PA-406: e-Governance

Course Instructor: Mrs. Nowshin Islam

Department of Public Administration
University of Chittagong

To the Presentation
Speakers: Tanjina Afroje, Md. Yeasin
14 August 2023
Monday
MODELS
 Contents
1.What is e-governance?
2.What is e-governance Model?
3.What are the Various Models of
e-Government?
4.References
5.Q & A
 Chapter Learning Objectives

After this presentation, you will

be able to –

▪ Understand the basic concepts of E-

Governance
▪ Discuss the E-Governance Model
▪ Examine the Various Models of E-
Governance
 First Speaker
Tanjina Afroje (19404108)

1. What is e-governance?
2. What is e-governance models?
3. What are the various models of e-governance?
▪ E-governance models as per stakeholder involved
▪ E-governance models as per categorization of
information flow
 E-Governance
E-governance is the
short form of Electronic
Governance, which is
using ICT at various
levels of the government
departments and public
sectors for the purpose
of enhancing governance
and efficiency in its
working.
 E-Governance Model

E-Governance Models are

purposely and specifically
designed to guide the
implementation and
development of e-
governance applications in
a stage wise manner.
 Various Models of E-Governance
1. E-Governance Model As Per Stakeholder Involved
 Various Models of E-Governance
2. E-Governance Model As Per Information Flow
The Broadcasting Model

The Critical Flow Model

The Comparative Analysis Model

The E-Advocacy/Mobilisation and Lobbying
Model
The Interactive Service Model
 Various Models of E-Governance
3. E-Governance Model As Per Functional Stage (Maturity Models)

World Bank’s Three Stage Model

United Nations Five Stage Model
Gartner’s Four Stage Model
Asia Pacific’s Six Stage Model
There are essentially four types of e-governance that represent different
dimensions of digital interactions and services within the broader scope
of e-governance.

Government-
to-Citizen

E-Governance
Models
 G2G (Government to Government)

When the exchange of information is within the periphery of

the government, it is termed as G2G interaction.
G2G(Government to Government: Examples
▪ Sharing or integrating federal, state
and local government databases as
well as integrating separate systems.
▪ Enhancing collaboration or
cooperation such as grants, law
enforcement, public safety and
emergency management.
 G2C (Government to Citizen)

The interaction amidst the government and general public is

G2C interaction
 G2C (Government to Citizen): Examples

▪ Online registration of birth, death

and marriage certificate
▪ Information access such as benefits,
loans, policies, educational
materials
▪ Individual businesses such as social
services, grants/loans, taxes
1. E-Governance
G2BModel As Per Stakeholder
(Government to Business)Involved

G2B is the transaction between government and business

organizations.
 G2B (Government to Business): Examples

▪ Dissemination of policies, memos,

government rules and regulations
etc.
▪ Providing a single portal and an
integrated database
▪ Renewing licence or registration
▪ Entering the e-market to gain cost-
benefit analysis
1. E-Governance Model As Per Stakeholder Involved
G2E (Government to Employees)
G2E is a two way interaction process between government
and employees.
1. E-Governance Model As Per Stakeholder Involved
G2E (Government to Employees): Examples

▪ Online conference
▪ Online training
▪ Applying online for annual
leave
▪ Reviewing salary payment
records
 Benefits: G2G, G2C, G2B, G2E
G2G: G2C:
▪ Sharing data and conducting ▪ Less time consuming and easy to carry
electronic exchanges out.
▪ Save time and money ▪ Enhance access to public information
▪ Improving the consistency of ▪ Access government services anywhere
outcomes and anytime.
▪ Freedom to share views and grievances
G2B: G2E:
▪ Eliminating redundant collection of ▪ Increase the efficiency of public agencies
data internal performance
▪ Reducing operational and ▪ Creation of integrated information
transaction cost systems in order to gather, transfer,
▪ Eliminating red-tapism and process and store internal data.
▪ Transparent business environment
▪ G2C and G2B involve
external interaction.

▪ G2E and G2G involve

internal interaction.
Prof. Dr Arie Halachmi, in his paper, ‘‘E-Government Theory and
Practice: The Evidence from Tennessee", had given five crucial
models of E-governance. These models are:
 1. E-Governance Model As Per Information Flow
The Broadcasting Model/Wider Disseminating Model

This model is based on

disseminating/broadcasting
of useful governance
information, which is in the
public domain into the wider
public domain with ICT and
convergent media.
1. E-Governance Model As Per Information Flow
The Broadcasting Model or Wider Disseminating
Model: Applications
▪ Putting government laws and legislation online.
▪ Making available the names, contact address, emails and
fax numbers of local government officials online.
▪ Making available key information pertaining to government
budgets expenditures and performances online.
▪ Putting key court judgements/judicial statements that are of
value to common citizens and creating a precedence for
future actions online, viz. key environment related
judgements, State vs. Citizen court rulings etc.
 Organizations/Projects
Based on Broadcasting Model

❑ Brazil:
✓ Brazil’s official national e-government website:
http://www.brazil.gov.br

❑ Global:
✓ Earth Negotiations Bulletin: http://www.iisd.ca/voltoc.html
1. E-Governance Model As Per Information Flow
The Critical Flow Model

The model is based on

disseminating / channelling
information of critical value
to the targeted audience or
into the wider public
domain with ICT and
convergent media.
1. E-Governance
The CriticalModel As Per Applications
Flow Model: Information Flow

▪ Making available information on corruption of a particular

government ministry or government officials, to its electoral
constituency or to the concerned governing body.
▪ Making available research studies, enquiry reports and appraisals.
commissioned by the government to the affected parties.
▪ Making available Human Rights violation and criminal impeachment
records against government officials to NGOs and concerned
citizens.
▪ Making available environment related information available to local
communities. For example, information on radioactivity spills,
effluent discharge in rivers, green ratings of a company etc.
 Organizations/Projects based on
Critical Flow Model

❑ Bangladesh:
Human Rights Portal: http://www.banglarights.net

❑ Global:
Transparency International’s Corruption News:
http://www.transparency.org/press_moni.html
1. E-Governance Model As Per Information Flow
The Comparative Analysis Model

The model is based

on using immense
capacity of ICT and
social media tools to
explore given
information available
in the public or
private domain.
1.The
E-Governance Model
Comparative As Per
Analysis Information
Model: Flow
Applications

▪ For gauging the effectiveness of current policies by extracting

learning from government policies and actions in the past.
▪ Establishing conditions of prior-precedence, especially in the case
of judicial or legal decision-making and using it to influence future
decision-making. This could be useful in resolving patent-related
disputes, public goods ownership rights etc.
▪ Enabling informed decision-making at all levels by enhancing the
background knowledge and providing a rationale for future course of
action.
▪ Evaluating the performance record of a particular government
official or ministry.
 Organizations/Projects based on
Comparative Analysis Model

❑ India:
Green Rating Projects:
http://www.oneworld.orgt/eyou31.html

❑ Global:
Human Development Indicators:
http://www.undp.org/hdro/indicators.html
 The E-advocacy Model/Mobilisation
1. E-Governance Model As Per Information Flow
& Lobbying Model
E-advocacy or mobilization
and lobbying model is one of
the most frequently used
digital governance model.
This model builds the
momentum of real world
processes by adding the
opinions and concerns
expressed by virtual
communications.
1. E-Governance Model
E-Advocacy As Per
Model: Information Flow
Applications
▪ Fostering public debates on global issues, themes of
upcoming conferences, treaties etc.
▪ Formation of pressure groups to pressurize decision- makers
to take their common concerns into cognizance
(knowledge/awareness).
▪ Amplifying the voices of marginalized groups who are
traditionally marginalized from decision-making process.
▪ Building up wider participation in decision-making processes.
▪ Building up global expertise on a particular theme in absence
of localized information to aid decision- making.
 Organizations/Projects based on
e-advocacy Model

❑ India:
✓ Panchayats: http://www.panchayats.org

❑ Global:
✓ Greenpeace Cyber Activist Community
http://www.cybercenter.greenpeace.org/t/s
 1. E-Governance Model As Per Information Flow
Interactive Service Model

Interactive service model is

a consolidation of the other
digital governance models.
Under this model, the
various services offered by
the government become
directly available to its
citizens in an interactive
manner.
 The Interactive Service Model: Applications
▪ Establishing an interactive communication channel with policy makers
such as video-conferencing and online dialoguing.
▪ Conducting electronic ballots for the election of government officials and
other office bearers.
▪ Conducting public debates / opinion polls on issues of wider concern
before formulation of policies and legislative frameworks.
▪ Filing of grievances, feedback and reports by citizens with the concerned
governmental body.
▪ Performing governance functions online such as revenue collection, filing
of taxes, governmental procurement, payment transfers etc.
▪ Carrying out video-conferencing, on-line discussion with policymakers.
 Organizations/Projects based on Interactive
Service Model/G2C2G
❑ Philippine:
✓ Philippine Custom Reform:
http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/egov.philippinecustom
scs.html

❑ India:
✓ Gyandoot:
http://www.gyandoot.net/gyandoot/intranet.html
 Evaluation: Pros & Cons
Model Name Strength Weakness

The Broadcasting ✓ More Informed and more ✓ Becomes

Model empowered citizenry ineffective in the
✓ Corrects information absence of
failure situations strong civil
✓ Alternative Channel for society
the people ✓ Loses
✓ Flow of information to the effectiveness
all segments of the where free flow
society of information is
✓ Building block to better not encouraged
governance
Reference: Developed by Tanjina Afroje (2023) R. (5) (9)
 Model Name Strength Weakness
The Critical Flow ✓ Makes the concept ✓ May lie more
Model ‘Distance’ and ‘Time’ with the civil
redundant society
✓ Instant transferring to organizations
the strategic user group ✓ May not have
✓ Freely available in the sufficient
wider domain incentive and an
✓ Exerts pressure on the attitudes towards
concerned government sharing
institutions and information
individuals
Model Name Strength Weakness
The ✓ Comparing cases of bad ✓ Reliant on
Comparative governance with good availability of
Analysis governance and get a comparative
Model snapshot of the past and information sets
present situation and the ability of
✓ Assimilates the best practices the users
in different areas of ✓ Becomes
governance ineffective in
✓ Advocate positive changes absence of a
✓ Developing countries can strong civil society
effectively use this model and short public
✓ Infinite capacity of digital memory
networks
 Model Name Strength Weakness

The E-Advocacy ✓ Enhances the scope of ✓ Individuals need to

Model participation in policy be watchful in their
issues and debates actions lest they
✓ Effective deterrent for turn the opinion of
government bodies local and global
✓ Effectively use by community against
government to them
encourage public
debates and opinion
Model Name Strength Weakness

The Interactive ✓Participation is ✓More embedded in

Service Model direct developed
✓Services are countries
available in an ✓High technology
interactive reliance
manner
Appropriate administrative reforms
and some reengineering is required
before the real implementation of
these models.
 References
1. Siau, K., Long, Y. (2005). Synthesizing e‐government stage models – a meta‐synthesis
based on meta‐ethnography approach. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 105(4),
443–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570510592352
2. Fath-allah, A., Cheikhi, L., Qutais, R. E. A., & Idri, A. (2014). E-governance
Maturity Models: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Software Engineering;
Applications (IJSEA), 5. https://airccse.org/journal/ijsea/papers/5314ijsea06.pdf
3. Wasnik, A., & Bhasin, A. (2023). META-GOVERNANCE: ROLE OF
METAVERSE IN INDIA’S E-GOVERNANCE [web log]. Retrieved August 7, 2023,
from https://www.niti.gov.in/meta-governance-role-metaverse-indias-e-governance.
4. E-governance Models: Overview . (n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2023, from
https://www.testingdocs.com/about/.
5. E-governance Concepts and Significance. University of Kerala. E-business and Cyber
Laws. Retrieved from www.studocu.com on 7 August, 2023
6. Biswas, A. (2023, June 26). E-Governance: Meaning, Objectives, Features,
and 4 Types [web log]. Retrieved August 7, 2023, from
https://schoolofpoliticalscience.com/what-is-e-governance/.
7. Srinivas, Hari, "Four Kinds of E-Governance: A Stakeholder Analysis".
GDRC Reseaarch Output: Concept Note Series C-039. Kobe, Japan: Global
Development Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.gdrc.org/u-
gov/egov-03.html
8. e-governance Models (G2G, G2C, G2B, G2E). (n.d.). [web log]. Retrieved
August 7, 2023, from https://theintactone.com/2019/10/13/wte-u2-topic-8-e-
governance-g2c-g2b-g2g/#google_vignette
9. Government To Government(G2G) - Objectives, Benefits & Examples.
(2023, May). Retrieved August 7, 2023, from https://testbook.com/.
10. Karmacharya, R. (2023). E-governance Models. In E governance . essay.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/60220976/E-Governance-Models-Unit-2
 Second Speaker:
Md. Yeasin (19404016)

3. E-governance models as per categorization

of functional stages (Maturity Model)
 Models categorized based on Functional
Stages (aka. Maturity Model)
• An e-governance maturity model is a
set of stages or levels (from basic to
advanced ones) that determines the
maturity of the e-governance initiatives.
The main benefit of those maturity
models is to offer a way to rank e-
governance initiatives.
• Maturity models can also serve as a
guide to help agencies enhance their
e-governance quality.
e-Governance Maturity Levels
Models categorized based on Functional
Stages (aka. Maturity Model)

• Level 1: Closed
The maturity levels, described
below, provide a necessary • Level 2: Initial
mechanism to benchmark the • Level 3: Planned
efforts invested by an • Level 4: Realized
organization in implementing ✓e - Ready
e governance and ✓Partially open
subsequently sustaining it to
✓Open
the satisfaction of its
customers/users. • Level 5:
Institutionalized
Topic: e-Governance Models
 Models categorized based on Functional
Stages (aka. Maturity Model)
Four Maturity Models According to the Course Instructor:

1. World Bank’s Three Stage Model

2. United Nations Five Stage Model
3. Gartner’s Four Stage Model
4. Asia Pacific’s Six Stage Model

Topic: e-Governance Models

 World Bank's 3 Stage Maturity Model

Digitalization of Government
World Bank developed a
three stage maturity model Phase-3
Completing Transactions
of e-government defined
as follows: Phase-2
Interactivity
1. Publishing
2. Interactivity Phase-1
Publishing
3. Completing transaction
Time
Topic: e-Governance Models
 United Nation’s 5 Stages Model
The United Nations developed a five stage maturity
1 Emerging
model of e-government. The maturity model was
used for ranking the UN member states. It is
defined as follows: 2 Enhanced

1. Emerging web presence 3 Interactive

2. Enhanced web presence
3. Interactive web presence 4 Transactional
4. Transactional web presence

5. Networked web presence 5 Networking

Topic: e-Governance Models
 Gartner's 4 Stage Maturity Model

Gartner developed a four stage

maturity model of e-government
defined as follows: Web
Interaction
Presence
1. Web presence
2. Interaction
3. Transaction Transaction Transformation

4. Transformation
 Asia Pacific's 6 stage maturity model

Asia Pacific's six

stage maturity • Setting up an email system and internal
model of e- network
government focuses • Enabling inter-organizational and public
on the development access to information
of e-government in • Allowing 2-way communication
the Asia-Pacific • Allowing exchange of value
region. The maturity • Digital democracy
model is defined as • Joined-up government
follows:
Topic: e-Governance Models
 References
1. E-Governance and its Significance -[UPSC Notes], https://byjus.com/free-ias-
prep/significance-of-e-governance/
2. E- GOVERNANCE & E – GOVERNANCE MODELS | GS ARTICLES - EDEN IAS,
https://edenias.com/e-governance-e-governance-models-gs-articles/amp/
3. Advantages, Types, E-Governance UPSC, https://byjusexamprep.com/upsc-exam/e-
governance
4. e-Governance (UPSC Notes) - civilspedia.com, https://civilspedia.com/e-governance-upsc-
notes/
5. E Governance-- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential,
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/pracin-jain-academy/e-governance-
applications-models-successes-limitations-and-potential-28440/
6. E-Governance - Indian Polity notes, https://prepp.in/news/e-492-e-governance-indian-
polity-upsc-notes
7. E-governance Models | PPT, https://www.slideshare.net/karishmagawate/egovernance-
models
8. Stages of E-Government, UPSC Note on Stages of e-governance and government initiatives
by Unacademy, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449
 References
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449&url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28643/go
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