OBJECTIVES MAX WEBER (1864-1920) He emphasized the

role of rationalization in the development of

1. ANALYZE THE NATURE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
society
AND DIFFERENTIATE IT FROM SOCIAL SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGIST
2. IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT BRANCH OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE FRANZ BOAS (1858-1942) considered the Father
of American Anthropology
3. APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS. EDWARD B. TAYLOR (1832-1917) From his book
Primitive Culture (1871) first gave the definition
-These differences made the study of Social
of culture,
Sciences interesting as it goes beyond the
physical aspect and materialistic phenomenon. Culture is that complex whole which includes
It paved the way to the development of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, custom,
different disciplines which aim to interpret and end all aspects of man as a member of a society
analyze the complexities of social realities and
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
phenomenon.
 Observe the common things among
SOCIOLOGY
people (tradition, languages, and
-Came from the Latin word "socius - means others)
companion and Greek word "logos" means to  discover what makes people different
study from each other
 Create new knowledge through
-it is a systematic study of human relationship
researches about humankind and
along with human society and interaction.
behavior
Sociology is the study of society
POLITICAL SCIENCE
SOCIETY is where social interactions occur.
-Came from two ancient words. The word
SOCIOLOGIST political came from Greek word "polis"- means
city-state and science comes from Latin word
AUGUST COMTE (1798-18570) coined the term
"scire" means to know
sociology in 1938
-Political science is a discipline in social science
He also Introduced the term Positivism.
concerned primarily in the state, government,
KARL MARX (1818-1883), A German and politics.
Philosopher and economist.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
He made Communist Manifesto.
Focuses widely in political theory in its practice
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917) His notable and analysis of political system and behavior.
works are the Division of labor in society which
tackles the transformation of a society from a
primitive state into a capitalist, industrial
society.
GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

 Make people better citizens

 Keep social order and harmony among
different groups of people
 Protect the rights of an individual
 Avoid conflict and promote cooperation

IMPORTANCE OF TUDYING CULTURE, SOCIETY

AND POLITICS

ON CULTURE

-We need to see man's relationship to his

environment, and to appreciate the
contributions of culture in our lives.

ON SOCIETY

-Societies are formed through social interaction

of its member.

ON POLITICS

-The aim of Political Science is citizenship

education. It mandates its students to
participate, appreciate, and understand the
duties and responsibilities of being a member of
a society.
LESSON 2: ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE
AND SOCIETY
PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE
Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom,
and all aspects of man as member of society."
EDWARD TAYLOR - Culture is a "GENIRIC TERM"
yet very difficult to define
MATHEW ARNOLD IN HIS CULTURE AND
ANARCHY (1870) - It is a product of a special
intellectual or artistic endeavor. humans had
invented.
KROEBER & KLUCK HOHN (1952) - Composed of
behaviors and transmitted through symbols.
SCHWARTZ (1992) - Stated that culture consist
of experience that are organized learned or =
created by the individuals of population,
including those images and image adding up
their unique interpretation transmitted from the
past generation up to the Future.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
1. DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE, AND ADAPTIVE
2. SHARED & CONTESTED
3. LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION OR
ENCULTURATION
4. PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTION
5. INTEGRATED AND AT TIME UNSTABLE
6. TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION/
ENCULTURATION
7. REQUIRES LANGUAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE, AND ADAPTIVE -
Culture changes constantly throughout the time
it varies on the societal structure and the
capacities of its members to respond.
2. SHARED AND CONTESTED - Culture through
its element is enjoyed by group of people who
lived together. It also allows its members to
predict the behaviors of other members but it is
no assurance that they will think and act
similarly
3. LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION OR
ENCULTURATION - Culture is learned with
practice through continued process. It is a
lifelong. process in which social interaction plays
a vital role.
4. PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS - Culture
creates patterned behavior and social
interactions that can be transmitted through
socialization and enculturation.
5. INTEGRATED AND AT TIMES USTABLE -
Culture to be always functioning must maintain
its components integrated. Language must have
all its idea and ideals intact for the successful -
transmission from one person to another.
6. TRANSMITTED THROUGH/ SOCIALIZATION/
ENCULTURATION -Socialization is a process of
learning and internalizing rules and patterns OF
society, while enculturation is a process of
learning and adopting ways and manners of
culture.
7. REQUIRES LANGUAGE AND OTHERS FORMS
OF COMMUNICATION – Culture will be
successfully transmitted it it uses language and
other Forms of communication within their
context.
TYPES OF CULTURE Examples:

1. Material Culture 1957 Constitution, laws promulgated by the

Philippine Government
2. Non- Material Culture
1. INFORMAL FORMS
MATERIAL CULTURE- Includes all visible parts
and tangible objects. A. FOLKWAYS OR CUSTOMS – they are behaviors
less importance yet still influence behavior.
Example:
Examples:
1. Food
Doing “Mano Po” and practicing bayanihan.
2. Clothing and fashion
2. SYMBOL – These are anything that carries a
3. Buildings and Properties
meaning recognized by people who share a
4. Arts and Technology culture.

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE – Has intangible Examples:

objects or the invisible parts to such A
A SYMBOL OF CROSS REFERS TO CHRISTIANITY
Example WHILE CRESCENT SHAPE IS FOR ISLAM

1. Ideas and knowledge 3. VALUES - These are culturally defined

standards by which people assess desirability,
2. Beliefs and traditions goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad
3. Symbols and Language guidelines For social living.

4. Behavior Examples:

5. Religion FILIPINO HOSPITALITY, RESILIENCY, CLOSE-

FAMILY TIES, POSITIVE OUTLOOK brat IN LIFE
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE (University of AND OPTIMISM
Minnesota 2010)
4. BELIEFS - These are specific statements that
1. NORMS – These are the standard an people hold to be true.
expected behavior within a society. It is divided
into two: Formal norms and informal norms. Example:

FORMAL FORMS SUPERTITIOUS BELIEFS

A. MORES – they are norms that has firm
control to moral and ethical behavior.
Examples:
Pre-Marital Sex, Homo Sexual Relationship
5. LANGUAGE - It refers to a Form of
communication using words either spoken or
gestured with the hands and structured with
grammar, often with a writing system.

B. LAWS – They are ordinance of reason

enacted to protect. The people from the bad
outdated mores.
Examples:
THE CROSSING OF FINGERS MAY REFER THAT
SOMEONE IS HOPING FOR GOODLUCK. BUT IN
VIETNAM IT REPRESENTS THE GENITALS OF A
FEMALE ban
6. TABOOS - These are norms that are crucial to
society's moral center, involving behaviors that
are always negatively sanctioned.
Examples:
INCEST, CANNIBAUSM
COPING WITH THE BISAYA ACCENT (2018)
OBJECTIVES
Certain difficulties demonstrate that accent-
shaming is widespread in modern times. This
study concentrated on the issues associated
with ethnocentrism in terms of language accent.
Issue of ethnic diversity issues confronting
Bisaya's were also addressed. Furthermore, this
inquiry must be pursued in order to solve the
issue of how to deal with the Visayan accent.
This study specifically seeks to:
 IDENTIFY why mostly Filipino's have
been indicated to talk about Visayan
accents.
 ADDRESS the issue and raise awareness
to those people who value themselves a
high-class
 DEVELOP good behavior and proper
raising of children to whom and cherish
others
 ESTIMATE the best optimum solutions
of his circumstances
 VALUE every humanity because it is the
main point we are living.
Presentations Of The Case Route
The Philippines consisting of 7,107 islands has
over a hundred ethnic Groups and a diverse mix
of Foreign influences, resulting in a distinct
Pilipino culture. the county is geographically and
culturally divided into regions, with each group
having distinct characteristics and dialects over
il dialects are spoken, and people are more
likely to encounter someone with an accent that
differs from their own we An accent is a
methods of pronouncing words that reflects
there. geographical or social background, and
prosody including rhythmic stress and
intonation also plays a role.
Factors such as grammatical complexity and
Familiarity with the topic influence
comprehension of utterance spoken with a
foreign accent. Manila city the heart of
economic development in the Philippines. is
home to many Bisayans, who migrate to the
city.
Solutions and Recommendations
Understanding accents is a skill that people
must learn this competence demonstrates that
a person can communicate effectively with
people and has extensive experience dealing
with others. Finally, as its discuses
ethnocentrism and discrimination against their
dialect, there is a need to address the issue of
accent, shaming suffered by the Bisayan people.
in order to solve this problem, a Filipino must:
Listen carefully
- When speaking with someone with a Bisaya
accent, listen carefully. to what they are saying.
Focus on the meaning of their words rather
than the way they are pronouncing them.
PRACTICE
- Practice your listening skills by watching videos
or listening to audio recordings of people with a
Bisaya accent. This will help you get wed to the
way they pronounce their words.
REPEAT
- Repeat what the person is saying to make sure
you understand them correctly. This will help
you get more familiar with the way they speak.
PRACTICE SPEAKING
- Try to practice speaking with a Bisaya accent
yourself. This will help You build your confidence
and improve your ability to communicate with
people who speak this way.
SEVERAL REASONS WHY FILIPING CUISINE IS
AMONG LEAST PREFERRED WORLDWIDE.
WHAT IS FILIPINO CUISINE?
- Filipino cuisine is diverse and rich culinary
tradition that reflects the country's history,
culture, and geography. However, despite its
unique Flavors and ingredients, Filipino cuisine
is often considered among the least preferred
worldwide.
- Example of Filipino Cuisine are Adobo,
sinigang, Lechon Pansit, kare-kare, Laing, Balut,
Halo-Halo, Bicol Express, Tinolang manok,
Lumpia, Tapsilog
Reason why Filipino cuisines are least
preferred Worldwide
 Limited International Exposure
 Unfamiliar Ingredients and Flavor
 Lack of Global Preposition.
 Limited Fusion Cuisine
 Perception of unhealthy Choices
 Limited Promotion by the Government
INTRODUCTION
Filipino food is a delectable tapestry of Flavors
and customs that has developed over ages
wider the influence of numerous cultures and
ingredient. Filipino Food has however remained
comparatively under-represented on the world
culinary arena, despite its diversity and
distinctive gastronomic offers. This case study
intends to analyze numerous important factors
that contribute to Filipino cuisine's global
under-appreciation while also highlighting the
potential and challenges.
Filipino cuisine has a devoted Following among
those who have had the opportunity to try it,
but it has yet to receive the same level of praise
and recognition on a global scale as other Asian
cuisines like Chinese. Japanese, Thai, or Indian
Food. This difference encourages us to look into
the reasons why Filipino cuisine isn't more
widely appreciated. By doing this, we hope to
find viable tactics that can help promote and
elevate Filipino cuisine on the international
scene.
OBJECTIVES OF THE CASE STUDY
This case study's main goal is to identify and
examine the important elements that
contribute to a limited global demand for
Filipino cuisine. we seek to offer insights and
suggestions that can assist improve the global
appeal of Filipino culinary traditions through
analysis of these elements.
 Identifying major obstacles
 Examining cultural perspectives
 Evaluation of taste profiles
 Evaluation of Availability and
Accessibility
 Give a thorough grasp of the difficulties
and limitations that have contributed to
the restricted global demand For
Filipino food.
PRESENTATION OF THE CASE
The Cuisines of Italian and the Philippines are
distinct and showcase the distinct culinary
customs and ingredients of their respective
nations. The main variations. between the two
are as follows:
INGREDIENTS:
Due to the abundance of cattle in the nation,
Italian cuisine Frequently features a broad
variety of meats, such as beef, lamb, and
kangaroo. As a result of Australia's large
coastline, seafood is also very popular.
The utilization of tropical elements like coconut,
rice, seafood is also very popular and a variety
of tropical fruits like mangoes, coconuts, and
bananas is a hallmark of Filipino cuisine.
Profiles of flavors Italian Food Frequently
includes grilled or roasted meats and tends to
have strong; Savory It is possible to employ
native components like bush spices and herbs.
Filipino food combines savory, sour, and
elements. Various spices, vinegar, soy sauce,
and garlic are Frequently used to season food.
Sinigang and adobo are well-known examples.
Cooking Methods:
Italians are renowned for their passion for
pasta, pizza, lasagna and gelato. Particularly
when it comes to Freshness of the ingredients.
Cooking techniques used by Filipinos include
grilling (as in inihaw na liempo) stir- Frying as in
pancit), and stewing Las in adobo). Dependable
foods Bread, potato" and rice are considered
staple foods in Italian, albeit rice in less
important than it is Filipino cuisine. In the
Philippines, rice is a staple food that is
frequently included with each dish. Additionally
popular are rice cakes (kakanin) and sticky rice
(suman).
Regional Differences:
The cuisines of the two nations differ according
to geography. The cuisine. of Italy varies from
region to region and is influenced by ethnic,
British and indigenous sources.
The regional cuisines of the Philippines are
varied with each region having its own
peculiarities. For instance, Ilocano food includes
salted Fish and veggies, whereas Bicolano
cuisine is noted for its Fiery dishes.
Desserts: Tiramisu, Strawberry Gelato,
Pumpkin pie and chocolate Biscotti are some
examples of Italian desserts. Hal-Halo, bibingka,
and leche plan are examples of rice-or-coconut-
based desserts that are popular in the
Philippines Geographical, cultural, and
adequacy Factors, in general, have an impact on
the distinctions between Italian and Filipino
cuisines.
Proposed solutions and Recommendations
 Educational initiatives
 Modernizing Presentation
 Heather Alternatives
 Global Marketing campaigns we have
Educational Initiatives
Addressing the limited global desire for Filipino
cuisine requires the creation of thorough.
instructional materials and workshops. This
suggestion calls for developing on organized and
educational strategy to enlighten both the
general public and culinary exports about the
diversity of Filipino culinary traditions

Modernizing Presentation
Modernizing Filipino cuisine's presentation is a
calculated move to increase its appeal on the
world culinary scene. it entails redesigning the
aesthetic presentation and serving of traditional
Filipino foods to make them more attractive to
the eye and consistent with current eating
trends. Traditionally, traditional Filipino Food
has been served family style with an emphasis
on large quantifies and group dining. Chefs can
highlight aesthetics through original plating
techniques to modernize the presentation. In
order to improve the aesthetic appeal of dishes,
this may entail implying contemporary
equipment, chic serving utensils, and garnishes,
visibility and preference on a worldwide scale.
These campaigns leverage various channels,
engaging content, partnerships, and cultural
celebrations to generate interest and curiosity
among a diverse global audience, ultimately
contributing to the broader recognition and
appreciation of Filipino culinary traditions.
Socio-Cultural and Economic Development
Socio-cultural, and economic development
refers to the simultaneous improvement of
societal and cultural Factors, along with
economic progress, within a region or
community: It is a holistic approach to
development that takes into account both the
social and cultural well-being a population, as
well as its economic prosperity.
Socio-cultural

Healthier Narrative Socio-cultural factors refer to the social and

cultural influences that shape how people think,
Concerns regarding the healthfulness of some
behave, and interact with a society. These
traditional meals in Filipino cuisine are being
factors include language, education, religion,
addressed through the pronation of healthier
Family dynamics, art, gender roles, and Food
substitutes. Although Filipino cuisine is
preference, among other. Sociocultural
renowned For its strong Flavors and substantial
influences vary across different cultures and
ingredients, there is an increasing emphasis in
societies, shaping people's values, beliefs, and
providing options that appeal to health-
behaviors in unique ways. Under. Standing these
conscious dies. The ingredients for healthier
factors is essential for appreciating the diversity
substitutes should be carefully chosen to be
and complexity of human cultures and societies.
reduced in sodium, cholesterol, and saturated
Legner meat cuts, better cooking oils, and Economic Development
levering the usage of salty condiments are a few
Economic development refers to the sustained,
examples of how to do this.
long-term improvement in the economic well-
Global Marketing Campaigns being and quality of life for a population. It
involves the growth and advancement of a
A proactive and smart way to raise interest in
nature economy and encompasses various
and preference for Filipino cuisine abroad is to
aspects, such as increasing income levels
launch global marketing With these efforts,
reducing poverty, improving infrastructure, and
Filipino cuisine will be promoted to a global
raising living standards. Economic development
audience for its variety Flavors and cultural
is a multidimensional concept that goes beyond
relevance. Launching global marketing
more economic growth, as it consides social and
campaigns For Filipino Cuisine involves a
environmental Factory as well.
strategic and creative approach to increasing its

Hunting and Gathering Stage
- The Hunting and Gathering stage represent
early nomadic societies that migrated in search
of food for survival. This stage represents
humanity's oldest and most fundamental way of
life.
- During this stage, there was an equal division
of responsibilities between men and women.
Men were responsible for hunting animals
within their region, while women were tasked
with gathering vegetation.
- Due to their dependence on nature for
sustenance, these societies frequently moved
from one location to another and lacked
permanent settlements.
- Survival in this stage was primarily achieved
through hunting animals and gathering edible
plants
- The core social institution was the Family,
responsible for decisions regarding food
distribution, child socialization, and member
protection
- Population sizes in these societies were
typically small, often numbering less than 50
individuals.
- Nomadism was a necessity as these groups
had to follow the availability of food sources.
- These societies displayed a high degree of
interpendence among their members, and labor
roles were distinctly divided by gender: men
hunted, while women gathered.
Pastoral stage
The pastoral stage in socio-cultural and
economic development refers to a specific
phase in the development of human societies
that relies predominantly on pastoralism as
their primary economic and cultural activity.
Pastoralism is a way of life centered around the
herding of livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats,
and camels. This stage often occurs after a
alongside the hunting and gathering stage and
before the agricultural or industrial stage of
development.
Key Characteristics Of The Pastoral Stage
Include:
 Nomadic or semi - Nomadic lifestyle.
 Dependency on Livestock
 Limited Agriculture.
 Traditional knowledge
 Social structure
 Barter Economy
 Culture Practices
 Dependency on Nature
The pastoral stage typically precedes the
development of complex economic systems,
such as agriculture or industrialization. Over
time, some pastoral societies may transition into
other stages of development as they adapt to
changing circumstances and opportunities. The
specific characteristics of pastoral societies can
vary widely depending on their geographical
location, the types of livestock they raise, and
their interaction with neighboring communities.
Horticultural stage
The horticultural is a phase in socio-cultural and
economic development that is characterized by
societies primarily relying on horticulture as
their primary mode of subsistence, Horticulture
refers to the cultivation of crops using relatively
simple tools and techniques, typically without
the use of plows or draft animals. Instead,
horticulturalists often use hand tools like hoes,
digging sticks, and gardening tools for planting
and tending to their crops.
Key Characteristics Of The Pastoral Stage
Included
 Shift to cultivation
 Semi-sedentary Lifestyle
 Limited surplus
 Social Structures at those
 Religion and Beliefs
It's important to note that the horticultural
stage represents a stage of development that
predates. mac advanced agricultural and
industrial stages. As societies progress through
different stages of development, they may
adopt more complex technologies, social
structures, and economic systems.
Industrial stage
The onset of the Industrial stage can be traced
back to the Industrial Revolution in Europe
during the 18th century and the first half of the
19th century. This era witnessed the emergence
of advanced technology, particularly the
invention of machinery, which transformed the
agrarian society into one focused on production
and manufacturing.
In this stage, the utilization of advanced Energy
sources became crucial for operating factory
machinery leading to the establishment of
centralized workplaces, economic
interdependence, formal education systems,
and complex social structures, A significant shift
occurred as people left their farm and migrated
to urban areas to seek employment in factories.
The Industrial stage is strongly linked to the
Industrial Revolution characterized by the
application of scientific knowledge to develop
production technology and harness new energy
sources-Industries became centralized in
specialized and often large establishments,
marking the transition. from. the domestic
system, where individual workers wed hands
tools or simple machinery in their homes or
small workshops.
The adoption of waterpower and Later steam
engines mechanized various processes,
including cloth waving in England during the
latter half of the 18th century. Notably, the late
18th century -also witnessed the introduction of
interchangeable parts in the manufacturing of
goods, like muskets.
Mass production became a cornerstone of this
stage, and workers were classified into two
categories: independent craftsmen who
possessed their tools and enjoyed Flexible
working hours, and factory workers who tailed
under the factory system, with employers
owning the tools and regulating their working
hours
The factory system, played a pivotal role in
prompting many workers to relocate to cities
and owns in pursuit of their livelihoods.
Agricultural Stage
During the Agricultural stage, which
commenced 5,000 years ago during the
Neolithic period, the population of this society
surged into the millions. They embarked on the
cultivation of various cecal like wheat, barley,
peas, rice and millet-Additionally: they initiated
the domestication of animals like sheep and
goats.
As their agricultural practices advanced, they
produced more sophisticated Farming took and
techniques capable of supporting towns with
population exceeding a thousand people.
Permanently settling in one place allowed for
continuous technological improvements in
Farming. Moreover, this period saw the
transition pom barter systems to the use of
money. as a medium of exchange.
However, this agricultural progress also brought
about increased inequality within the society. A
significant portion of the population served as
serfs and slaves, while a minority became elite
land owners and controlled valuable resources.
The reliance on permanent tools for survival
became pronounced, and distinct social clauses
emerged, social institutions, including count
systems for dispensing justice, became more
complex.
The society generated relatively more wealth,
but this wealth distribution was highly unequal,
marking the onset of the feudal system. The
introduction of irrigation, combined with the
use of ploughs, boasted production and soil
renewal. The population grew into the millions,
leading to the expansion of human settlements
into towns and cities. Regions with abundant
resources became thriving hubs of. trade c and
commerce.
Farmers learned to rotate crops in their fields
and utilize waste products as Fertilizers,
resulting in improved harvests and larger prod
surpluses. Furthermore, the development of
metal tools per harvesting enhanced efficiency
and durability. to
Gerhard Lenski is an American sociologist
known for his work in the field of sociocultural
evolution. He is most famous for his theory of
sociocultural evolution, which explores cities
and so cultures change and develop over the
particularly in relation to technology and
communication. Lenski’s work has nod a
significant influence on the study of the
evolution of societies and cultures, and he is
widely regarded as a prominent figure in the
field of sociology. His most notable book is
"Ecological-Evolutionary Theory: Principles and
co-authored with Jean Lenski.
According to the American sociologist Gerhard
Lenski, technological advancement stands as
the fundamental catalyst for the transformation
of societies and cultures. Throughout the
various phases of human development, effective
communication plays a critical role, facilitating
the transmission of information through the use
of signs, symbols, or language.
As we examine the socio-cultural development
of human societies, we can identify various
factors that have propelled them from the early
stages of hunter-gatherer existence, which is
considered one of the most basic Forms of
human life, to the complex digital societies we
see today. Technological advancement and
economic evolution are often the driving forces
behind these innovations.
Nomadism, a traditional societal structure,
allowed for mobility and flexibility, which were
essential for early human communities engaged
in hunting gathering, and the constant search
for animals and vegetation. This lifestyle
required these ancient societies to Frequently
move from one location, to another and was
particularly suited to small and simple social
groups. Such societies were characterized by
egalitarian principles, where individuals were
considered equal and entitled to the same rights
and opportunities.
However, as a society developed and expanded,
they tended to become more unequal in terms
of gender and wealth. They also became more
competitive and, at times, engaged conflict with
other societies. Pre-agricultural societies were
marked by limited production, a predominantly
agrarian economy, a minimal division of labor,
and social structure consisting primarily of
peasants and lords. This period is often
associated with the emergence of social
inequality The agricultural Revolution ushered
in significant changes, including increased
agricultural production
Technological advancements, and the transition
from rural to urban living. The shift from
nomadic lifestyles to permanent settlements
brought about new challenges and the need for
more complex social organization. Complex
societies, such as agricultural villages, cities, and
city-states, emerged
SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
Social scientists assert that human beings are
social beings where they are developing culture
as they respond to the challenge and influences
of their environment. Throughout the time,
culture is being developed and transformed in
societies. Different transformation the cultural
and sociopolitical aspects produce major level
of development and change to the people. This
can be considered as revolution in the growth of
the society where beings have its main roles in
this lesson, we with study how the development
in sociocultural and political evolution affect the
society and their way -of living several views will
explain how the institutions have developed
over the year.
Politics is one of the pillars in every society.
Along with economics and morality, it Plays an
important role in promoting the welfare of the
people as it is universal and not static. It goes
with the development of the society. Heraclitus
the noted. Greek philosopher, once said, "there
is nothing permanent in the world. Everything
changes-indeed, there is constant change as no
one can cross the same river twice. Politics has
its own pacing and pattern change development
in accordance with the needs of society.
Theories on the formation of staters
For the last two million years of man's existence
man lived in a band org village. It was not until
5000 8.C when political units were developed.
Around 2000 B.C the first state in history was
formed. A state has its own territory. centralized
government; and system of collecting taxes. The
Formation of states is not a circumstance that
just happened by accident; is the product of
charge that is needed to adapt to every
environment. A state is a necessity to attain
public safety, promote social progress and
political welfare, and maintain law and order.
The DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bassuel (1627-1704),
one of the principal French theorists of divine
right, asserted that the king's person and
authority were sacred; that his power. was
modelled on that of a father's and was absolute,
deriving from God; and that he was governed by
reason, custom and precedent) (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2019)
It is the oldest theory Formulated to explain the
medieval form of governance the theory averts
that all the powers to rule come from God,
which is divine, and all who exercise it is
ordained and elected by God to be His agent in
this world. He is chosen by God and to God
alone he is accountable.
This theory was supported by St. Thomas
Aquinas (1225-1274), Marsiglo of Padua (1275-
1342), Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), Bishop
Bossuet (1427-1704) and Sir Robert, Fillmer
(1588-1453)
In the olden times, this theory is called the
“Divine Rights of kings” and this was used by the
Stuarts of England the Bourbons of France, and
by many other monarchical states to justify their
self-vested interest and despotic ruling
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
This refers to the political philosophy or
agreement between the government and the
people this theory states that the moral and/or
political obligations of all persons are
dependent upon a contract or agreement
among them to porn the Society in which they
live. Through this contract society and formal
government were established.
The classic social-contract theorists of the 17th
and 18th centuries are: John Locke (1452-1704)
and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).
Although they have different interpretation of
the theory, the underlying idea of their
respective theories is similar.
THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) - people create a
government in exchange for laws and order.
Without a government, humans would fight,
rob, and oppress one another. Humans, by
nature, are selfish and must be controlled. He
published his book Leviathan in 1431 where he
favored absolute monarchy.
THE FORCE THEORY
It is a theory where the state has its origin from
Force. It is believed that the tribe acquired its
territory and people through force. Going into
battle is means to gain power and control a
certain territory.
Every state is doomed to disappear if it does not
prepare for battle, train its army and Fortify its
defense. The stronger and more advanced state
is most likely to stand out and take dominance.
This theory was supported by David Hume
(1711-1776) General von Bernardi (1849-1930),
Johann Casper Bluntschli (1808-1881) and Mao
Tse Tung (1893-1976).
JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) - on human nature
people are born with natural rights but have to
give up some freedom to protect these rights.
Human are rational by nature and can control
themselves. For a government to work, the
people must give their consent to give up
natural liberty, accepts the bonds of civil society
and be subject to the political power of another.
Locke's most important and influential political
writings are contained in his Two Treatises on
Government where the argues for a limited
liberal, democratic form of government.
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)-The
only good government is one Formed out of the
free will by the people. To protect the people,
he approves direct democracy or a state guided
will. Humans are good and compassionate by
nature but can be corrupted by civilization. He
published his book The social Contract theory in
1762.
The Evolution of Political system
Cultural evolution led to the transformation of
different societies and political systems which is
called the socio-political development. This
lesson will help you analyze the development of
political evolution from egalitarian authority to
a more complex and organized political system.
The family refers to the basic social institution
and primary group in the society. the types of
Family are categorized as follower!
On The Basis Of Organization
NUCLEAR FAMILY - refers to (1) a man and a
woman united through marriage and have
biological or adopted children, or (2) partners of
the same sex, whose children may be the
couple's biological or adopted offspring. It is
considered to be the most basic and universal
form of (school) social or organization. This
structure is found in all societies.
EXTENDED FAMILY - Includes other members
such as aunt, uncle, grandparents, or cousin
living under the same roof
On The Basis Of Residence
PATRILOCAL FAMILY - From the Greek word
which means" for the place of the Father." It
refers to a custom when the wife after marriage
goes to live with the husband's family
NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE - From the Greek word"
for the new place, it refers to marriage pattern
when the couple after marriage moves to (live)
is an independent residence which is neither
attached to the bride's Family of origin. nor the
bridegroom's family of ongin.
Matrilocal Family - from the Greek word For the
place of the mother" it refers to social pattern
when the couple after marriage moves to live
with the wife's family. The husband has
secondary position in the wife Family where his
children live.
On the basis of descent
PATRILINEAL FAMILY - when descent is traced
through the father. The inheritance and ancestry
of property takes place along the male line of
descent.
MATRILINEAL FAMILY - when descent is traced
along the female line and inheritance of
property also takes place along the female line
of descent.
On the Basis of Marriage
MONOGAMOUS FAMILY - refers to a family
which consists of one husband and one wire at
a given time. It is an ideal form of family
prevalent widely.
POLYGANDUS FAMILY - when one man marries
several women or vice versa at a given time.
On the basis of blood relationship.
CONSANGUINE FAMILY - the word is derived
from the Latin consanguineous "of common
blood which means that individuals have the
same Father and thus share, the right to his
inheritance. It consists of blood relatives
together with their mates and children. This
maintains the Family's continuity through many
generations by having common ancestors.
CONJUGAL FAMILY - refers to a nuclear Family
that may consist of a married couple children
and relatives through marriage.
BANDS - refers to a small association of family
living together whose relationship is due to
marriage, descent, Friendship and common
interest. Bands are nomadic; they transfer from
one place to another. It is an egalitarian society
which means all person of the same age and
gender are equal. There is little to no formal
leadership associated because of marriage,
descent, Friendship, and common interest.
Clan - a non-corporate descent groups whose
members claim descent from a common
ancestor (real or mythical) but are unable to
name the actual genealogical connecting sinks
back to the common ancestor. Membership is
assigned of birth and is established either
through Female (matriarchal) or male
(patriarchal) line. Membership is dispersed.
Tribes - like bands are still essentially egalitarian
in that no one Family or residential Group is
politically or economically superior to others.
This is organized around Family ties and have
larger populations, with shifting leadership.
They are for the most part, self- sufficient in
regard to food and other basic necessities. The
head of the chiefdom, a large unit of society, is
chosen through hereditary means.
During the tribal period; the human settlement
is headed by a Datu who wields trifold power-
executive legislative and judicial. The society is
called by many different names such as tribal
community, indigenous people's community. His
dominated mostly by men, women have no
power to govern in the community, unless, she
is appointed because of her education or
capacity. This is true in the Mangyan - Alangan
pamayanan in Sitio Sangelen, Dulongan III, Boco,
Oriental Mindoro (Ecoben 2011)
CHIEFDOM - refers to a regional society in which
one or more local groups are organized a single
ruling individual called the chief, who is at the
head of a ranked hierarchy Of people. The chief
is the divine king, both in macrocosm and
microcosm societies. One's states in society is
determined by closeness to the chief. The office
of chief is often hereditary, passing to the son or
to the sister's son. It is also based on talents and
is ten conceived as a semi-sacred position. The
chief may accumulate. wealth to maintain
power with a formal office. He performs
economic redistribution punction in society as
he redistributes resources like surplus food and
other commodities among his subjects. He has
the right to collect taxes or tribute and recruit
labor for community projects such as
constructing irrigation Austen, temple, or
palace. He can conscript in the military force. All
recognized hierarchy is linked to the chief but
tends to be unstable, Thus, he may Form
Confederacies. Examples are Iroquois League of
Five Nations and the Algonquin Confederacy.
State - refers to the political organization of
society distinguished from other social s by its
objective which I to establishments order and
security through its laws that it enforces within
its territory and by its sovereignty. it has four
absolutely essential elements as follows:
1. Population - state is ci community of person,
without population there can be no state.
Population can be more or less but it has to be
there it is determined through the size of the
territory, available resources, the standard of
living and needs to defense production of goods
and supplies. The citizens have rights and
freedom but they have to perform several
duties to the state
2. Territory - Definite territory is an essential
element of the state. The size can be big or
small but it has to be a definite, well-marked
portion of the territory under Sovereignty of the
state. This includes the land, mountains or hills
and bodies of water.
3. Government - The organization machinery,
instrument through which the sovereign power
of state is used. This makes, implements,
enforces and adjudicates the laws of the state.
4. Sovereignty - This is the most exclusive
element of the state as it refers to the Supreme
power or authority of the state to govern itself.
It is the basis on which The state regulates all
aspects of the life of the people living in its
territory.
Fach society needs the state because of the
Following reasons:
(1) It provides security against external
aggressions and war; it is for this reason the
state maintains an army.
(2) It grants and guarantees the rights of the
people.
(3) It issues and regulates currency and coinage.
(4) It ensures security against internal
disturbances, disorders, and crimes; thus, the
state has to maintain its police force.
(5) Grants citizenship and protects the interests
and rights to its citizens.
(6) It conducts Foreign relations, Foreign trade
and economic relations:
(7) It secures the goals of national interest in
international relations.
BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
How do we become an effective member of
the society?
-Becoming an effective member of society
involves active participation, respect for others,
continuous learning, and a commitment to
improving well-being of the community. It
requires a combination of individual actions and
collective efforts to build a better society.
Why is there a need to learn about our culture
to become a responsible member of society?
-It helps us understand our roots, values, and
traditions, fostering a sense of belonging and
respect for diversity.
How does socialization help in the
development of individuals become a good
member of society?
-Socialization molds individuals into responsible,
well-adjusted members of society by equipping
them with knowledge, values, and skills needed
to navigate social interactions, and adhere to
societal norms and expectations.
BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
-Being a responsible citizen of the society covers
many areas, some of which are honoring our
legal obligations and respecting the, social and
moral laws of the country. To be a truly
responsible citizen, one must help our society in
maintaining peace and order.
ENCULTURATION
-Enculturation refers to the process through
which we learn about the culture we live in.
Through enculturation, we learn what
behaviors, values, language and morals are
acceptable in our society. We learn by observing
other members of our society, including our
parents, friends, teachers, and mentors.
-Berry, Poortinga, Segall, and Dasen (2002)
define enculturation as "a form of cultural
transmission by which society transmits its
culture and behavior to its members by
surrounding developing members with
appropriate models". Berry et al distinguish
between enculturation and socialization, the
two principal processes of cultural transmission.
They declare that socialization involves the
deliberate shaping of an individual while
enculturation is a form of cultural transmission
because of the cultural learning that people
create, remember, and deal with as a product of
innovation. Through cultural learning,
Individuals have a chance to communicate and
imitate the behavior of other people. A good
example is the millennials in our country who
have easily adopted the cultural learning of
other countries especially Korean culture. They
love eating Korean food, watching K-dramas,
listening to K-pop music, even imitating the
fashion style and dance moves of their favorite
Korean pop artists.
-Similarly, Herskovits (1948) describes
enculturation as a process of socialization to
maintain the norms of one's heritage and
culture, including the salient values, ideas, and
concepts. To understand more about
enculturation, we can say that Filipinos give
more importance to their cultural values despite
the challenges we are facing. If you are going to
take a closer look at the situation of the Filipinos
nowadays in this time of the pandemic, we can
see that Filipinos have preserved their culture
like the bayanihan spirit which involves
everyone in the community sharing their time
and effort. The bayanihan spirit has even
evolved and has adapted to the changing
landscape of our time with the whole nation
working together with Filipinos based in foreign
countries voluntarily sharing their resources to
help those in need in times of calamities.
Eirshner DH and Meng 1. (2012) state that
enculturation and acculturation refer broadly to
the processes whereby newcomers come
participate in the normative practices of a
cultural community. In relation to each other,
enculturation generally signals the case in which
the newcomer is a mature member of the
cultural community into which she or he is
being socialized leg. a child), on the other hand,
acculturation signals the case in which the
newcomer is not a member of the cultural
community (e.g., an immigrant)
SOCIALIZATION
-Generally, refers to the process of social
influence through which a person acquires the
culture or subculture of his/her group, and in
the course of acquiring these cultural elements,
the individual’s self and personality are shaped.
Socialization, therefore, addresses two
important problems of social life; (Gecas, 2001)
 The problem of societal continuity
 The problem of individual development
WHY DO YOU THINK THAT SOCIALIZATION IS
SO IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE PROCESS OF AN
INDIVIDUAL?
-Socialization is very important to the life
process of an individual because it enables a
person to learn the different cultural languages,
norms, values, and one's role in the society in
order to fit the group.
-Socialization is also defined "as the process of
learning that enables the learner to perform
social roles. Thus, not all learning is
socialization, since presumably some learning is
irrelevant to the motivation and ability
necessary for participation in the social system"
(Johnson, 1960)
-Similarly, socialization is seen as the learning
process which turns a human being from an
animal into a person with a human personality.
-Stated formally, socialization is "the process
whereby one internalizes the norms of the
group among whom one lives so that a distinct
self emerges, unique to this individual ( Horton
& Hunt, 1964 p.67)
-Through socialization, individuals also learn to
preserve and adopt the cultural values, beliefs,
and norms of the society in order to become
useful member of the society.
- Socialization also play an important part in
forming an individual’s personality and molding
the individual into a social being. By achieving
all these, the individual find fulfillment and thus,
becomes a responsible member of a society
-Anthropologist view socialization in terms of
enculturation or becoming familiar with our
own culture. It happens through our interaction
with our family, peers and other individuals
where we acquire social values and norms that
we adopt. Through enculturation we learn and
understand the social norms, values, language
behavior, custom traditions food patterns,
clothing styles, and other important things that
our culture has established. Because of
enculturation, we become conscious to
informed of our rights obligations, and
privileges as members of a community of the
society.
-Filipino families value highly traditional Filipino
culture that we obtained from our ancestral and
will pass on to the next generation. This
knowledge of culture emphasizes the social
norms, traditions, behavior, and values that are
kept alive in every family and transmitted to
next generation. But some instances of the
enculturation process in the Philippines teach
the individuals to accept and adopt the changes
in the society. This process also affects, either
positively or negatively, the lifestyle and cultural
beliefs of an individual towards the group
he/she is a member of.
GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION
-Arnett (1995) presents a new theoretical
understanding of socialization, as he outlines
the three goals of socialization;
1. Teach impulse control and develop a
conscience
2. Prepare people to perform certain social
roles, including occupational roles, gender roles,
such as marriage and parenthood
3. And cultivate shared sources of meaning or
what is important, valued, and to be lived for.
Similarly, socialization is seen as the learning
process which turns a human being from an
animal into a person with a human personality
THE THREE MAJOR ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. The Context in which occurs
2. The content and process people use to
socialize others
3. The results or outcomes arising from those
context and processes
1. The Context in which occurs
The context in which socialization context
occurs it like the theater or stage where
individual behavior is determined by how the
context is perceived in cultural language, and
social structures. It also includes social and
historical vents, power and control in social life,
and the people and institutions with whom the
individual comes in contact during his/her
socialization.
2. The content and process people use to
socialize others
-Is like the play, the lines, and the actors. It
includes the structure of the socializing activity-
how intense and prolonged it is, who does it,
how it is done, whether it is a total experience
or only a partial process, how aware the
individual is of alternatives, and how attractive
those alternatives are. Content refers to what is
passed from member to novice while processes
are those interactions that convey to new
members how they are to speak, behave, think,
and even
3. The results or outcomes arising from those
context and processes
May be described as what happens later, after
someone has been exposed to content and
processes. New members or individuals may
learn the behavior, attitudes, and values that old
members hope they would learn or adopt.
FAMILY
 The first agent of socialization.
 Principal socializer of younger members
of the family.
 Teaches members how to behave in
socially acceptable ways, develop
emotional ties, and internalize values
and norms.
 •Individuals share the patterns of larger
culture, but retain the unique values
and behavioral traits learned from their
families,
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION & ENCULTURATION
Social groups and social institutions or agencies
that help in the development of the individuals
in terms of socialization is considered as agents
of socialization. The agents of socialization
consist of person, groups, and institution that
teach people to participate successfully in
society.
SCHOOL
 Molds the beliefs, values, and attitude,
of the students through various
academic and social activities
 Equips students with skills that will
enable them to fit into a larger society
 Teaches students to learn the value of
self-improvement and hard work
 through classroom that give them
opportunities to apply their knowledge
CONFORMITY
and skills.
 Serves as a latent function by socializing -Conformity is the act of adjusting one's beliefs,
children's behavioral and teaching them behaviors, or actions to align with the prevailing
about citizenship. social norms, expectations, or group standards,
even if one's personal beliefs or preferences
MASS MEDIA
differ.
 Distribute information to a wide
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONFORMITY
audience, via television, newspaper,
radio and internet. SITUATIONAL FACTORS
 Characterized as non-proximate agents
-Tend to look at how the specific environment
of socialization.
influences how one behaves. Situational factors
 Enable people to learn about objects of
are a matter of observation and then repetition
material and nonmaterial culture.
of what is observed.
 Influence the way people look at the
world and make them change their FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONFORMITY
views.
INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
RELIGION
-Focus more on the personal characteristic of an
 Exerts a great influence on a person's individual such as strong leadership ability, will
view; legitimize social practices. power, and self-confidence that give him/her a
 Provides stability to society and a small chance or tendency to conform to other
source of social change. people. Individuals need to have the right
 Teaches participants on how to interact knowledge, skills, and abilities to stand out from
with the religion's material culture. others.
 Creates social solidarity in the society
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONFORMITY
and a source of spiritual growth.
CULTURAL FACTORS
GOVERNMENT
-Is the most fascinating of the three factors that
 Ultimate sources of authority.
influence conformity. Different cultures have
 Participates in socialization through the
diverse levels of conformity. Specific cultures
implementation of the laws of the
can contain a generalized personality type. This
country.
personality type really influences and is likely to
 Regulates the behavior of its citizens
conform to one's culture as compared to
using rewards and sanctions
another.
 Promotes the general welfare of the
people.
DEVIANCE
-is the recognized violation of cultural norms.
Crime is one example of deviance which is a
violation of norms a society formally enacts into
criminal law Deviance encompasses a wide
range of other acts of nonconformity, from
variations in hair styles to crimes like murder.
Schoepflin (2011)
-Apines that the word "deviance has a negative
connotation in everyday language although
sociologists recognize that deviance is not
necessarily bad. In fact, from a structural
functionalist perspective, one of the positive
contributions of deviance is that it fosters social
change. Deviance reminds individuals to think
first of the action they need to do whether it is
right or wrong. Deviant acts that individuals
commit carry corresponding punishments so if
they commit crimes, they will be given due
punishment to make them realize their wrongful
behavior and the need to follow the laws of the
society.
Howard Becker (1963)
-viewed deviance as the cultural product of
interactions between people whose occupations
involved either committing crimes or catching
criminals. Similarly, William Graham Sumner
(1906) posited that deviance is a violation of
established contextual, cultural, or social norms,
whether folkways, mores, or codified law. In our
society at present, many deviant acts are
committed because of poverty, unemployment,
and financial crisis. People tend to violate the
cultural and social norms of the society they
value to enable them to survive. Because of this,
each society has implemented laws to lessen
the number of people committing acts of
deviance.
Deviance comes in many forms in our society. It
helps in shaping society's norms and goals.
Without the Lows society implements, people
will not know what the acceptable behavior is
and what is not. It is important that society
controls act of deviance, otherwise, the society
would become unpredictable and unsafe if
people cannot identify deviant behavior.
Effects of Deviance on Society
-Deviance helps individuals to deal with and
adjust to change that are sometimes brought by
the society we Live in Society plays a big role in
social change as it creates the acceptable and
unacceptable behavior of on individual People
become deviant because they want to follow
their desire, or sometimes their deviant
behavior might be the results of problems they
encounter in the society.
Other effects of deviance that are not
necessarily harmful but may actually be
beneficial to society are as follow:
1. It is one way that social change occurs.
2. It helps people adjust to change.
3. It has a way of promoting social solidarity by
distinguishing "us" from "them".
4. It provides a way in which some individuals
and groups can introduce their agendas to the
rest of the society, and elevate their status while
doing it.
Selected Theories of Deviance
8 The social strain theory was developed by
famed American sociologist Robert K. Merton.
The theory states that social structures may
pressure citizens to commit crimes. Strain may
be structural, which refers to the proceeds at
the societal level that filter down and affect how
the individual perceives his or her needs. Strain
may also be individual, which refers to the
frictions and pains experienced by an individual
as he or she looks for ways to satisfy individual
needs. These types of strain can insinuate social
structures within society that then pressure
citizens to become criminals.
Robert K. Merton
Stated that there are five types of deviance in
terms of the acceptance or rejection of social
goals and the institutional means of achieving
them; namely, conformity, innovation, ritualism,
retreatism, and rebellion.
1. Conformity: It is the process whereby people
change their beliefs. attitudes, actions, or
perceptions to match more closely those held
by groups to which they belong or want to
belong or by groups whose approval they
desire. Conformists are people who accept
society's goals and the socially acceptable or
conventional means of attaining them.
Ex. Small entrepreneurs who become
economically successful because of their hard
work and perseverance in their small business
2. Innovation: It involves reinventing things or
learning how to do things in a new manner.
Innovators continue to seek success; however,
they reject socially acceptable means of
achieving them.
Ex. ICT experts who gain monetary success
through cybercrimes
3. Ritualism: It is the regular observance or
practice of rituals, especially when excessive or
without regard to its function. Ritualists are
individuals who stop trying to achieve society's
goals but believe using society's institutionalized
or legitimate means of attaining them. Ex.
Staying in dead-end jobs such as a home care
giver position because it enables them to
adhere to society's achievement and social
norms
Ex. Staying in dead-end jobs such as a home
care giver position because it enables them to
adhere to society's achievement and social
norms
4. Retreatism: It is a reaction of people towards
society, in which one rejects both the cultural
goals and the traditional means to achieve
success, then find a different way to escape it.
Retreatism is the response of those people who
give up both cultural goals and means.
Ex. Severe alcoholics, some homeless people,
and hermits who achieve things that do not
always go along with society's values
INNES (2003)
-Defines social control broadly as an organized
action intended to change people's behavior.
The underlying goal of social control is to
maintain social order, an arrangement of
practices and behaviors on which society's
members based their daily lives. Social control
also regulates individual actions to avoid conflict
in the society, Individuals should always exercise
social control not only in the family but also in
the different institutions of the government.
Due to the problems our country is facing today
Like poverty, unemployment, heinous crimes,
cybercrimes, and others, social control needs to
be established to avoid chaos and strengthen
social order.
Selected Theoretical Perspective Of Social
Control
-Social control theory "contends that crime and
delinquency occur when an individual's ties to
the conventional order or normative standards
are weak or largely nonexistent" This theory
maintains that all people, from the time we are
born, are basically bad apples that must be
controlled by laws, rules and regulations in
order to keep society in check. Individuals who
have a weak bond to societal controls tend to
end up committing deviance or criminal
behavior" (Bartol & Bartol. 2011, p. 5). This
theory states that those individuals who have
low self-esteem and have difficulty in facing the
problems and trials they encounter in life have a
greater chance to commit deviant acts
Nowadays, many young people seem to have
easily lost social control as some of them are
involved in issues like dangerous drugs, teenage
pregnancy, prostitution, and even heinous
crimes that lead them to commit deviant acts.
Because of this, the government is doing its
best. to implement laws that will eliminate
these deviant actions
Hirschi's social control theory is directed at the
strength of social bonds. Social bonds can be
positive or negative depending on how
individuals deal with it. When a bond is
weakened or broken, then unusual behavior for
that individual may occur. Sometimes,
individuals break laws or commit deviant acts
because of the social and emotional bonds
provided by the group they belong to. The four
elements of the social bond theory are the
following
1. Attachment is defined as a strong emotional
tie that bond one person intimately with
another person, it measures our connections to
others; when we are closely attached to people,
we always worry about their opinions of us.
People conform to society's norms to gain
approval and eliminate disapproval from other
people like family, relatives, friends, and
another group."
2. Commitment is a dedication to a particular
organization, cane, belief, and a willingness to
get involved. Before you make a commitment to
anybody, you need to think about it carefully
because it obligates you to do something
3. Involvement is the fact or condition of being
involved with or of participating in something
Involvement minimizes deviance. Children who
are members of Little League baseball teams
have fewer family crises because their
involvement in an organization requires them to
spend a large amount of time on socially
approved activities that it reduces their time for
committing deviant behavior.
4. Belief is a conviction or idea about the nature
of reality that an individual or group accepts is
true if a person views social values as beliefs,
he/she will conform to them particularly if
he/she has strong beliefs or faith in them and
knows them as true.
Sometimes it can also refer to the validity of the
values and standards of the society. The more
we value the norms of the society, the more
difficult it is to violate them because we stand
on what we believe to be true.
Social control refers to societal and poetical
mechanisms that regulate individual and group
behavior to gain conformity and compliance to
the rules of a given society, state, or social
group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of
social control social control and formal social
control.
TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
1. Informal Social - Control This form of social
control is enforced by family members and
other people we usually interact or socialize
with. Rewards and punishment are commonly
visible in informal social control.
2. Format Social Control - It refers to the
organization or systems that use strict and
nested rules, values, morals, and the like that
we are commonly told or compelled to die.
Other government agencies enforce social
control
Having a peaceful society can be achieved if
people conform to the norms of the society.
Cooperation and understanding of each
individual's behavior can result in building a
better community. Individuals and other
institutions should establish social control to
comply with the norms and rules of the society.
Social control is a very important factor in
attaining a peaceful society.
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED
-A society is organized, not only because of
individuals who interact and share common
interests, but also due to the prevailing
interaction among them, their state of
belongingness, and the ability to influence one
another and work together to achieve common
goals.
-All society are organized around an unequal
division of labor and decision-making. Modern
societies are expected to provide protection,
law and order, economic security, and a sense of
belonging to their members.
-A society is mostly characterized as an
organized interrelated group of people who act
together for collective living as they share the
same language, territory, and culture. However,
a group of individuals in a certain place does not
instantly make a social group. This group may
just be individuals who happen to be in one
place asserting their commonality. Simply stated
when human relation begins, a group start to be
organized. There are sociological theories that
can explain various aspects of social group
existence.
SOCIAL GROUPS
-A social group consists of two or more people
who regularly interact on the basis of mutual
expectations and who share a common identity.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP
PRIMARY GROUP
-Primary group is typically a small social group
whose members share close, personal, enduring
relationships in which one exchanges implicit
items, such as love, caring, concern, support,
etc.
SECONDARY GROUP
-A secondary group is relatively larger group
composed of impersonal and goal-oriented
relationships, which are often temporary
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIETY
Social groups are fundamental parts of human
life. They are a multitude of people who see
each other often and think of themselves as
part of the group. There appears to be groups of
people everywhere. We could be a member of a
church. group, college class, workplace, sports
team, club, and others. The discipline of
sociology focuses primarily on the study of
social group.
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM
-Believes that society is a constitution with
interconnected parts organized to attain the
biological and sociological needs of individuals
in the society.
HEBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
He claimed that just like the different organs of
the body the various parts of society worked
together to keep society functioning. These
parts of society were the social institutions such
as government, education family, healthcare,
religion, and economy.
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)
He believed that society was composed of
interdependent and interconnected parts that
were put together to keep instability held
collectively by shared-by-shared social life as
laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs,
fashion, and rituals.
ALFED RADCLIFF-BROWN (1881-1955)
Considered the entire parts of community work
together to maintain stability for a healthy
society. The purpose any continual human
action as played in social life as whole
contributed to social instability.
ROBERT MERTON(1910-2003)
Noted that social processes had functions.
Manifest functions are the outcomes of a social
process that are expected. Examples of
education manifest functions are acquiring
knowledge, preparing for a career, or getting a
good job. On the other hand, latent functions
are unintended outcomes of a social process.
KARL MARX (1818-1883)
Believed that society was composed of
individuals various social classes competing for
resources such as food, clothing, shelter, and
employment.
MAX WEBER (1864-1920
He noted that various groups were treated
differently based on race, gender, and
educational attainment. The people' s state of
inequality was influenced by class deviation,
social immobility and representation of political
power.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
Studied the human relationship of individuals
within a society or human interaction in which
people make sense of their social worlds or
communication through exchange of language,
symbols and its meaning.
NANCY J. HERMAN AND LARRY T. REYNOLDS
(1994)
Declared that this orientation showed people as
active individuals in the process of socialization
than merely state of human action.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931)
Is considered as the founding father of symbolic
interaction.
HERBERT BLUMER (1900-1987)
-Coined the term and characterized it with these
basic primases.
Herbert Blumer basic premises;
 Human beings communicate based on
the meanings they ascribe to things
 The attribute meaning of things come
from our interactions with others and
society
 The meanings of things are interpreted
through a process used by the individual
in treating the things he or she
experiences
 There is various perspective about
groups in terms of the component that
should be considered among the social
groups like race, gender, universities,
communities, political parties,
corporations, and nations.
According to John Macionis (2012), the
increase of group members trims down the
exquisite interaction of individuals member.
They are firmer and can withstand the loss of
other members. Bigger groups are not founded
on personal affection but more on conventional
regulation and order.
FORMS OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Groups are formed as an assemblage of people
who often interact with each other on the basis
of a common outlook concerning behavior and
a sense of common identity. A social group may
consist of two or more individuals who do
things together with a common goal and
interest.
 -The secondary group can be a small or a big
social group usually formed for a short-term
period. The members are not related to one
another and are not influenced by personal
feelings. Membership is founded on what a
Examples: person can do for each other. This group is
Family commonly found in schools and at the
workplace. The members of this group follow a
Friends particular action with a common goal. Among
Co-workers the members of this group are our co-workers
and schoolmates.
Organizations
SELF-CATEGORIZING THEORY
Relatives
This theory explains that the importance a
Church mate person gives to his/her group is influenced by
his/her perception of people who do not belong
Business
to his/her group
Team mate
WILLIAM SUMNER (1840-1910)
Couples
A sociologist, coined the concepts of in-group
Schoolmate and out-group. In essence, a person' s
conceptualization of another person as well as
Neighborhood
other group depends on his/her perception of
Clubs whether they are members or part of his/her
group or not.
According to Charles Cooley (1864-1929)
groups can generally be classified into two main IN-GROUP
types:
Is a social group to which a person identifies
PRIMARY GROUP with. He or she may feel loyalty and respect
toward the other members in the group. This
-Primary group is just a small group with may include include brotherhood or fraternity.
members engaged in tight, private and lasting
relationships. This group is noticeable by the OUT-GROUP
care the members have for each other as well as
Are groups to which a person does not identify
the common activities and culture they share.
with. He or She may feel dislike of hatred
This close-fitting interconnected group is among
toward a member of this group. This may
the most significant groups in any society as
include opponents and rivals of their group.
exemplified by the family. It also includes
childhood friends and long-lasting intimate REFERENCE GROUP
relationships. Primary group members identity
Reference groups serve as an element or
themselves a strongly within the group.
component that individuals use as a standard
SECONDARY GROUP towards the achievement of a desired behavior
in making judgement about the quality of life or
things. It is not necessary that we become a
member of a reference group; this can be a
person' s favorite fashion style, artist, pop idols,
sport team, mentor, or a well know personality
we admire and want to emulate.
NETWORKS
Out-group functions as a competitor or rival
group that an individual is opposed to.
-A Reference Group provides a standard of
measurement. This group has a strong impact
on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve
as guide to a member' s behavior and social
norms. Thus, networks function as a social
media influencer.

Networks are created because of the need to

establish connection for some reasons like
personal, economic religious, or political
interests. These are collective individuals
functioning on similar undertaking
unnecessarily known to one another. A network
is a group that includes individuals who come
into casual connection but who do not have
enough sense of belongingness. Other
intellectuals assert that networks are
unstratified, unstructured, and free of value
organizations. Examples of these are Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and other social
networking sites.
-Social Networks are influential in a wide range
of online platforms used for building social
relationships with other people including
sharing of political opinions, like and dislikes,
and can even show trending societal issues or
personalities.
-A Reference Group provides a standard of
measurement. This group has a strong impact
on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve
as guide to a member' s behavior and social
norms. Thus, networks function as a social
media influencer.

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL GROUPS

-The Primary Group plays a vital part in the

socialization process. It forms the social nature
and ideals of individuals especially in shaping
the culture and personality where a person
learns social norms, beliefs, morals, and values.
On the other hand, secondary group members
tend to relate to others only in specific roles and
for practical reasons. This group helps in
fulfilling various types of human needs and
brings out social awareness and social change.
Also, this group helps fulfill various special
interests in such fields as sports, dance, music,
and others.

-An In-group may form within our Secondary

Group such as workmates, group mates, or
assembly which functions as a group of people
who can connect with each other because of
their sense of identity and belongingness while