GRAMMAR

NOUNS
Nouns: Nouns can be further classified into several types based on their characteristics and functions in
a sentence.

Common Nouns:

Examples: teacher, school, book.

Definition: Common nouns refer to general, everyday items and are not specific to a particular person,
place, or thing.

Proper Nouns:

Examples: Ms. Smith, Harvard University, The Great Gatsby.

Definition: Proper nouns are specific and denote particular individuals, places, or entities. They are
usually capitalized.

Concrete Nouns:

Examples: table, cat, car.

Definition: Concrete nouns refer to tangible, physical objects that can be perceived through the senses.

Abstract Nouns:

Examples: love, happiness, knowledge.

Definition: Abstract nouns represent concepts, qualities, or ideas that cannot be perceived through the
senses.

Countable Nouns:

Examples: chair, apple, dog.

Definition: Countable nouns can be counted as individual units and have both singular and plural forms.

Uncountable Nouns:

Examples: water, advice, furniture.

Definition: Uncountable nouns, also known as mass nouns, represent substances, concepts, or qualities
that cannot be counted as individual units.

Here are some additional classifications of nouns:

Collective Nouns:

Examples: family, team, herd.

Definition: Collective nouns refer to a group or collection of people, animals, or things treated as a single
unit.

Example: "The team is playing well."

Compound Nouns:

Examples: toothpaste, basketball, notebook.

Definition: Compound nouns are formed by combining two or more words to create a new noun with a
specific meaning.

Example: "I need to buy some toothpaste."

Gerunds:

Examples: swimming, reading, writing.

Definition: Gerunds are verb forms that function as nouns. They end in "-ing" and represent actions or
activities.

Example: "I enjoy swimming in the ocean."

Abstract Nouns (as a Function):

Examples: love, courage, knowledge.

Definition: While abstract nouns were mentioned earlier as a type based on their nature, they can also
function as nouns representing intangible concepts.

Example: "His courage inspired everyone."

Appositive Nouns:

Examples: My friend, the doctor, is coming.

Definition: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun. It is usually
set off by commas.

Example: "My friend, the doctor, is coming."

Subjective Complement (Predicate Noun):

Examples: He is a doctor. (In this sentence, "doctor" is a predicate noun that complements the subject
"he.")

Definition: A subjective complement is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the
subject.

Example: "She became a teacher."

PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns in a sentence. They help avoid repetition and make
sentences less cumbersome. Here are different types of pronouns:

Personal Pronouns:

Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Used to replace specific people or things.

Example: She is going to the store.

Possessive Pronouns:

Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.

Indicate ownership or possession.

Example: The book is mine.

Reflexive Pronouns:

Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Reflect the action of the verb back onto the subject.

Example: I did it myself.

Demonstrative Pronouns:

Examples: this, that, these, those.

Point to specific items in space and time.

Example: I want this one.

Interrogative Pronouns:

Examples: who, whom, whose, which, what.

Used to ask questions.

Example: Who is coming to the party?

Relative Pronouns:

Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that.

Introduce relative clauses and connect them to a noun.

Example: The person who called left a message.

Indefinite Pronouns:

Examples: all, some, none, anyone, everyone, no one, everything, nothing.

Refer to nonspecific people or things.

Example: Everyone is invited to the meeting.

Reciprocal Pronouns:

Examples: each other, one another.

Indicate a mutual action or relationship.

Example: They gave gifts to each other.

Intensive Pronouns:

Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Used for emphasis, emphasizing a preceding noun.

Example: I baked the cake myself.

Exclamatory Pronouns:

Examples: what, which.

Used to make exclamatory statements or expressions.

Example: What a beautiful day!

Emphatic Pronouns:

Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Used to emphasize a preceding noun or pronoun.

Example: She painted the entire mural herself.

Dummy Pronouns (Expletive Pronouns):

Examples: it, there.

Used as placeholders or to fulfill grammatical roles in sentences without referring to a specific noun.

Example: There seems to be a mistake in the report.