High Impedance Differential Protection

(Technical Guide)

Budapest, March 2018

Document ID: PP-13-21490
Version information

Version Date Modification Compiled by

1.0 13.03.2017 First edition Gergely Pócsi
2.0 09.03.2018 Modified: Gergely Pócsi
 2 Setting procedure: the process is
changed, the relay setting current depends
on the selected stabilising resistance
 3 Example: the results are changed
because of the modified setting procedure
 4 Appendix: the instructions are changed
because of the modified setting procedure
High Impedance Differential Protection

CONTENTS

1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 4
2 Setting procedure ........................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Calculation of stabilising voltage (VST)...................................................................... 6
2.2 Calculation of CT knee point voltage (VkRMS) ............................................................ 7
2.3 Selection of stabilising resistor (RST) ........................................................................ 7
2.4 Calculation of relay setting current (ISET) .................................................................. 9
2.5 Requirement for CT knee point voltage .................................................................... 9
2.6 The stabilising resistor power rating (PST) .............................................................. 10
2.7 Decision of using MOV .......................................................................................... 11
2.8 Requirements for the MOV values (C, β) ............................................................... 12
3 Example calculation...................................................................................................... 13
4 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Appendix A – Excel software for the setting procedure........................................... 16
4.2 Appendix B – Special calculation method............................................................... 19

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High Impedance Differential Protection

1 Abstract
High Impedance Differential Protections can detect faults on busbars or transformer windings.
The basic principle can be explained by an object with two ends (Figure 1). On the secondary
side the current transformers (CTs) are all connected in parallel to the stabilising resistor (RST).
A sensitive current relay (87B) is connected in series to the stabilising resistor. It is common to
use a non-linear resistor („MOV”) across the differential branch. All CTs must have the same
ratio and construction.

During an external fault, with ideal current transformers (which means that CT saturation does
not occur) there is no current flowing through the differential branch, so the current relay does
not operate. The worst scenario is when only one CT is completely saturated during the whole
period, while the other CT is not saturated. Of course, there can be more other ends with non-
saturated CTs. In the example these other ends are concentrated in one end which is the end
with CT called „CT1”. In the first case the stabilising resistor is negligibly small (it is actually the
low impedance differential protection, see on Figure 1). In this event the magnetising
inductance of the saturated CT becomes almost zero, and the higher excitating current is
missed in the differential branch. It means that significant differential current (If) flows, so the
relay must be set carefully to avoid false operations.

Figure 1. Low Imp. Diff. Prot. (RST ≈ 0)

In the second case the stabilising resistor is high compared to the sum of CT winding resistance
(RCT) and connection lead resistances (2*RL), so almost the complete fault current flows through
the connection leads instead of the differential branch (Figure 2). The voltage (VST) across the
differential branch can be used for setting the current relay.

Figure 2. High Imp. Diff. Prot. (RST >> RCT + 2*RL)

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High Impedance Differential Protection

During an internal fault, all of the CT’s currents flow in the same direction (Figure 3). As the
sum of these currents will flow into the differential branch, it may result in high potential rise of
the stabilising resistor so that can cause a fast saturation in the CTs. The MOV can also operate
which is used to limit the peak voltage to a value below the insulation level of the current
transformers and stabilising resistor. It means that the differential current is highly distorted.
Because of the non-linear behaviour of the CTs and MOV, a special differential current
measurement is required. Protecta uses a special hardware for the measurement: the CT5153+
can detect the peaks of the differential current.

Figure 3. High Imp. Diff. Prot. (internal fault)

This document presents principles of high impedance differential protection and introduces an
example how to set the relay and also how to choose the appropriate stabilising resistor (and
MOV if it is required).

As the setting procedure includes many calculations and requirements, there is a Microsoft
Excel software available to help all the users to go through the whole process (see Appendix A
– Excel software for the setting procedure).

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High Impedance Differential Protection

2 Setting procedure
The calculations must be considered in this order:

1. Calculation of stabilising voltage (VST)

2. Calculation of CT knee point voltage (VkRMS)
3. Selection of stabilising resistor (RST)
4. Calculation of relay setting current (ISET)
5. Requirement for CT knee point voltage
6. The stabilising resistor power rating (PST)
7. Decision of using MOV
8. Requirements for the MOV values (C, β)

2.1 Calculation of stabilising voltage (VST)

During external faults, the main goal is to avoid false operations. For reaching this goal it is
necessary to calculate the possible maximum voltage of the stabilising resistor when external
fault occurs. To calculate this voltage, the worst scenario must be considered (see on Figure
2). It is proven that the voltage across the differential branch is the highest when the stabilising
resistor (RST) is much greater than the secondary circuit resistance (RCT+2*RL). It means that
the differential current is negligible. Other conditions are the following:

 One CT is completely saturated during the whole period (Xm ≈ 0)

 Other CTs are not saturated at all (Xm ≈ ∞)
 The decaying DC component of the maximum through fault is the highest
 The primary time constant is almost infinite (tpr ≈ ∞)
 The leakage current of the MOV can also be neglected

The maximum voltage depends on the maximum through fault current ( , ) and the whole
secondary circuit resistance which includes the CT secondary winding resistance (RCT) and the
connection leads resistance (RL) between the CT and the relay (it must be considered twice
because of the forth and back direction).

In this case the complete fault current flows through the secondary circuit resistance, so the
stabilising resistor voltage is equal to fault current multiplied by secondary current resistance.
Because the secondary circuit resistances are different in all of the CT circuits, the peak voltage
calculations must be performed for all these circuits:

, = 2 ∙ √2 ∙ , ∙ +2∙ (1)

where:
 , = maximum through fault secondary current
 i = CT circuit number (1, 2, … , n)
 n = number of current transformers parallel with the relay
 RCT = CT secondary winding resistance
 RL = connection lead resistance between the CT and the relay

The stabilising voltage is higher than the maximum of all peak voltage calculations:

= (1 + ) ∙ , (2)

where:
 ε = safety margin (ε = 0.15)
 , = peak voltage calculation for each CT circuit (i = 1, 2, … , n)

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High Impedance Differential Protection

2.2 Calculation of CT knee point voltage (VkRMS)

During internal fault, the CT saturation has leading effect on the distortion of differential current.
The knee point voltage is not always given by the manufacturers so it is required to estimate
an equivalent knee point voltage.

It is common to know the nominal current (InRMS) and the accuracy limit factor (nALF) of the
current transformer, where the CT’s error is also exactly given. For example a CT with 5P10
means that the CT has 5% error at 10*InRMS current (10 is the accuracy limit factor). There is
also some other information which is known: rated burden resistance (Rb) and secondary
resistance (RCT) of the CT. According to IEC-61869-2 actual standard the CT knee point voltage
can be estimated as follows:

= ∙ ∙( + ) (3)

where:
 nALF = CT accuracy limit factor
 InRMS = CT nominal secondary current
 RCT = CT secondary winding resistance
 Rb = rated burden resistance (Rb = Pn /In2)
 Pn = CT rated burden.

2.3 Selection of stabilising resistor (RST)

The selection of stabilising resistor depends on the minimal internal fault current ( , ). In
order to sense all internal faults a stabilising current (IST) must be calculated. It must be below
the peak of minimum internal fault current. All of the CT excitating currents (Ie) are missed from
the differential branch, so the excitating currents at stabilising voltage must be subtracted from
the minimum internal fault current. The leakage current of the MOV (at VST) can be neglected.
The guideline for calculating the stabilising current is:

= (1 − ) ∙ √2 ∙ , − ∙ (4)

where:
 , = minimum internal fault secondary current
 ε = safety margin (ε = 0.15)
 n = number of current transformers parallel with the relay
 Ie = current transformer excitating peak current at VST (see on Figure 4). If VST > VkRMS,
,
then the excitating peak current is: = ∙ , where , is the excitating current
at VkRMS

If the CT excitation characteristic is not given, it is necessary to estimate the missing current at
stabilising voltage. The CT accuracy class (5P or 10P) is always known, so the current error
(εc) at nominal current can be determined. According to IEC-61869-2 actual standard the
current error is:
 maximum 1% at nominal current in case of 5P class
 maximum 3% at nominal current in case of 10P class

It is assumed that the excitation curve is linear between zero and CT knee point voltage (Figure
4). So the current error is also linear below the knee point voltage. The missing excitation
current can be estimated by:

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High Impedance Differential Protection

= ∙ ∙ ∙ (5)
100

where:
 nALF = CT accuracy limit factor
 InRMS = CT nominal secondary current
 εc = CT current error at nominal current
 VST = stabilising voltage
 VkRMS = CT knee point voltage

Figure 4. CT excitating peak current at VST

When the relay operates, the voltage drop across the stabilising resistor is always higher than
the maximum voltage (VST) of the stabilising resistor during external fault.

It can be possible that the calculated stabilising current (formulae (4)) is negative, as the sum
of excitating currents is higher than the minimal internal fault current. It means that the
magnetising branch impedance of the current transformer is too small, so the voltage across
the stabilising resistor is lower than the stabilising voltage during minimal internal fault. In this
case the relay cannot operate. The two acceptable solutions:
 try to reduce the connection lead resistance (RL), so the stabilising voltage (VST) will be
lower (formulae (1))
 select another current transformers which have better accuracy class (for example 5P
instead of 10P) or higher rated burden (for example 15 VA instead of 5 VA).

The possible resistance value can be determined by division of the stabilising voltage and the
stabilising current. The stabilising resistor must be selected as follows:

≥ (6)

where:
 VST = stabilising voltage
 IST = stabilising current

The selected stabilising resistor value must be higher than the calculated quotient, and it is
recommended to select a resistor which is the closest to VST/IST.

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High Impedance Differential Protection

2.4 Calculation of relay setting current (ISET)

After the stabilising resistor is selected, the relay setting current must be simply set to:

= (7)

where:
 VST = stabilising voltage
 RST = stabilising resistance

If the calculated setting current cannot be exactly set in the relay, then a higher current value
must be set which is the closest to VST/RST.

2.5 Requirement for CT knee point voltage

It is obvious that the CTs can be highly saturated during internal faults, because the whole fault
current flows through the selected stabilising resistor (Figure 3). The voltage drop on the
secondary circuit resistance can be neglected as the stabilising resistance is much greater than
the secondary circuit resistance. So the voltage on the CT is equal to the internal fault current
multiplied by stabilising resistance.

The CT saturation can cause significant distortion in the differential current even during the
minimal internal fault. So it is important to have a suitable CT knee point voltage where the CT
saturates after the relay can sense the minimum internal fault (Figure 5). If CT saturation occurs
after the primary internal fault current reaches its maximum, then the selected relay setting
current (chapter 2.4) is sufficient to sense the minimum internal fault. The CT knee point voltage
requirement is:

≥ 0.5 ∙ , ∙ (8)

where:
 , = minimum internal fault secondary current (RMS value)
 RST = stabilising resistor

Figure 5. CT during min. internal fault

If CT knee point voltage doesn’t meet the voltage requirement, then four possible solutions can
be taken into consideration:

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High Impedance Differential Protection

1. A lower stabilising resistance (RST) must be selected which is above VST/IST. In this case
the relay setting current (ISET) must be recalculated.
2. Another type of connection lead must be selected which has lower resistivity (ρ) or
larger cross-sectional area (A), so the resistance will be lower (RL = ρ · l/A)
3. A special calculation method needs to be performed in order to check the current
sensitivity for minimum internal fault (see Appendix B – Special calculation method).
4. Another CTs with higher knee point voltage must be used.

2.6 The stabilising resistor power rating (PST)

During internal faults the whole fault current flows through the selected stabilising resistor until
CT saturation occurs. The power of stabilising resistor depends on the fault current raised to
the power 2 and the stabilising resistance. So the power is the highest when the current is the
highest (= maximum internal fault current , ).

If the CTs are not saturated, then the whole fault current flows through the stabilising resistor.
If the CTs are saturated, then just a part of the current flows through the stabilising resistor
(Figure 6). So it is necessary to calculate the effective value of the maximum internal fault
current. The continuous power rating must be also determined. Both the network angular
frequency (ω = 2*π*f) and the periodic time (T = 1/f) are known. It is assumed in all power rating
calculations that MOV is not connected to the stabilising resistor.

Figure 6. Distorted differential current

If ≥ , ∙ the calculation of short time (~1 sec) power rating is:

= , ∙ (9)

where:
 , = maximum internal fault secondary current
 RST = stabilising resistor

If < , ∙ the calculation of short time (~1 sec) power rating is:

(2 ∙ ∙ )
= , ∙ 2∙ − ∙ (10)
2

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High Impedance Differential Protection

where:
 , = maximum internal fault secondary current
 RST = stabilising resistor
 T = periodic time (usually 0.02 sec)
 ω = angular frequency (usually 314.159 rad/sec)
 tsat = time interval between the zero cross of the current and the beginning of CT
saturation calculated as follows (the result of cos-1 must be in radian):

1 2∙
= ∙ 1− (11)
, ∙

 = CT knee point voltage

The calculation of continuous power rating is:

= ∙ (12)
√2
where:
 ISET = relay setting current
 RST = stabilising resistor

2.7 Decision of using MOV

Before selecting a MOV, it is necessary to calculate the highest peak voltage on the stabilising
resistor without a MOV, because it is not always required. During internal faults, the voltage is
the highest when the internal fault current is the highest, so a calculation is needed for checking
the maximum peak voltage. The CT saturation must be also considered. It is assumed that
MOV is not connected in circuit.

If ≥ 0.5 ∙ , ∙ the peak voltage can be calculated from:

= √2 ∙ , ∙ (13)

where:
 , = maximum internal fault secondary current
 RST = stabilising resistor

If < 0.5 ∙ , ∙ the peak voltage can be calculated from:

= √2 ∙ , ∙ ∙ ( ∙ ) (14)

where:
 , = maximum internal fault secondary current
 RST = stabilising resistor
 ω = angular frequency (usually 314.159 rad/sec)
 tsat = time interval calculated with formulae (11)

There is a safety limit voltage (VL) for the CTs and stabilising resistor which cannot be exceeded
during internal faults (usually VL = 2 kV).

If Vmax < VL , then MOV is not required.

If Vmax > VL , then MOV must be used to limit the peak voltage.

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High Impedance Differential Protection

2.8 Requirements for the MOV values (C, β)

If MOV is required to limit the peak voltage, the MOV values must be specified. The operate
characteristic is defined by:

= (15)

where:
 I = calculated current across the MOV
 V = MOV voltage (= voltage across the stabilising resistor)
 C, β = constant values

The β value is usually adjustable between β = 0.20 to β = 0.25. The setting of β value has no
remarkable effort on the voltage, so there is no any specific requirement for setting β.

The C value is a very similar parameter to the knee point voltage: when V = C then the
calculated current is 1A, and if the voltage increases from V = C then the current strongly goes
up (and the resistance of MOV drops dramatically). Below V = C the resistance starts to rise
significantly.

As it is important to sense all internal faults, the MOV must not operate at the voltage where
the relay must operate. The requirement for C value is the following:

≥ 2∙ ∙ (16)

where:
 ISET = relay setting current
 RST = stabilising resistor

Note: there is another opportunity to limit the peak voltage: Protecta recommends to use
thyristor for protecting the CTs and the stabilising resistor.

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High Impedance Differential Protection

3 Example calculation

Restricted Earth Fault Protection (REF)

The restricted earth fault protection scheme can be seen on Figure 7:

Figure 7. Restricted Earth Fault Protection

These data are known:

System details:

 Rated current: 550A

 Maximum through fault current (If, ext): 5100A
 Minimum internal fault current (If, int): 20% of rated current (=110A)
 Maximum internal fault current (If, intMAX): 11200A

CT details

 Primary rated current: 600A

 Secondary rated current: 1A
 Rated burden (Pn): 30VA
 Secondary winding resistance (RCT): 2Ω
 Accuracy limit factor (nALF): 20
 Accuracy class: 5P

Connection detail:

 Connection lead resistance (RL): 1.5Ω

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High Impedance Differential Protection

1. Calculation of stabilising voltage (VST)

With formulaes (1) and (2) the stabilising voltage can be calculated:

5100
, = 2 ∙ √2 ∙ , ∙( +2∙ ) = 2 ∙ √2 ∙ ∙ (2 + 2 ∙ 1.5) = 120.2
600

= (1 + ) ∙ , = 1.15 ∙ 120.2 = 138.2

2. Calculation of CT knee point voltage (VkRMS)

The knee point voltage can be estimated by (formulae (3)):

30
= ∙ ∙( + ) = 20 ∙ 1 ∙ 2 + = 640
12

3. Selection of stabilising resistor (RST)

Because the CT excitation characteristic is not given, it is necessary to estimate the

excitating current at VST. The 5P class CT has maximum 1% current error below the knee
point voltage, so the calculation of excitating current is the following (formulae (5)):

1 1
= ∙ ∙ ∙ = 20 ∙ ∙ ∙ 138.2 = 0.043
100 100 640

The stabilising current can be determined as follows (formulae (4)):

110
= (1 − ) ∙ √2 ∙ , − ∙ = 0.85 ∙ √2 ∙ − 4 ∙ 0.043 = 0.048
600
The possible stabilising resistor values (formulae (6)):

138.2
≥ = = 2879
0.048

The selected stabilising resistor is RST = 3000Ω.

4. Calculation of relay setting current (ISET)

With the stabilising resistor the relay setting current can be chosen (formulae (7)):

138.2
= = = 0.046
3000

This current value cannot be exactly set in the relay. A higher setting current must be set
which is the closest to VST/RST. So the chosen setting current is: ISET = 0.05A.

5. Requirement for CT knee point voltage

The CT knee point voltage requirement is the following (formulae (8)):

110
≥ 0.5 ∙ , ∙ = 0.5 ∙ ∙ 3000 = 275
600
The CT knee point voltage meets the voltage requirement.

6. The stabilising resistor power rating (PST)

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High Impedance Differential Protection

The CT knee point voltage is lower than the calculated voltage ( < , ∙ ).
The selected resistor short time (~1 sec) power rating must be at least (formulae (10)):
2
(2 ∙ ∙ )
= , ∙ 2∙ − ∙ =
2
2
11200 6.8 ∙ 10 (2 ∙ 314.159 ∙ 6.8 ∙ 10 )
= ∙ 2∙ − ∙ 3000 = 2143
600 2 ∙ 10 2 ∙ 3.14159

tsat is calculated as follows (formulae (11)):

1 −1
2∙ 1 −1
2 ∙ 640
= ∙ 1− = ∙ 1− = 0.68
, ∙ 314.159 18.67 ∙ 3000

The selected resistor continuous power rating must be at least (formulae (12)):

2
0.05
= ∙ = ∙ 3000 = 3.75
√2 √2
7. Decision of using MOV

First it is necessary to know the peak voltage (Vmax) which is given by (formulae (14)):

= √2 ∙ , ∙ ∙ ( ∙ )=
= √2 ∙ 18.67 ∙ 3000 ∙ (314.159 ∙ 6.8 ∙ 10 ) = 16.793

If VL = 2kV, then Vmax is much greater than the limit voltage, so it is required to use MOV.

8. Requirements for the MOV values (C, β)

As the β value is not important for the settings, it can be chosen (for example):

β = 0.22

For choosing C value it must be greater than twice the operating voltage (formulae (16)):

≥ 2∙ ∙ = 2 ∙ 0.05 ∙ 3000 = 300

So C = 450 can be selected.

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High Impedance Differential Protection

4 Appendix
4.1 Appendix A – Excel software for the setting procedure
The excel software which is available at the Protecta website is a helpful tool for setting any
type of High Impedance Differential Protection. This software can perform all the calculations
and check all the requirements which are related to the setting procedure.

The main steps for using this software are the following:

1. Download the excel file from the Protecta website:

http://www.protecta.hu

If Microsoft Office is not accessible on the computer, there is a free software

(LibreOffice Calc) which can handle XLS files. It is available at:

https://www.libreoffice.org.

2. Open the excel file, where the first appeared worksheet is called „Input Data” (Figure
8). This is the sheet where all the information must be given by the user:

Figure 8. Sheet „Input Data” in the Excel file

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High Impedance Differential Protection

3. Write the required information to the appropriate cell in this order:

a) The power system frequency (f) in Hertz (50Hz or 60Hz)
b) The maximum through fault primary current of all CT circuits in Ampere
c) The minimum internal fault primary current in Ampere. Sometimes it’s not
known, so a practical selection can be 20-30% of the rated current
d) The maximum internal fault primary current in Ampere
e) Primary rated current of the current transformer in Ampere
f) Secondary rated current of the current transformer in Ampere (1A or 5A)
g) The rated burden (Pn) of the current transfomer in Volt-ampere
h) The secondary winding resistance (RCT) of the current transformer in Ohm
i) Accuracy limit factor of the current transformer
j) Accuracy class of the current transformer (5P or 10P)
k) Maximum connection lead resistance (RL) of all CT circuits in Ohm
l) Number (n) of current transformers connected to the stabilising resistor (2-20)
m) If the CT excitation characteristic is not given: select „NO”. If the CT excitation
characteristic is given: select „YES” and write the CT knee point voltage (VkRMS)
and the excitating current (Ie) at stabilising voltage (VST) which is automatically
calculated on the sheet „Results”.

4. Check the minimum value of stabilising resistance on sheet „Results” (Figure 9). Then
select the suitable values in this order:

a) Select a stabilising resistance which is above the „Minimum stabilising

resistance”.

It can be possible that the „Minimum stabilising resistance” is a negative value,

as the „Stabilising current” is negative. It means that the magnetising branch
impedance of the current transformer is too small, so the voltage across the
stabilising resistor is lower than the stabilising voltage during minimum internal
fault. In this case the relay cannot operate for minimum internal fault. The two
acceptable solutions:

 try to reduce the connection lead resistance (RL), so the stabilising

voltage (VST) will be lower (formulae (1))

 select another current transformers which have better accuracy class

(for example 5P instead of 10P) or higher rated burden (for example
15 VA instead of 5 VA).

b) Select the relay setting current which is calculated in „Minimum relay setting
current”. If the calculated setting current cannot be exactly set in the relay, then
a higher current value must be set which is the closest to VST/RST.

c) Check the answer for „Is MOV required?” on the sheet „Results”. If the answer
is „YES”, then select a ’C’ value which is above the „Minimum ’C’ value”. If the
answer is „NO”, then the selection process is finished.

5. Write the selected values to the appropriate cells on the sheet „Input Data”:
 Stabilising resistance in Ohm
 Relay setting current in Ampere
 C (if MOV is required)

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High Impedance Differential Protection

6. Finally, check all the answers for the requirements on sheet „Results”.

 If all the requirements are satisfied, the answer for „Is setting procedure ready”
is „YES”. It means that the setting procedure is completely finished.

 If one of the requirements is not satisfied, then follow the instuction which is
given on the answer cell.

 If the CT knee point voltage requirement is still not satisfied, then check the
current sensitivity criterion (see details on Appendix B – Special calculation
method. The calculations and requirements are listed on the sheet „Special
calculation method”. If the current sensitivity criterion is satisfied, the answer
for „Is setting procedure ready” is „YES”. It means that the setting procedure is
completely finished.

Figure 9. Sheet „Results” in the Excel file

It is also necessary to check the selected resistor power rating (both the short-time and
continuous) whether it is sufficient or not. These minimal power ratings are calculated on
the sheet „Results” (in cells „F10” and „F11”).

If there is any question relating to the setting procedure or the excel software, please
contact us by sending an e-mail to support@protecta.hu.

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High Impedance Differential Protection

4.2 Appendix B – Special calculation method

If CT saturation occurs before the primary minimum internal fault current reaches its maximum
( < 0.5 ∙ , ∙ ), then the relay setting current must be set below a calculated
current, which is the maximum differential current before CT saturation occurs (Figure 6).

The current sensitivity criterion must be checked as the maximum differential current can be
lower than the relay setting current, and the relay will not operate for minimum internal fault.
The formulae for calculating the peak current (before CT saturation occurs) is:

, = √2 ∙ , ∙ ( ∙ ) (17)

where:
 , = minimum internal fault secondary current
 ω = angular frequency (usually 314.159 rad/sec)
 tMINsat = time interval between the zero cross of the current and the beginning of CT
saturation calculated as follows (the result of cos-1 must be in radian):

1 2∙
= ∙ 1− (18)
, ∙

 = CT knee point voltage

 RST = stabilising resistor

All of the CT excitating currents (n * Ie) are missed from the differential branch, so that must be
substracted from the peak current.

The current sensitivity criterion then:

≤ (1 − ) ∙ , − ∙ (19)

where:
 ε = safety margin (ε = 0.15)
 n = number of current transformers parallel with the relay
 Ie = current transformer excitating peak current at VST. If VST > VkRMS, then the excitating
,
peak current is: = ∙ , where , is the excitating current at VkRMS.

If the criterion is not satisfied ( > (1 − ) ∙ , − ∙ ), the relay is not sensitive

for minimum internal fault, so another CTs with higher knee point voltage must be used.

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