Definition: Farming for personal

consumption, not for trade.\

**Subsistence Farming**\
Characteristics: Small holdings, traditional
methods, low surplus.\

Zamindari: Landlords collect rent from

tenants.\

Ryotwari: Direct settlement between

**Land Tenure Systems**\
government and farmers.\
1. Agricultural Sector\
Mahalwari: Collective settlement with a
group of villages.\

Reasons for Low Productivity: Outdated

farming techniques, lack of capital,
fragmented landholdings.\

Impact of Low Productivity: Food scarcity,

**Low Productivity and Factors**\
dependence on monsoon, low income.\

Other Factors: High land revenue demands,

lack of investment in agriculture.
\

Definition: Decline of traditional industries.\

Causes: Colonial policies, competition from

**Deindustrialization**\
British goods.\

How did the colonial era shape the structure Impact: Unemployment, loss of skills.\
of the Indian economy?\
Causes: Cheap machine-made imports, lack
What were the main challenges faced by the of royal patronage.\
agricultural sector?\ 2. Industrial Sector\ **Decline of Handicrafts Industry**\
Impact on Artisans: Loss of livelihood,
How did the drain of wealth impact India's Questions for Reflection\  migration to agriculture.\
economic development?
Sectors: Cotton and jute mills.\
---

This mind map can be further detailed with **Emergence of Modern Industry**\ Locations: Primarily in Bengal and Bombay.\
specific examples, case studies, and
historical data from the NCERT textbook to Impact: Beginning of modern industry, but
provide a comprehensive understanding of limited scope.
the chapter. \
}
Export: Raw materials like cotton, jute,
indigo.\
**Structure of Trade**\
**Link Between Agriculture and Industry**: Import: Finished goods from Britain.\
Mutual dependency and impact on overall Main Topics\ 
economy.\
Concept: Transfer of wealth from India to
Britain.\

{
**Trade and Drain of Wealth**: Role of 3. Foreign Trade\ **Drain of Wealth**\
foreign trade in economic exploitation.\ Interconnected Topics\ 
Methods: High taxes, unequal trade
agreements.\
**Infrastructure and Economic Impact**: Dual
role of infrastructure in development and
colonial exploitation. Dependency on Britain.\
\ **Impact on Indian Economy**\
Depletion of wealth and resources.
\

**Colonial Exploitation**: British policies that Causes: Lack of medical facilities, poor living
**High Birth and Death Rates**\
led to economic stagnation.\ conditions.\

**Economic Stagnation**: No significant
growth in agriculture or industry.\
**Social Backwardness**: Poor indicators in
education, health, and social welfare.
\
4. Demographic Condition\ **Low Life Expectancy**\ Impact of poverty and disease.\
Key Concepts\ 
Rate: Slow growth due to high mortality.
**Population Growth**\
\
Share in Employment: Majority engaged in
agriculture.\
**Predominance of Agriculture**\
Dependency: Economic and social
dependency on agriculture.\

Reasons: Colonial policies, competition with

5. Occupational Structure\ **Decline in Manufacturing**\
British goods.\

Urbanization linked to industrialization, which

**Low Rate of Urbanization**\ was limited.
\

Benefits: Improved communication, trade

facilitation.\
**Development of Railways, Post, and
Telegraph**\
Limitations: Primarily to serve colonial
interests.\

Impact: Hindered internal trade and

6. Infrastructure\ **Neglect of Waterways, Roads**\
connectivity.\

Role in economic exploitation and resource

**Impact on Economy**\ extraction.
\