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ELECTRICAL DRIVE
An Inttoduction
Lectue No 03
11 Ektricel Drivas:
11a Drjves:+
r The ystem employed forthie "Mohion ontrol
is cllec agiahe Drivé"

i)he Motjon Cortrot is required n any of the

InduGtiel and domesiciappietionis
T
eqrarnspobtiorn System,
Rálfna Ms,
p e MachinesIv
Textiles AA|s s st
Machine tooks
Pupps, tobots,
ashinq Maehihesdetc
the mohon n
1he dHves are Czee to Cortrol
Gueh applicction yenploy a h tthe Prime
Moxers Suth AS
Diesel or Petrol egPnes
Sas o Steam enineS 3
Hyarolltc Mctors 4
Eleetrica) Moto
ii) AI of the ahove Primne are used to
Supply Mechanica e Y for otion Contro)
1 ) The dres empl6ying he Eleetmical Motors
re Called a s the Eleetriaa Dves"
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Date: I

12 Adankges efElectria Drives

Heely uued becaue
h eThe Elestrial nives are

of the follo dinq advanttq

f2.a The Flexible Control haraeteristies:

anal dynamic Characterishi
The steady state
of
the electrial drixes Can be Shapee
tosatfsfy the load-requtemnert
in
ti) he Speed can be Controlle, IF requi red,
y ide itiits
m Eeetric rakihq ican be mployed
Contolgear haaute foT the spee Control, i
GtartHnq and braknq is usuzlly sim ple
The advansements in the pon er sem/cond uc
tor devjces, employinghyritors, peqer Trans istov
IGBTs, GTOs, lnear and dizita) IC Mfcrocorm pukr
have made heGontroharaterfsts more
flexible: rirersl
viSpeediand Torque andransihion from one
mDde to another Can be éonrolled spnoothy
ane eporafely a

1.26 de Range
The
The are avajablé- in the oile range of
-Torauei 3
Speedr
Poder1
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HDate:

1 Hgh ¬fTcteney-
1 h e electricál Motors employint drives haxe high
efficiency
i) Comparrd to the
other prime Oves they have
tonger life, Jower neise, tooer Mairtenance,4
cleaner operahion
to
i Can be made in varjety ohdesiqns make
them Compatible tofth toad"

1-2d Adapteble :acordhg to the appliafions

Electrial dies are adaptabje to alm 0st any
operating Conditions Such as exploGive and
tadioaere envionment, Subuga in laud
verticle mounn'ng and co e

2 Ecoftiendly to the environment t-

They cto not pollcute the enon menf hene,

are the ecotniendly.

:2-f Four Quadrant Oper=ton

iEleeical prfvec can operate in al of the four
quadrant of the "Spee and lovque" plane
iiEechic brakh qives the Gmoorth decelerahon
inarases tife c the eauupment Compase to
Other forms of the brating
ii. When eqeneratve baEm spassibJe, Considerabe
Saying cf the enekgy is achjeye
These eatures are not possible ofth the
ether drives.
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12-9 The startfna

hey Can be olarted fnetarthy ard an fmmedjately
efully loaeted.
iThere is no need to refuel or tõarm-up of
he mofor

2h Avategeous ¬leetrica Energy

he elechriea energy hoinq_ numbor
of advantages over other forms of the
energy
1 8Block biaoram of Electria Drives
S15

Scsce Pocde Moto LOAD.

Modato

Contro Sesin
Unit

In-put ommand

Pi.1-1 Genere Block diagram of

Elecrical Dfyes
 DrfvaS
4 The Parts of Ke Electria
df he Bloek daara
Explairation

1:4: Elec hrical MooxS

Electrical Motovs
Miscellanenuk
acMoter
dc MotoY Induchion Synchronous Msceidreus Types
Mofo of-Motor
shunt h0Ssmd hloun Brushless
O Series Coqe TM Ffeld c MotoY
BLDO
Stompouw Okond Ofermanant
0pemannt| Retor-IM Maqhef sppe
Magne OineriM ri $oftthed
M Reluctane
Motvs

iThe pacd Induetion motovs were employed mainly in

Canstart Speed Drives
i ariable speed atrive applicatio ns oere dominate
by de Motos
kPth he cd vancement inpoinersemiconductor
derice ac Mbtovs ase noD employed fn the
Nariable Cpeed drives

:4-A D%astantges of he de Motbs qs compartd to

the aciMotoY
Due t he presence oh thet Commutasor and
bruches The de Motor has a numbr
isacanfaqes as ompored to the ac Motors*
Unduchon Motor and Sunetnronous Motor)
 Po
Da

and inertia for

Hfaher cast, eeight,yolume
theGame ratiryMS
Need for the frequot Maurtenonce,unstabe
tr the Cxplosive and ontamjnated ervjonment
n restricion oh he maximum oHaqe, speed
and poDer ratings

1 Squurel Cage TM of
I t (nst nenuly cone hlrd àf the de Motor
he Same ratnga
trmey rgge, requires pfacfiay
no
16
aintenance: and bwilt for hiaher Gpedlorq ue
and poder raings
Wbtund Rotdr I
I+is more expencve than squirel Cage IM
Their Maintenancel is- less thande Motor but
more than Gqrrel Caqe Motor
They also are aa'hble n high pooer rethgs.
VSynchronou Moter-
klound Held and pemanart Megnej
Synehronous motor have higher fuu Joad
efFicicnoand poDe factor than IM
They Cn be desiqne for higher power
raffngc than IM
They are havinq higher cost and site
Comparee to he IM ,of he Same
atihgs
The fertmariert Magnet Synehronbu motor. have
all the advantages oayre age IM. xcept
thaf they are avaiabfe in looer poer ccting

Hence for the number of appf tahon

have replaced oih ac-Moto -
it
 i. BrashJess de. Moter fssomethat similay to he
pertrionert maahef Gynchrous motor, but has
ener cost and taurer c'mpler ard
Com verter cheaper
. Recenty, ctepper Metov has be-are more popala
for'pos?tion conteo
SoTthed Reluetance otpr ceiYe Seed Controj.

14- ProerModukhr:-

148- The funchons of Hhe pooer Modulator:.

Modulatrs the fbo of poner from Source to the
Motor Such man ner: th met k fmparted
speed-Tomue chooeteristfas rewret by the load.
Durinq Trandent operatjon, te. starting.bratina2
Speeereyversa tesT8 seiuce ard motor usrents
Ao1thin perrnicfble vahuas. he exceusive ustent may
Caue the motor to be overloaced or
gves voi tage d7s
1 Converts eletrical enerqy ef the Srrte fn the
form Cutble to the MotoY
e F the gource fs deand an inductfon motov
is to be employed, then the po wer muator s
requided to Convert de Vaiabje frequency ae.
iv. Sefects the M1de of Opeahon of he Motor
e Motovrt er Braki

14-3- Classiffration of the Poo er moduh tor

Serne drNs may employ more than one ot

the ftlowing poer- modu lator Een it s
 (Page No.
Date:
Al t classity the pooer moduefor E
possible to have satisfacfory elassi Hfcatiem of
po@er Modelato: -

Converters 4
Varjable fmpeedancas
Soitehin Ciretwts
Converterg: -

Ahen the hature of theavaflable pooer is

the
4ferent than whet is reaured for
Converter
mofor, then theoneed of Hhe
arises.
h e pooer sDurcas are of the follocofng Tgpe
Axed yoltaaqe and Hxefreqyenoy AC
Fixed voltaqe de
Contro of the Motor'reuir-
dc Moto Variable deiVoltege
ac Motor txe freqeney, Vearjable
woltaae ac
Variable frequeny, Vamable
Voltage Ac
These Motori raqrements are met
by the
Converters
ac to de Converter -
Un contrell Recti fier:

Fxee Volkaqe Diode Fxet xeltaene

1-6 ot ¢ Recti fier
AC
 Page No.

Rxrd Rxed voltogo

Fully Controllad RecH Pier

PfxedvolbygeallyControlled Varable Vol age

1-9/36 AC hyristor Rectifier de

Half Controlled Reetiter:-

Fxed volto Half Controlled Varicble oltage

1--3 A "Thyristor Reetifler dc.

(fv). "noontrolle Rectitfcr oith lap changing xer

Fxevoltge Tansfommer ohDjode Reeti Hcer Variable

Tap changer n Volfege d
Varnable volge aC

Exed Yoltage AC Varftbje Voltanepe dcC

PrefRra Voltae
A

Variable yolaqe dc
AC Motov

DC: Genesc DY
 PageNo.
Darte:

Alterhator (A)
Ae, o fth
F o d vslthje voltaqe
be
->Voiable
Dlode RefFla

rad voltege
AC Altnator
Dfode ricble Voltaqe
DC
Reeti Hio
Ac Motpr 2A

Some 0d equipments for Varicbje

i he
Voltae de.

Atnplifier
Dfode Recificr eith Maqnethi

Pred Maqnef c Dlode Varia ble

Volge npltier Rectiffer Voltage d
1-b/9
Nth Amplidyne

Fire Voltqqe Variable Volfaqe

8- Ac.
Amplidyne
m) Diode Rectifier oith ehopper

Fired Voltnge Dfode Variable

chopper
1-3-AC Rater Yeltae DC
 Pe No

(6) AC eltrge Cortrollers er AC Requlajorst

AC veltage contrt))ers are
emploued to get Variable
AC Yoltaqe of he Same treaueney from a Source
Fa fixed ad votaqe
i. The oteplass cono otthe autpuf voltaqe Can
be obtaine by controlI he Finng angle o
Convertens M

f' The Control is exesized by he "Mechantcal force.

i h e output'yolfage and Soure Gurrent are
nusodal
h e ottpt Voltage and source turtent haye
the harmonis and the peoer factpr is poor
at tbo Out paf Noltage

Pixed yol taae Leder frxed

Auto transfommer of fYxe4 Tah Ratio
1-p,3, Ac AC Votae
Variabe
Transformer oih Taps
ottgeAt.-

Thyristor voltqe Controlle

7

Magnetie Atnpl{Hier

Piq.)xiabfe Ac Yoltge Contreller oR

AC Reulator
 Paxge No.
DateII

or D-DC Converfes:
Choppes

Varicble vo Ha
hey use e qet
dre

dt from a Ffed xoltaqe de

poder
hey ere designe usinq
serhftonductor deices
PbDer ransistors.

TG8T5, G TD,
Po@er asFETIS Thyristors
he output voltage can be Covntrelled
-Raid
teplessy by antrollmg the duty
f the device

fied Noltege 6emi conductor Variable voltage

Chppern

) Inverters:-
Variable
InvertaS a r e employed fo ge a

trequery AC Supply trom a ds

SHeppad-'Ware nverfers Can be desjahed
tobehave -
- A%Noltaqe Sourte
- As Current Cource.

Attoreihay They are known as,

Noltage Sourcee inverterr CVI)
Curren (Cs1)
 (PagaNo
ADote

hxed voltage Heppe are Vareble frequeny

Semiconductor fieed
Invertcr oltge usrnt AcC

PWM
GemjConduchY
Inverte

fia. nverters:'

Cucloconvertes

Cycoconverters Conrerto FHxe voltaqe and reduerop

c to Variable Yoltcqe and varmble frequenay

Ae
freqwency isrecsj-td to 4° of
he outpu
order te beep Me
Stupplyfrequendy oturce Currenti
Harmoni'es tnpoltaq and
i h n permisible lmitO

Varabl e Vé) taqe

fized traquena and
Cyciocon vter
ana
FFxed Noltege A
Varable fra. A
 PageNo.
Dante

4-8 Variable Impedances:

Variahe Rasiuto rs:-

Vasable Rasistons 'are Cemmonly uced for he
Centro of the loo cast AC as oe) as D dive
Vriable ResistoKS are dlso heajed tor dyhamic
brabirg of drives
hehawe too ar more Gteps
Can be Contraled automati
ally or
Monnally
oth the help of Conaetons
Stepless Vantation of the rasfstance Can
Con
e sbine by using Semiconductor oith
parelet oiBh Hxed resistanae
-In bgh pooer aplfcation liqujd heastak

knoo a Gip-Reeltore are empluest

gef dteplese Variations.i
Vwable Inducio
-Ihductors, in to steps Gfwand zer)
are
employe tp imitthe stnq Curont
o ac Motori

Marjahle Tndueers-
Satuiable Reactos-
014 dHves have employedSaurable Reactors
forthe Control oF Induetion Moon
 PaeN :

14B Softhinq GPrtuits:

The soitching Cperatiohk ore require ta achieye
any ohe of he fellhiq.
Chang'rq Motbr connection to change t

q uaefrant of Operation
for changirg Motor Grcuuft porame}es in
discrete steps for automatfe stasHng and
brakina ontrolmr
For opeating the Metor 'ard pives azco
rding to Ahe_predetermined Sequenee.
To provicde ntelocbig
to prevent malopeaty
To prevent h e Metr t tcork Under ann
abnoma| cpercaing Condihion ie. diseonnect
the Mofor

The csothirq epertiors are Carric out hy - high

pcer electtomagnetic relass ie. Contaetors.
RecenHy herisfr coitthes hawe been used. These
Tnyrisor sultthes are havina disadiantage Hat
hey can-hot phovice perteet Isblation befweein
the ouure and motor dreust
Solid ttte relas have bcen anployed alsrg 9jh
prararmmable Loqitè Controllert C?LL's)

1.5 Choice e Eleetria Brives Lectue No. 04 .

The fartors Affecti ofe o Eleetria| Erivai
6terdy State operation Reuirenmers
Nature ot Spee Torqtue Characteristits
6 Speed Reatulation efficieny
Speed Rarge Speefctuahoy
dy Ratings and
Daty cyele.
uadrant of operation
 Page No

Date

T r a n s i e r t Cpeahion Raqutements

aecejerati on, decelerahon,

Values of
and reversing pestormance
Startina ,brating
relete h he Soure
Requrements
af Source
and apaeity
voleg, Noterge FHuctuak
yre tho
Maq nfhute o
poder factor
Harmonics fhseffect
on load
d)
reaenerrted pooer
abifhy to aceept
tot ife
Captaand Maintenace Runina Cost
S p a e e and to eaht Restrc hiou
Environment loceation
Relability.

DC trive
6A
Ac deives: Fixe spea appliatons,
Variable
)A14hough tM (a:c)uve-Cheaper
Phan de
The Converter avd Control circur o IM:expensiie
trve klel) eadab}fsbed.
)Tech nolaqy d c
Neo
A c deives are t reiable as de