of limited access to data is also
one of the restrictions. Figure 4, depicts the word cloud of blockchain in terms of supply chain

The BCT along with the IoT has a promising combination of research in the field of SCM. The supply chain
management has a very major support in terms of smart contracts. The smart contract plays a very vital role in joining
business lucidity and process accomplishment. The main purpose of the article is to highlight the impact of blockchain
on supply chain and logistics by, making it more transparent, traceable, secure. The smart contract automate, transform
and streamline many supply chain procedures like procurement, payment, compliance etc. The SCM become more
trustworthy, increased in terms of efficiency, and enhancement on trust.
 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829 827
Himani Saraswat / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9

Figure 4. Word clouds of Blockchain and

terms

5. THREATS IN BLOCKCHAIN

Although blockchain offers technology robust security features , it is not immune to certain type of attacks. However
some common attacks that can occur :
• 51% Attack: This happens when one entity or a collection of conspiring entities control more than 50%of the
network mining power in a blockchain that employs Proof-of-Work(PoW) consensus mechanism. This allow
them to manipulate the blockchain by double spending coins excluding certain transaction from confirmation
or reversing the confirmed transaction.
• Sybil Attack: To take over a decentralized network, an attacker would launch a Sybil attack, creating
numerous fictitious identities or nodes. The attacker can interfere with the consensus process, tamper with
transaction confirmations, and engage in other illegal acts by controlling many nodes.
• Eclipse Attack: By surrounding a targeted node in the network with malicious nodes under the attacker's
control, an eclipse attack seeks to isolate it. The attacker can change the targeted node's perception of the
blockchain, carry out double-spending assaults, or banish it from the network by manipulating the
information it receives.
• DoS (Denial of Service) Attack: A DoS attack involves bombarding a blockchain network with a large
number of erroneous transactions or excessive resource demands in an effort to reduce its availability and
performance. This may result in network sluggishness, delayed transactions, or even an end to blockchain
activities altogether.
• Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Smart contracts are susceptible to security vulnerabilities in their code.
These vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers to steal funds, manipulate contract behavior, or execute
unauthorized actions. Common vulnerabilities include reentrancy attacks, integer overflow/underflow, and
logic errors.
• Malicious Code/Exploit Attacks: Attackers may target vulnerabilities in the blockchain software itself or the
underlying protocols to exploit weaknesses and gain unauthorized access or control over the network. This
can lead to unauthorized transactions, theft of funds, or disruption of network operations.
• Insider Attacks: Insider attacks involve malicious actions by individuals who have authorized access to the
blockchain system [14]. This can include developers, administrators, or other trusted individuals with
privileges who misuse their access to manipulate data, tamper with transactions, or compromise the security
and integrity of the blockchain.
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828 Himani Saraswat et al. / Procedia Computer Science 230 (2023) 819–829

6. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

The study is a review of BCT for SCM. There is a huge area of adoption where the BCT serves disorderly solutions
The main features, BCT has are a) accountability b) efficiency c) traceability d) transparency e)security. The impact
of these made SCM ranked third in terms of publications after the health care and finance sector. The main contribution
of this study is a systematic, rhythmic review of research and citation analysis to provide a better understanding of the
trajectory and enhancement of application for these technologies. The research work made a to-date point for all the
work done in the field and also the progression trajectory to it.
The promising areas of blockchain application and research in the supply chain, logistics, medical, insurance, land
rights music rights, and public sector will be in privileged adieu. The research gives a more exponential view of the
future and also sheds light on the gaps for future research.

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