Ekp 63 A

J.
BLISS
G. COOPER
.
.
.
J. SOLOMON
.
.
.
Copyright 2001
E
EHNIKO ANOIKTO ANEITHMIO
O & Y, 26222
T.: (061) 314094, 314206, : (061) 317244
YNTEETE TOY IAKTIKOY YIKOY

:

/
K A
Joan Bliss
Joan Solomon
Geoff Cooper -
E M E A

K

H

/1997-2001
ISBN: 960-538-298-9
N. 2121/1993

, .
EPIEXOMENA

21
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45
ENOTHTA 1.3
. T ,

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T E
: -
(virtual) .
.16
. T A . H
.17
E ( Kuhn) .18
4 H
: ., (1995), . O , : . (.), . ,
: Gutenberg, . 414-419
46
ENOTHTA 1.3
KEAAIO
H E
.
, .
T E
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A. E . O ,

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M ...

,
:
1. E,
2. A,
3. M, ,
4. I.
T
( ),
,
.
47
ENOTHTA 1.1
Giordan A., de Vecchi G., (1987), . 26-27.

O Oakeshott, . Oakeshott M.,
(1962). A
Jordanova, . Jordanova L.J. (.), (1986). O Oakeshott Jordanova .
3
E

, , .
, . Pope M., Gilbert J., (1983).
. Koulaidis V., (1987), 5 9.
4
T Lakatos, Kuhn

B. Barnes.
5
Harr R., (1986) Baskhar R., (1978).
6
Koulaidis V., (1987), 3 4. Kuhn.
Kuhn . Kuhn T. S., (1970), . 120. T Newton-Smith, . Newton-Smith W. H., (1981), . 117.
7
Bachelard G., (1984), . 55-56.
8
Wittgenstein L., (1979), . 298.
9
Wittgenstein L., (1979), . 608.
10
Oakeshott M., (1962), . 199.
11
T ,
. T
A.
12
O - , bio-engineered.
13
Ziman J., (1968), . 135.
14
Foucault M., (1987), . 11.
15
H
3.
16
. ., (1995), 3.
17
. K B. (.), (1994), . 311349.
18
K . K B. (.), (1994), . 311-349.
2
48
ENOTHTA 1.1
KEAAIO
O

., ., (1990),
: , , 53, . 151-169.
. (.), (1994), : ,
, : Gutenberg.
., (1994), :
, , 75, . 22-29.
., (1995), . O , : . (.), . , : Gutenberg, . 407-419.
Driver R., Guesne E., Tibergien E. (.), (1993), O , : - .
Foucault M., (1987), H , E: A.

Bachelard G., (1984), The new scientific spirit, .: A. Goldhammer, Boston: Beacon
Press.
Baskhar R., (1978), A realist theory of science, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Giordan A., de Vecchi G., (1987), Les origines du savoir, Neuchtel-Paris: Delachaux &
Niestl.
Harr R., (1986), Varieties of Realism: A rationale for the Natural Sciences, Oxford: Basil
Blackwell.
Jordanova L.J. (.), (1986), Languages of Nature, London: Free Association Books.
Koulaidis V., (1987), Philosophy of Science in Relation to Curricular and Pedagogical
Issues: A study of Science Teachers' Opinions and their Implications, , University of London.
Kuhn T.S., (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: Chicago University
Press.
Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), The rationality of science, London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul.
Oakeshott M., (1962), The voice of Poetry in the Conversation of Mankind, :
Rationalism in Politics, London: Methuen.
Pope M., Gilbert J., (1983), Personal Experience and the Construction of Knowledge in
Science, Science Education, 67, 2, . 193-203.
Wittgenstein L., (1979), On Certainty, .: D. Paul, G. E. M. Anscombe, Oxford: Basil
Blackwell, . 608.
Ziman J., (1968), Public Knowledge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49
OO
1. . (.), (1994), : ,
, : Gutenberg.
,
, (
)
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. : )
(. 1, 2, 3, 9), )
(. 4, 5), )
(. 6, 7, 8) ) (. 3, 7, 9).
50
KEAAIO

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51
ENOTHTA 2.
( )
(),
(. 2.1).
)
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52
ENOTHTA 2.
KEAAIO
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O

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53
ENOTHTA 2.1
1:
.
: . ;
2: mpere, .
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0,2 mpere. : ,
,
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, [
] : ; 0,2 mpere.
: ,
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: ;
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0,2 Ampere.
54
ENOTHTA 2.1
KEAAIO
: O ;
2: , ... , ,
...
3: ,
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4: :
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.
: , . , , ... [ . O
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1/ 2
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100-150 . .

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55
ENOTHTA 2.1
, ..
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2,
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4). O 2 3, ,
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56
ENOTHTA 2.1
KEAAIO
Cognition in Scientific and Everyday Domains: Comparison and

Learning Implications
H ..
. () O

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.
: Reif F., Larkin J., (1991), Cognition in Scientific and Everyday Domains:
Comparison and Learning Implications, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 28, 9, . 734-735
57
ENOTHTA 2.
2.2

:

,
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1. ..,
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58
ENOTHTA 2.2
KEAAIO
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( 46% 13, 53% 14, 66% 15,
16-17 ).7
59
ENOTHTA 2.2
iii.
-
.
. 8.
iv.
., (1994), : , : . (.)
: , , :
Gutenberg, . 233-261, ( )
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60
ENOTHTA 2.2
KEAAIO
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ewson P., (1981), A conceptual change approach to learning science,
European Journal of Science Education, 3, 4, . 383-396.
2, .
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61
ENOTHTA 2.2
(
); 200 . O
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62
ENOTHTA 2.
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2.3
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63
ENOTHTA 2.3
2. .. ( , ) ;
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64
ENOTHTA 2.3
KEAAIO
.
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65
ENOTHTA 2.
2.4
OO
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66
ENOTHTA 2.4
KEAAIO
5/ 2
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67
ENOTHTA 2.
, , ,
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2
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.
ENOTHTA 2.
KEAAIO
., ., ., (1994), . 103.
Baird J., (1988), . 58.
3
Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A., (1993), . 2-5. Osborne R., Freyberg P., (1985), . 12. Gilbert
J., Osborne R., Fensham P., (1982), . 623-625. Gunstone R., (1988), . 74-75.
4
Osborne R., (1985), . 41. Vosniadou S., Brewer W., (1992), . 540.
5
Fensham P., (1988), . 19.
6
Driver R., (1993), . 220.
7
Osborne R., (1985), . 45.
8
Gunstone R., (1988), . 74.
9
Stavridou H., Solomonidou C., (1989), . 88.
10
Stavridou H., Solomonidou C., (1998), . 212.
12
Hewson P., Hewson M., (1987), . 427.
13
., ., (1998), . 62-64.
14
Baird J., (1988), . 65.
15
Baird J., (1988), . 65. ., ., (1990), . 151-169.
16
., (1994), . 21. ., (1994), . 261. Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A.,
(1993), . 282.
2
69
ENOTHTA 2.

2 ()
3
.
70
1.
(i)
(iv) To
2.

(ii) K

(iv) T

(vii)
,

3.

(i)
(ii) K
(iii) =
(v)
-
4. ,

(iv) To
5.

(iv) T
, ,
-
6.
(iv) To
(vi) -
7.
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(vii)

ENOTHTA 2.
KEAAIO
3 ()
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.
71
ENOTHTA 2.
O

., (1994), :
, : . (.),
: , , :
Gutenberg, . 233-261.
., ., ., (1994), 20 , : , : , : O
, . 103-106.
., (1994), , : . (.),
: , , :
Gutenberg, . 21-40.
., ., (1990),
: , ,
53, . 151-169.
., ., (1998), : ,
, 26, . 61-69.
Driver R., (1993), :
, : R. Driver, E. Guesne, . Tiberghien (.), O
, : , . 208-241.
Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A., (1993), O
, : R. Driver, E. Guesne, . Tiberghien (.), O
, : : -
. 1-12.
Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A., (1993),
, : R. Driver, E. Guesne, .
Tiberghien (.), O , :
-, . 273-286.
Driver R., Squires A., Rushworth P., Wood-Robinson V., (1998), O
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74
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ENOTHTA 3.
KEAAIO
Ausubel D. P. et al., (1968).

Giordan A., de Vecchi G., (1987), . 127-137. Giordan A., (1991),
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3
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6
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8
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9
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13
14
15
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16
Rogers C., (1983).
17
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18
Bachelard G., (1973), . 8.
19
de Vecchi G., (1984).
20
Vosniadou S., (1994).
21
Driver R., (1981), . 93-101.
22
Bachelard G., (1993), . 339.
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Bachelard G., (1993), . 339.
24
Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
25
Canguilhem G., (1968), . 204.
26
Migne J., (1970), . 21-38.
27
Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A., (1993), . 7.
28
Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
29
Rumelhard G., (1986), . 144.
30
31
32
Wallon H., (1941).
33
34
Bennaroche M., Rumelhard G., Marzer J., Sr M. G., (1983), . 216-218.
35
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37
Posner G. J., Strike K. A., Hewson P. W., Gertzog W. A., (1982), . 211-227.
38
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95
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O

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., ., ., (1996),
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Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.

Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
3
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4
Fabre ., (1995), . 78-105.
5
Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
6
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7
Bachelard G., (1986), . 229.
8
Bachelard G., (1986), . 55.
9
Bachelard G., (1986), . 251.
10
Bachelard G., (1983), . 8.
11
Bachelard G., (1983), . 139.
12
Astolfi J. P., (1997), . 41.
13
Bachelard G., (1979), . 46. Fabre ., (1995), . 82.
14
Fabre ., (1995), . 82.
15
Johsua D., Dupin J.J., (1993), . 372.
16
Peterfalvi B., (1995), . 133.
17
Astolfi J.P., Peterfalvi B., (1993), . 106-108.
18
., ., (2000).
19
Jonnaert P., (1988), . 58.
20
Astolfi J.P., (1997), . 42.
21
Orange C., (1993), . 15-16.
22
Fabre ., (1995), . 51.
23
Bachelard G., (1986), . 101.
24
Astolfi J.P., (1997), . 43.
25
Fabre ., (1995), . 88-89.
26
Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
27
Fabre ., (1995), . 84.
28
Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
29
Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
30
Fabre ., (1995), . 90-91.
31
Bachelard G., (1993), . 335.
32
Migne J., (1969), . 39-68.
33
Bachelard G., (1993), . 334.
34
Bachelard G., (1949), . 123.
35
Bachelard G., (1993), . 334-335.
36
Bachelard G., (1993), . 331.
37
Bachelard G., (1993), . 335.
38
Canguilhem G., (1993), . 389.
39
Bachelard G., (1993), . 334.
40
Bachelard G., (1979), . 6.
41
Bachelard G., (1986), . 239-252.
42
Bachelard G., (1979), . 13.
43
Bachelard G., (1979), . 67.
44
Quillet ., (1964), . 36.
45
Bachelard G., (1949), . 137.
46
Canguilhem G., (1968), . 199.
47
Bachelard G., (1983), . 137.
48
Bachelard G., (1993), . 363-364.
2
122
ENOTHTA 4.1
KEAAIO
49
Bachelard G., (1993), . 340-344.

Bachelard G., (1993), . 340-341.
51
Bachelard G., (1993), . 345.
52
Bachelard G., (1993), . 346.
53
Bachelard G., (1993), . 341.
54
Migne J., (1969), . 52.
55
Migne J., (1969), . 52.
56
Bachelard G., (1993), . 334.
57
Migne J., (1969), . 53-54. Martinand J. L., (1986-87). Bachelard G., (1993), . 341.
58
Bachelard G., (1993), . 341.
59
Bachelard G., (1986), . 55.
60
Martinand J.L., (1986-87).
61
Bachelard G., (1993), . 341.
62
Bachelard G., (1983), . 4.
63
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64
Bachelard G., (1986), . 72.
65
Migne J., (1969), . 53.
66
Ullmo J., (1967), . 661.
67
Bachelard G., (1986), . 72.
68
Migne J., (1969), . 53.
69
Bachelard G., (1993), . 342.
70
Bachelard G., (1986), . 73.
71
Bachelard G., (1986), . 73.
72
Migne J., (1969), . 54.
73
Bachelard G., (1986), . 73.
74
Ackermann W., Rialan B., (1963), . 55.
75
Bachelard G., (1986), . 75.
76
77
K ., (1991), . 137-138.
78
Ullmo J., (1967), . 663.
79
Ackermann W., Rialan B., (1963), . 77-78.
80
Bachelard G., (1993), . 343.
81
Bachelard G., (1986), . 161-162.
82
Bachelard G., (1986), . 151.
83
Bachelard G., (1986), . 156.
84
Bachelard G., (1986), . 158.
85
Bachelard G., (1986), . 159-160.
86
Migne J., (1969), . 55-56. Martinand J. L., (1986-87). Bachelard G., (1993), . 343-344.
87
88
Bachelard G., (1993), . 333.
89
., (1991), . 126.
90
Bachelard G., (1983), . 9.
91
Quillet P., (1964), . 43.
92
Migne J., (1969), . 48-49.
93
Fabre ., (1993), . 34.
50
123
ENOTHTA 4.1

1
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Canguilhem G., (1993), Gaston
Bachelard, : . (.), . , : , . 385-401.
Driver R. et al., (1998), O- : , : T.

Ackermann W., Rialan B., (1963), Transmission et assimilation de notions scientifiques,
Document du C.E.R.P., 5.
Astolfi J.P., (1997), Lerreur, un outil pour enseigner, Paris: E.S.F.
Astolfi J.P., Peterfalvi B., (1993), Obstacles et construction de situations didactiques en
sciences exprimentales, Aster, 16, . 103-141.
Bachelard G., 1934 (1979), Le nouvel esprit scientifique, Paris: P.U.F.
Bachelard G., 1938 (1986), La formation de lesprit scientifique, Paris: Vrin.
Bachelard G., 1949 (1966), Le rationalisme appliqu, Paris: P.U.F.
Bachelard G., 1940 (1983), La philosophie du non. Essai dune philosophie du nouvel esprit
scientifique, Paris: P.U.F.
Canguilhem G., (1968), Etudes dhistoire et de philosophie des sciences, Paris: Vrin.
Fabre ., (1993), Reprsentations et obstacles en Didactique des Sciences: Quelques
repres, Documents du CERSE, 60, Universit de Caen, . 31-35.
Fabre ., (1995), Bachelard ducateur, Paris: P.U.F.
Jonnaert P., (1988), Conflits de savoirs et didactique, Bruxelles: De Boeck.
Johsua D., Dupin J.J., (1993), Processus de modlisation en lectricit, : S. Johsua, J.
J. Dupin, Introduction la didactique des sciences et des mathmatiques, Paris: P.U.F., .
372-376.
Hatzinikita V., Koulaidis V., (1997), Pupils' ideas on conservation during changes in the
state of water, Research in Science and Technological Education, 15, 1, . 53-70.
Martinand J.L., (1986-87), DEA en Didactique des Disciplines, Universit
Paris VII.
Migne J., (1969), Les obstacles pistmologiques et la formation des concepts, Education
Permanente, 2, . 39-63.
126
KEAAIO
Orange C., (1993), Le concept dobstacle en Didactique des Sciences: ecessit dune
approche plurielle, Documents du CERSE, 60, Universit de Caen, . 11-29.
Peterfalvi B., (1995), Activits rflexives dlves en classe de sciences: des comptences
mthodologiques au travail sur les obstacles, : . Giordan, J. L. Martinand, D.
Raichvarg (.), Actes des XVIIes Journales Internationales sur la Communication,
lEducation et la Culture Scientifiques et Industrielles: Que savons - nous des savoirs
scientifiques et techniques?, Paris: Universit Paris VII, . 131-138.
Quillet P., (1964), Bachelard, Paris: Seghers.
Ullmo J., (1967), Les concepts physiques, : J. Piaget ( ), Logique et
connaissance scientifique, Encyclopdie de la Pliade, Paris: Gallimard, . 623-705.
OO
1. Bachelard G., (1993), H .
, : . K (.), . , : , . 324-384.
, Bachelard La formation de lesprit scientifique.

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Bachelard
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Bachelard,
. VI VII .
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., ., (1998), . 73-80 (1 ) & . 70-77 (2 ).
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3
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To E More Balls Than Most Ltd. O : A short course in life enhancement (. 2),
1994.
7
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Dowling P., (1998), The Sociology of Mathematics Education. Mathematical myths/pedagogic
texts, London: Falmer Press.
Morais A., Fontinhas F., Neves I., (1992), Recognition and realisation rules in acquiring
school science - the contribution of pedagogy and social background of students, British
Journal of Sociology of Education, 13, 2, . 247-270.
Myers G., (1992), Textbooks and the Sociology of scientific knowledge, English for Specific
Purposes, 11, 1, . 1-17.
150
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ENOTHTA 6.1
KEAAIO
Martinand J. L. (), (1980), . 55.
Piaget J., Inhelder B., (1978), . 85-86.
Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberhien A., (1993), . 274.
Hatzinikita V., Koulaidis V., (1997), . 62-66.
., (1995), . 273-275.
Tiberghien A., (1984), . 55-74. Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A., (1993), . 3-4.
Giordan A., Girault Y., Clement P., (1994), . 22.
Giordan A., Girault Y., Clement P., (1994), . 21-22.
Tiberghien A., (1984), . 61-64.
10
Laval A., (1985), . 96-102.
11
Resnick J., (1983), . 145. Johsua S., Dupin J. J., (1989), . 35.
12
Viennot L., (1979).
13
Clement P., (1991), . 145, 147, 152.
15
Hatzinikita V., Koulaidis V., (1998), . 104-106.
16
Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A., (1993), . 276-277.
17
Viennot L., (1992), . 127-142. B., (1995), . 401.
18
Rozier S., (1988), . 286-287. Viennot L., (1993), . 20-22.
19
Rozier S., (1988), . 292.
20
Closset J.L., (1993), . 173-175.
21
22
Bachelard G., (1993), . 335.
23
Sanner M., (1983), . 19.
24
Closset J.L., (1983), . 442. Johsua S., Dupin J.J., (1989), . 32-33.
25
Piaget J., (1970), . 100.
26
Lakoff G., Johnson M., (1980), . 70-72.
27
Andersson B., (1986), . 155-171.
28
Migne J., (1969), . 51. Giordan A., de Vecchi G., (1989), . 53.
29
Viennot L., (1985), . 124.
30
Johsua S., Dupin J.J., (1989), . 32-33.
31
. et al., (1986), . 47.
32
. 3 ( ).
33
Rumelhart D. E., Ortony A., (1977), . 99.
34
. et al., (1997), . 80.
35
. , (, , , , ) . -
179
ENOTHTA 6.1
. ., (1994), . 54-55.
, .
180
36
., (1994), . 55. Stillings N. et al., (1987), . 21.
37
Johnson-Laird P. N., (1983), . 157. Stillings N. et al., (1987), . 38. ., (1993), . 70-71.
38
Greca I.M., Moreira M.A., (1997), . 717.
39
Greca I.M., Moreira M.A., (1997), . 717.
40
Johnson-Laird P.N., (1983), . 156-157.
14
Weil-Barais A., (1984), . 35.
41
Vosniadou S., Brewer W., (1992), . 536, 576.
42
., (1992), . 27.
43
Johnson-Laird P.N., (1983), . 410. Minsky M., (1981), . 96-97. Williams M., Hollan J., Stevens A.,
(1983), . 133-134.
44
West L. et al., (1985), . 36. Minsky M., (1981), . 96-98. Lakoff G., (1987), . 118.
45
, , ,
. . Rumelhart D. E., Ortony A., (1977), . 101109. Norman D. A., (1983), . 8. Johnson-Laird P. N., (1983), . 408-411. Minsky M., (1981), . 9698. Stillings N. et al., (1987), . 30.
46
Vosniadou S., Brewer W., (1992), . 580. Bo ., (1994), . 235. ., .,

(1994), . 306.
47
Chi M.T., Feltovich P.J., Glaser R., (1981), . 121-152. Champagne A. B. et al., (1985), . 183-185.
48
Holland J. et al., (1989), . 332-333. Halford G. S., (1993), . 17.
49
Clement P., (1991). Driver R. et al., (1998), . 78-79.
ENOTHTA 6.1
KEAAIO

1
: .
: .
: , .
: .
2
, ,
( ).
3
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.
: (.. ) .

,
.
4

.
300
,
: * , * (, ).
, , ... : * , * .
, ...
... 300 : *
, * , * (, ).
181
ENOTHTA 6.1
5
.
()
(1) :
( ,
, ,
).
(2) (
).
() ( ,
, ,
, ,
).
() ( , ).
() (, , ).
6
.
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( :

).
182
ENOTHTA 6.1
KEAAIO
(2) (
: , , ).
() (
).
() : (
, , ).
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:
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.49
, .

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183
ENOTHTA 6.1
2. : ) , ) , ) .
3. : ) , ) .
4. O ,
.
5. . : )
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.
: O , . , .
: O
, . .
184
ENOTHTA 6.1
KEAAIO
O

. et al., (1986), . , : O....
., (1998), : , :
Gutenberg.
Bo ., (1994), :
, : . (.),
: , , : Gutenberg, .
233-261.
., (1992), , :
: , . 13-35.
., (1993), : --, ,
: rt of Text.
., ., (1994),
, : . (.), :
, , : Gutenberg, . 263-310.
., ., - ., ., .,
- ., (1997), , : O....
., (1994), : , , : . (.), : , , : Gutenberg, . 41-69.
., (1999), O , : .
X B., (1995), O . E, , , :
.
., ., (2000), : , : .
(.), , : , . 85-110.
, : . (.), . , : , . 324-384.
Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A. (.), (1993), O
, A: -T.
Driver R., Squires A., Rushworth P., Wood-Robinson V., (1998), O-
E: M , A: T.
185
ENOTHTA 6.1

Andersson B., (1986), The experimential gestalt of causation: a common core to pupils
preconceptions in science, European Journal of Science Education, 8, 2, . 155-171.
Astolfi J.P., Develay M., (1989), La didactique des sciences, Paris: P.U.F.
Champagne A.B., Gunstone R.F., Klopfer L.E., (1985), Effecting changes in cognitive
structures among physics students, : L. West, L. Pines (.), Cognitive Structure and
Conceptual Change, Orlando, FL: Academic Press, . 163-187.
Chi M.T., Feltovich P.J., Glaser R., (1981), Categorization and representation of physics
problems by experts and novices, Cognitive Science, 5, . 121-152.
Clement P., (1991), Sur la persistance dune conception: la tuyauterie continue digestionexcrtion, Aster, 13, . 133-155.
Closset J.L., (1983), Le raisonnement sequentiel en electrocinetique, : A. Giordan, J.
L. Martinand (.), Actes des Vmes Journes Internationales sur lEducation Scientifique,
Paris: Universit Paris VII, . 441-446.
Closset J.L., (1993), Les obstacles lapprentissage de llectrocintiqe, : S. Johsua, J.
J. Dupin, Introduction la didactique des sciences et des mathmatiques, Paris: P.U.F., .
171-178.
Niestl.
Giordan A., de Vecchi G., (1989), Lenseignement scientifique: comment faire pourque a
marche?, Nice: Z ditions.
Giordan A., Girault Y., Clement P. ( ), (1994), Conceptions et
connaissances, Berne: Peter Lang.
Greca I.M., Moreira M.A., (1997), The kinds of mental representations -models,
propositions and images- used by college physics students regarding the concept of field,
International Journal of Science Education, 19, 6, . 711-724.
Halford G.S., (1993), Childrens Understanding - The Development of Mental Models, New
Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hatzinikita V., Koulaidis V., (1997), Pupils' ideas on conservation during changes in the
state of water, Research in Science and Technological Education, 15, 1, . 53-70.
Hatzinikita V., Koulaidis V., (1998), Reprsentations des lves de lcole primaire sur
les changements des systmes physico-chimiques: Systme de classification, Didaskalia,
12, . 93-113.
Holland J., Holyoak K., Nisbett R., Thagard P., (1989), Induction: Processes of Inference,
Learning and Discovery, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Johnson-Laird P.N., (1983), Mental Models, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johsua S., Dupin J.J., (1989), Reprsentations et modlisations: le dbat scientifique
dans la classe et lapprentissage de la physique, Berne: Peter Lang.
Johsua S., Dupin J.J., (1993), Introduction la didactique des sciences et des
mathmatiques, Paris: P.U.F.
Lakoff G., (1987), Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things - What Categories Reveal about the
Mind, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff G., Johnson M., (1980), Metaphors we live by, Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press.
186
KEAAIO
Laval A., (1985), Premiers contacts avec la chimie. Chaud, froid, ... pas si simple, :
Rencontres Pdagogiques, 3, Paris: I.N.R.P., . 89-111.
Martinand J.L., (), (1980), Activites deveil scientifiques lcole lmentaire.
V - Dmarches pdagogiques en initiation physique et technologique, 108, Paris: I.N.R.P.
Migne J., (1969), Les obstacles pistmologiques et la formation des concepts, Education
permanente, 2, . 39-63.
Minsky M., (1981), A Framework for Representing Knowledge, : J. Haugeland
(.), Mind Design, Massachusetts: IT Press, . 95-128.
Norman D.A., (1983), Some observations on Mental Models, : D. Gentner, .
Stevens (.), Mental Models, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, . 7-14.
Piaget J., (1927), La causalit physique chez lenfant, Paris: Librairie F. Alcan.
Piaget J., (1970), Epistmologie gntique, Paris: P.U.F.
Piaget J., Inhelder B., (1978), Le dveloppement des quantits physiques chez lenfant,
Paris: Delachaux et Niestl.
Resnick J., (1983), Vers une thorie cognitive de la didactique, : A. Giordan, J. L.
Martinand (.), Actes des Vmes Journes Internationales sur lEducation Scientifique,
Paris: Universit Paris VII, . 137-149.
Rozier S., (1988), Le raisonnement linaire causale en thermodynamique classique
lmentaire, Paris: Universit Paris 7.
Rumelhard G., (1986), La gntique et ses reprsentations dans lenseignement, Berne:
Peter Lang.
Rumelhart D.E., Ortony A., (1977), The Representation of Knowledge in Memory, :
R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, W. E. Montague (.), Schooling and the acquisition of
knowledge, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, . 99-135.
Sanner M., (1983), Du concept au fantasme, Paris: P.U.F.
Stillings N., Feinstein M., Garfield J., Rissland E., Rosenbaum D., Weisler S., BakerWard L., (1987), Cognitive Science - An Introduction, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Tiberghien A., (1984), Revue critique sur les recherches visant lucider le sens des
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Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S., . 55-74.
Viennot L., (1979), Raisonnement spontan en dynamique lmentaire, Paris: Hermann.
Viennot L., (1985), Sminaire international sur les reprsentations des tudiants et des
lves en Science et en Mathmatique. Cornell, Annales de Didactique des Sciences, 1, .
123-127.
Viennot L., (1992), Raisonnement plusiers variables: tendances de la pense commune,
Aster, 14, . 127-142.
Viennot L., (1993), Temps et causalit dans les raisonnements des tudiants en physique,
Didaskalia, 1, . 13-27.
Vosniadou S., Brewer W., (1992), Mental Models of the Earth: A Study of Conceptual
Change in Childhood, Cognitive Psychology, 24, . 535-585.
Weil-Barais A., (1984), Les lves inventent partir de ce quils savent, : J. P. Astolfi
et al., Exprimenter sur les chemins de lexplication scientifique, Toulouse: Privat, . 27-46.
West L., Fensham P., Garrad J., (1985), Describing the Cognitive Structures of Learners
Following Instruction in Chemistry, : L. West, L. Pines (.), Cognitive Structure and
187
Conceptual Change, Orlando, FL: Academic Press, . 29-49.

Williams M., Hollan J., Stevens A., (1983), Human Reasoning About a Simple Physical
System, : D. Gentner, . Stevens (.), Mental Models, New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, . 131-153.
OO
1. ., (1998), : , :
Gutenberg.

,
.
2. ., (1999), O , : .
,
,
. 2.
3. Driver R., Guesne E., Tiberghien A. (.), (1993), O
, A: -T.

. : ()
, () ,
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4. Giordan A., Girault Y., Clement P. ( ), (1994), Conceptions et
connaissances, Berne: Peter Lang.
, , .
. . 1 2.
5. Johsua S., Dupin J. J., (1993), Introduction la didactique des sciences et des
mathmatiques, Paris: P.U.F.

,
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188
KEAAIO
O O
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J. Bliss (: )
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. 60

189
ENOTHTA 7.1
(PSSC), (CBA
ChemStudy) (BSCS). .
Nuffield
Foundation. , (Nuffield Physics), Eric Rogers,
. ,
.
, ,
,
Piaget. Berkeley
Robert Karplus (SCIS), .
5-13
Australian Science Education Project (ASEP).
.
.
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60 , Jean
Piaget
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190
ENOTHTA 7.1
KEAAIO
7.1
O PIAGET O O
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191
ENOTHTA 7.1
7.2
O PIAGET
O Piaget .

, , , . , , .
. O

. Match and Mismatch Harlen, Darwin Murphy, 1977a, b . , , , , , ,
, , ,
.
Shayer, 70,
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Nuffield Foundation , . :
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,
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(Shayer, 1971, . 183)
O Shayer :
O
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mole , (Ingle Shayer, 1971).
192
ENOTHTA 7.2
KEAAIO
Nuffield, Eric Rogers . O Shayer :

, Nuffield, ,

, .
(Shayer, 1972, . 31)
. , ,
, . O Bruner, (1968) :
.
.
(Bruner, 1968, . 29)
O Piaget .
, , . ,

,
, , .
O Shayer, Kucherman Wylam, (1976) Shayer Whylam, (1978)
( 11-16 ). , 30%
(comprehensive schools)
Piaget . (.. Lawson and Renner, 1974, Rowell and Renner, 1976),

.
193
ENOTHTA 7.1
7.3
O OO
OO OO
O Piaget (schemes), , .., , , , .

. O Lawson Wollman,
(1976)
13 . O
Karplus, Lawson , (1977)
.
, Shayer Adey
11 12 ,
(Adey, Shayer Yates, 1989, Shayer
Adey 1991, 1992).
, , . .
O ,
, (
Karplus, Pulos Stage, 1981 Tourniaire Pulos, 1985). , . , (Karplus
Peterson, 1970, Karplus Karplus, 1972, Karplus Woolman, 1974). O Mellar
Bliss, 1993 ( Mellar, 1987) . O Karplus,
Karplus, Formisano Paulsen, 1975, 1977 ,
. O Kurtz Karplus, 1979
, 15-16 .
194
ENOTHTA 7.1
KEAAIO
7.4
O OOOO O O
O
O Piaget ,
.
, . O
Anderson :
.. Piaget
, , ,
,
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. . ,

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,
. , Piaget ,
-. , , 1974 ( Etudes d Epistemologie Genetique).
70, . ,
, . O
Duit, 1989
,
70%
. O Sere Weil-Barais, 1989, , , , , , , , LIRESPT ParisVII, . O ,
, .
195
ENOTHTA 7.4
,

. O
( Driver Erickson, 1983, Gilbert
Watts, 1983, , Driver, Guesne
Tiberghien, 1985, ).

,
, ,
(Viennot, 1979). O
(Champagne, Gunstone Klopfer,
1985), (Nussbaum Novick, 1982)
(Hewson Hewson, 1983). Childrens learning
in Science ( ) 1987 , . , , .
, . Conceptual
Change in Science ( ) (Hennessy et al,
1993)
,
. , . .
O
(Posner et al., 1982).
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,
.

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Tools for Exploratory Learning ( ),
, 11-14

(Bliss Ogborn, 1989, 1992a, b).
, .
196
ENOTHTA 7.4
KEAAIO
1/ 7
,
, Shayer, . ,
. 500 ..

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900J 1C 1kg 480J 1C 1kg , .
: . et al., (1998), , O, . 79
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197
ENOTHTA 7.4
.
, .., =/, =/ .

.

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.
1-1 . . .
/
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1
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: Shayer M. and Adey P., (1981),
Towards a science of science teaching, London, Heinemann Educational Books, . 90
198
ENOTHTA 7.1
KEAAIO
7.5
O OOOO
O ,
, . Piaget
Kelly, 1955, , Vygotsky,
1978, .
, Berger Luckmann, 1967, . ,
, .
,
Piaget
Kelly.
(Bliss, 1993). O Pope Gilbert, 1983, Kelly ( Kelly ),

.

. O Osborne Wittrock, 1985, :
. ,
.
, , Vygotsky
.
, von Glasersfeld, 1985, 1989
Piaget. , Piaget ,
,
. O
. O von Glaserfeld Wheatley
Piaget.
, -
199
ENOTHTA 7.5
.
.
(Wheatley, 1991, . 10)
,

.

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,
,
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(Piaget, 1968)
Matthews
.
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, , , ( ).
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(Matthews, 1992)

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. O Matthews
. O
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200
ENOTHTA 7.1
KEAAIO
7.6
OO O PIAGET
Piaget
.
:

,
.

- (Wason,1966,
1978, 1984, Evans, 1989 ). O (
, Johnson-Laird, Legrenzi, Sonino-Legrenzi, 1972). O Piaget, 1977
.
.

. .
. O Piaget .
, Keil, 1986 Carey, 1985, 1990 , . Carey
, . ,
, , , ,
.
, Cheng Holyoak, 1985, 1989, ( )
. O Girotto Light, 1992,
201
ENOTHTA 7.1
, ,
(Turiel, 1983).
, -

. .
( , 1983). (Lave, Murtaugh
Rocha,1988, Newman, Griffin, Cole,1989).
.
(Gick Holyoak,1980). .
202
ENOTHTA 7.1
KEAAIO
7.7
O

,
.
,
, Piaget
. O Piaget , .
Johnson-Laird,
1983 Johnson-Laird Byrne, 1991.
.
.

.

. de Kleer
Brown, 1983
, , .., ,
. de Kleer Brown :

, ,

,
.
O Gutierrez Ogborn, 1992

. ,
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O Piaget , . , , ,
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.
203
ENOTHTA 7.1
7.8
OOO
, . ,

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.
.
Keil, 1979, 1981 Carey, 1985 . , . O
. Carey
.
.
,
.
:

.
(Mariani Ogborn, 1990, 1991, Mariani, 1992, Ogborn,
1992)
( 8 18+)
, , , , , .

. : -, -,
-, -. , .
. O Ogborn, 1985 Hayes, 1979, 1985
.
, , , /, /, , , /,
(Bliss, Ogborn, Whitelock, 1989, Whitelock, 1990, Law,
204
ENOTHTA 7.8
KEAAIO
1990, Whitelock, 1991). (Bliss Ogborn 1990, 1992c,

1993).
. O Ogborn
(1992) , , . ,
.

. .
Piaget (Piaget Garcia,
1983, 1987), .
, , , , .
(Piaget, 1983, . 58)
205
ENOTHTA 7.1
7.9
O;

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O Piaget , , . -
.
. , .

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, , , , , , .. O Piaget
. ,

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206
ENOTHTA 7.9
KEAAIO
-.

, .
,
, (, ) ( ).
, , .
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Piaget . , .
207
ENOTHTA 7.1
O Piaget . ,
.
.

.
, ,
. ,

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.
().
(), . , (Bliss, Morrison and
Ogborn, 1988).
.

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208
ENOTHTA 7.1
KEAAIO
,
(contexts)
.
.

. ,
,

.
209
ENOTHTA 7.1

1
: , . ,
.
2
: O Piaget
.
:

.
Piaget
. O :
O Piaget , ( ) .
- . O Piaget
( ) ,
( ).
O Piaget , , , .
Piaget
,
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, o Piaget
,
.
210
ENOTHTA 7.1
KEAAIO
O
Driver R., Guesne E. and Tiberghien A., (1993)., O , : -.
Adey P., Shayer M. and Yates C., (1989), Thinking Science: the Curriculum Materials of the
CASE Project, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education.
Anderson B., (1984) A framework for discussing approaches and methods in science
education, Educational Research Workshop on Science in Primary Education, Council for
Cultural Cooperation, Edinburgh, . 984.
Berger P. and Luckmann T., (1967), The Social Construction of Reality, London: Penguin.
Bliss J., Morrison I. and Ogborn J., (1988), A longitudinal study of dynamic concepts,
Bliss J., Ogborn J. and Whitelock D., (1989), Secondary school pupils common sense
theories about motion, International Journal of Science Education, 11, 3, . 261-272.
Bliss J. and Ogborn J., (1989), Tools for exploratory learning, Journal of Computer Assisted
Learning, 5, . 37-50.
Bliss J. and Ogborn J., (1990), A psycho-logic of motion, European Journal of psychology of
education, 5, 4, . 379-390.
Bliss J. and Ogborn J., (1992a), Reasoning supported by computational tools, Computers
in Education, 18, 1-3, . 1-9, : M.R., Kibby and J.R., Hartley,
Computer Assisted Learning, New York: Pergamon Press, . 109.
Bliss J. and Ogborn J., (1992b), Tools for Exploratory Learning End of Award Reports to
ESRC:
Executive Report
Summary Report
Technical Report 2: Semi-quantitative Expressive Modelling
Technical Report 3: Semi-quantitative Expressive Modelling
Technical Report 5: Qualitative Modelling
Technical Report 6: Tasks
Bliss J. and Ogborn J., (1992c), Steps towards a formalisation of a psycho-logic of motion
: A.Tiberghien, and H. Mandl (.), Intelligent Learning Environments and Knowledge
Acquisition in Physics, NATO ASI Series, Berlin: Springer Verlag, . 65-89.
Bliss J. and Ogborn J., (1993), Steps towards a formalisation of a psychologic of motion,
Journal of Intelligent Systems, 3.
Bliss J., (1993), The relevance of Piaget to research into childrens conceptions : P.
Black and A.Lucas (.), Childrens Informal Ideas About Science, London: Routledge, .
243-251.
Bruner J., (1968), Towards a Theory of Instruction, New York: Norton.
Bryant P., (1982), The role of conflict and agreement between intellectual strategies in
childrens ideas about measurement, British Journal of Psychology, 73, . 243-251.
Carey S., (1985), Conceptual Change in Childhood, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.
Carey S., (1990), Are children fundamentally different kinds of thinkers and learners than
adults? : K. Richardson, S. Sheldon and E. Hove (.), Cognitive Development to
Adolescence, Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum.
211
ENOTHTA 7.1
Champagne A., Gunstone R. and Klopfer L., (1985), Effecting changes in cognitive
structures among physics students : L. West and L. Pines (.), Cognitive Structure and
Conceptual Change, New York: Academic Press.
Cheng P. and Holyoak K., (1985), Pragmatic reasoning schemas, Cognitive Psychology, 17,
. 391-416.
Cheng P. and Holyoak K., (1989), On the natural selection of reasoning theories,
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ENOTHTA 8.1
Shipstone D.M. & Gunstone R.F., (1985), Teaching children to discriminate between
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1. Millar R., (1989), Constructivism criticisms, International Journal of Science Education, 11, . 587-596.
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Murray F. B., (1983). Henriques . (1985). Bovet M., Parrat-Dayan S., Vonche J., (1988).
5
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15
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Tiberghien ., (.), O , : -, . 123-151.
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. 21-27.

Bovet M., Parrat-Dayan S., Vonche J., (1986), Mthodes d apprentissage et causalit,
: A. Giordan & J. L. Martinand (.), Feuilles d pistmologie applique et de didactique
des sciences, 8, . 103-111.
Bovet M., Parrat-Dayan S., Vonche J., (1988), Processus d interaction dans la causalit,
: A. Giordan & J.L. Martinand (.), Actes des Xmes Journes Internationales sur l
Education Scientifique, Chamonix, . 299-304.
Carugati F., Mugny G., (1985), La thorie du conflit sociocognitif, : G. Mugny (..),
Psychologie sociale du dveloppement cognitif, Bern: Peter Lang, . 93-108.
Hewson P. W., Hewson M.G., (1984), The role of conceptual conflict in conceptual change
and the design of science instruction, Instructional Science, 13, . 1-13.
273
ENOTHTA 9.1
Inhelder B., Sinclair H., Bovet M., (1974), Apprentissage et structures de la connaissance,
Paris: PUF.
Johsua S., Dupin J.J., (1988), Processus de modlisation en lectricit, Technologies,
Idologies, Pratiques, VII, 2, . 155-169.
Langford J.M., Zollman D., (1982), Conceptions of dynamics held by elementary and high
school students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physics
Teachers, San Francisco.
Murray F.B., (1983), Equilibration as cognitive conflict, Developmental Review, 3, . 54-61.
Perret-Clermont A. N., (1986), La construction de l intelligence dans l interaction social,
Berne: Peter Lang, 3e d.
Piaget J., (1975), L quilibration des structures cognitives, Paris: PUF.
Ravanis K., Papamichael Y., (1995), Procdures didactiques de dstabilisation du systme
de reprsentations spontanes des lves pour la propagation de la lumire, Didaskalia, 7,
. 43-61.
Smedslund J., (1966), Les origines sociales de la dcentration, : F. Bresson, H. De
Montmollin (.), Psychologie et pistmologie gntiques, Thmes piagtiens, Paris:
Dunod, . 159-167.
Trumper R., (1997), Applying conceptual conflict strategies in the learning of the energy
concept, Research in Science & Technological Education, 1, 15, . 5-18.
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London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, . 19.
9
. Newton-Smith, W.H. (1981), . 19.
10
.. . 22-23.
11
.. . 22.
12
.., . 23.
13
.., . 23.
14
. Chalmers A.F. (1982), . 22-23.
15
. Hume D. (1927), . 46-48.
16
. Chalmers A.F. (1982), . 15.
17
. Russel B. (1973), . 38.
18
. Russel B. (1946), . 698 Popper, K. (1979).
19
. Russel B. (1973), . 33-34.
20
. Feyerabend P. (1975), . 221.
21
. Kuhn T.S. (1970), . 70.
22
. Feyerabend P. (1975), . 126.
23
. Koulaidis V. (1987).
2
293
10
ENOTHTA 10.1
O
., (1997), . , : .
Ayer A.J., (1956), The problem of Knowledge, London: Penguin.
Chalmers A.F., (1982), What Is This Thing Called Science, Milton Keynes: Open University
Press.
Driver R., Leach J., Millar R. and Scott P., (1996), Young peoples images of science,
Buckingham-Philadelphia: Open University.
Feyerabend P., (1975), Against Method, London: New Left Books.
Harre R., (1972), The philosophies of science, Oxford: Opus.
Hume D., Enquiry concerning human understanding, . L.A. Selby Bigge,
(1927), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Section V, I.
Kuhn T.S., (1970), The structure of scientific revolutions, Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
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Russel B., (1946), A history of Western Philosophy, London.
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OO
Losee, J. (1980), . , . . . .
, : .
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. ..
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Losee 10, .
207-222.
294
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University of London
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KEAAIO
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 46.

. Popper K.R., (1979), . 44.
3
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4
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5
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6
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
. Popper K., (1979), . 1 Hacking I., (1983), . 5.
14
. Lakatos I., (1970), . 106-109.
15
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16
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17
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18
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 49.
19
.., . 94-95.
20
. Chalmers A.F., (1982), What Is This Thing Called Science, Milton Keynes: Open University Press,
. 40.
21
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 57.
22
. Popper K.R., (1979), . 109.
23
.., . 53.
24
. Lakatos I., (1978), . 31-32.
25
.., . 32.
26
. Lakatos I., (1970), . 106, Chalmers A.F., (1982), . 87.
27
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 79.
28
. Espagnat B.D., (1983), In searh of reality, London, . 58.
29
. Popper K.R., (1979), . 108.
30
.., . 108-109.
31
. Lakatos I., (1971), . 1.
32
. Chalmers A.F., (1982), . 4-6.
33
. Putnam H., (1981), . 68-69.
34
. Chalmers A.F., (1982), . 63.
35
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 75, . Putnam H. (1981), . 78.
36
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 75.
37
. Putnam H., Hacking I., (.) (1981) . 78.
38
. Chalmers A.F., (1982), . 66.
39
. Putnam H., : Hacking I., (.) (1981) . 79, . Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 90.
40
. Koulaidis V., (1987).
2
311
11
ENOTHTA 11.1

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11
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O
Press.
Espagnat B.D., (1983), In search of reality, London.
Harre R., (1972), The philosophies of science, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hacking I., (1983), Representing and intervening, (Cambridge).
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Press.
study of science teachers opinions and their implications, London: ,
Lakatos I., (1970), Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes,
: I. Lakatos, A. Musgrave, (.), (1970), Criticism and the growth of knowledge,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, . 106-109.
Lakatos I., (1971), History of science and its rational reconstruction, Boston Studies in the
Philosophy of Science vol. 8, . 99.
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Worrall Currie G., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, . 31-32.
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Scientific revolutions, (Oxford), . 68-69.
OO
Lakatos I. (1987), , : .
Lakatos - . .
314
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ENOTHTA 12.1
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 10.

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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 189.
11
. Hacking I., : I. Hacking (.) (1981), . 2-3.
12
. Masterman M., (1970), The Nature of a Paradigm, : I. Lakatos A. Musgrave (.)
(1970), . 93.
13
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 80-81.
14
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15
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 158.
16
. Hacking I., : I. Hacking (.) (1981), . 2.
17
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18
. B ., (1988), . 175-176 Kirk G., Raven J. Schofield M., (1990), . 262-264.
19
. T ., (1980), . 55.
20
. B ., (1988), . 157 Kirk G., Raven J. Schofield M. (1990), . 349-350.
21
. B ., (1988), . 182-183.
22
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23
.., . 112.
24
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25
Butterfield H., (1983), . 126-137.
26
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27
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28
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29
.., . 122-127.
30
.., . 371-397.
31
., (1994), . 169-172.
32
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 52.
33
. Hacking I. : I. Hacking (.) (1981), . 3.
34
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 115.
35
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 117.
36
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 118.
37
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38
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 110.
39
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 124.
40
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 94.
41
. Barnes B., (1982), . 59.
42
. Lakatos I., (1970), . 93.
43
. Kuhn. T.S., (1970), . 264, . Kuhn T.S., (1977), . 324-325.
44
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 69.
45
. Hacking I., (1982), . 59.
46
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), : I. Lakatos A. Musgrave (.) (1970), . 20.
47
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 206.
48
. Kuhn T.S., (1977), . 321-322.
2
334
ENOTHTA 12 . 1
KEAAIO
49
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 113.

.., . 116.
51
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 170.
52
. Ziman J., (1968), . 135.
53
. Kuhn T.S., (1970).
54
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 122.
55
. lemke E. D., Hollinger R. and Kline A. D., (.) (1988), . 443.
56
. Wittgenstein L., (1953), . 31-36.
57
. Kuhn T.S., (1970), . 45.
58
. Newton-Smith W.H., (1981), . 124.
50
335
12
ENOTHTA 12.1

1
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KEAAIO
O

B ., (1988), O , A: Z.
T ., (1980), T , A: .
., (1994), : , : .
B., (.), (1994) : ,
, : Gutenberg.
Butterfield H., (1983), , .: . .
, : , . 126-137.
Crombie A.C., (1989), , .: . . , : , . 113.
Gillisrie C.C., (1986), , .: . , : , . 117.
Kirk G., Raven J. Schofield M., (1990), O , :
. K, A: M E T.

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ENOTHTA 12.1
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Wittgenstein L., (1953), Philosophical Investigations, . A Pears
McGuiness, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Hollis S. Lukes (.) (1983), . 22-25.
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Feyerabend P., (1975), Against Method, London: New Left Books.
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Rationality and relativism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, . 5-12.
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Philosophy of Science, Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books.
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Questionnaire to elicit Views of the Philosophy of Science, International Journal of Science
Education, vol.10, no. 5.
Krige J., (1980), Science, revolution and discontinuity, Brighton: Harvest Press.
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University Press.
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Popper K., (1977), The open society and its enemies, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Symon K.R., (1971), Mechanics, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Welsey publishing
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Beck U., (1992), The Risk Society-Towards a New Modernity, London, Sage.
Carson R., (1962), Silent Spring, New York, Crest Books.
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399
14
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421
15
ENOTHTA 15.1
Barnes B., (1977).

Duhem and Quine, . Grunbaum A., (1960), .
75-87.
3
Collins H.M., (1975), . 205-224. Collins H.M., (1992).
4
- , . Barnes B, Bloor D., Henry J., (1996), . 73-80.
5
, Latour B., Woolgar S. (1986). Lynch M., (1985). Knorr-Cetina K., (1981).
6
Amann K., Knorr Cetina K., (1990).
7
., , Gilbert G., Mulkey M., (1984). , , .
8
. : . Lenoir, (1998).
9
Woolgar S., (1988), .20-21 & 97-106.
10
Kendall G., Wickham G., (1999), . 66-69.
11
Kendall G., Wickham G (1999), . 79-81,
Cowan R., (1999).
Cowan Latour,
.
12
Latour B., (1992).
13
Gherardi S.,
Nicolini D., (2000), To transfer is to transform: the circulation of safety knowledge, Organization,
7,2, . 329-348.
14
/ . Grint K., Woolgar S.,
(1997), . 3, . 65-94.
15
. Callon M., (1986).
16
- . , (science
wars) E.
: Laudan L., (1977), Newton-Smith W., (1981). ,

: Smith B.H., (1997). . Barnes B., Bloor D. (1982).
E Gross P., Levitt N., (1994). O
Gieryn, - ,
. . Gieryn T., (1999).
17
Barnes B., (1985) . 85.
18
Gieryn T., (1995). O Gieryn Popper Merton
(. ) , .
19
Merton R., (1973).
20
Latour B., Woolgar S., (1986),
21.
21
., , Woolgar S., (1988), . 4 & 5, . 68-69.
22
Bloor D., (1976).
23
Latour B., (1987), . 36 45.
Latour.
(. . 36-50).
24
. Latour B., (1987), . 46, (27).
, Latour,
.
25
Woolgar S., (1976), . 395-422. Woolgar S., (1988), . 61-65.
26
. Brannigan A., (1981).
2
422
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1

1
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426
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Kuhn Feyerabend, .

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427
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Ellis Horwood & Tavistock Publications, . 68
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428
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430
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431
15
ENOTHTA 15.1
pulsars
: /
25
Woolgar pulsars 26
, , , . ,
Amann & Knorr Cetina ( ()),
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24 1968, Nature Hewish, Bell
Cambridge
( pulsars).
Nature
. ,
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4,5 ) 1967 Nature
. . , , .
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. Hewish
Bell
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433
15
ENOTHTA 15.1
Cambridge,
, , , )

, .
, , , .
: Woolgar S., (1988), Science, the very idea, Chichester & London: Ellis Horwood & Tavistock
Publications, . 61-65
, Woolgar
pulsar,
, . ,
, . , , ( pulsar) , ,
pulsar. ,
( ) ,
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434
ENOTHTA 15.1
KEAAIO
O
Amann K., Knorr Cetina K., (1990), The fixation of (visual) evidence, : M. Lynch, S.
Woolgar, Representation in scientific practice, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, .
85-121.
Barnes B., (1977), Interests and the Growth of Knowledge, London: Routledge.
Barnes B., (1985), Thomas Kuhn, : Q. Skinner, The Return of Grand Theory in the
Human Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, . 83-100.
Barnes B., Bloor D., (1982), Relativism, rationalism and the sociology of knowledge, :
M. Hollis, S. Lukes, Rationality and Relativism, Oxford: Blackwell, . 21-47.
Barnes ., Bloor D., & Henry J., (1996), Scientific Knowledge: a sociological analysis,
London: Athlone.
Bloor D., (1976), Knowledge and Social Imagery, London: Routledge.
Brannigan A., (1981), The Social Basis of Scientific Discoveries, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Callon M., (1986), Some elements of a sociology of translation, : J. Law, Power, action
and belief: a new sociology of knowledge?, London: Routledge, . 196-233.
Collins H.M., (1975), The seven sexes: A study in the sociology of a phenomenon or the
replication of experiments in physics, Sociology, 9, . 205-224.
Collins H.M., (1992), Changing Order: Replication and induction in scientific practice (2
.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cowan R., (1999), The Industrial Revolution in the home, : D. Mackenzie, J. Wajcman,
The social shaping of technology, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, . 281-300.
Gherardi S., Nicolini D., (2000), To transfer is to transform: the circulation of safety
knowledge, Organization, 7, 2, . 329-348.
Gieryn T., (1995), Boundaries of Science, : S. Jasanoff et al, Handbook of Science and
Technology Studies, London: Sage, . 393-443.
Gieryn T., (1999), Cultural Boundaries of Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gilbert G., Mulkey M., (1984), Opening Pandoras Box: a sociological analysis of scientists
discourse, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grint K., Woolgar S., (1997), The Machine at Work, Cambridge: Polity Press.
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London & Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Grunbaum A., (1960), The Duhemian Argument, Philosophy of Science, 27,1, . 75-87.
Kendall G., Wickham G., (1999), Using Foucaults Methods, London: Sage.
Knorr-Cetina K.D., (1981), The Manufacture of Knowledge, Oxford: Pergamon.
Latour B., (1987) Science in action, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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: W. Bijker, J. Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
. 225-258.
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Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Laudan L., (1977), Progress and its Problems: towards a theory of scientific growth, Berkely &
Los Angeles: University of California Press.
435
15
ENOTHTA 15.1
Lenoir T., (.), (1998), Inscribing Science: scientific texts and the materiality of
communication, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Lynch M., (1985), Art and Artefact in Laboratory Science, London: Routledge.
Merton R., (1973), The Sociology of Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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Harvard: Harvard University Press.
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discovery accounts, Social Studies of Science, 6, . 395-422.
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Tavistock Publications.
OO
1. Woolgar S., (1988), Science, the very idea, Ellis Horwood & Tavistock Publications,
Chichester & London.

S.S.K. ,
. 1, 2 6.
2. Latour, B., (1987), Science in action, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press.

,
, .
2 3.
436

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