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8th - Science

SN Marks

When plants of the same kind arecultivated at one place on a large scale,it is called a crop. For 25
example, crop ofwheat means that all the plants grownin a field are that of wheat.You already
know that crops are ofdifferent types like cereals, vegetablesand fruits. These can be
classified on thebasis of the season in which they grow.India is a vast country. The
climaticconditions like temperature, humidityand rainfall vary from one region toanother.
Accordingly, there is a richvariety of crops grown in different partsof the country. Despite this
diversity,two broad cropping patterns can beidentified. These are:(i) Kharif Crops: The crops
which aresown in the rainy season are calledkharif crops. The rainy season in Indiais generally
from June to September.Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut andcotton are kharif crops.(ii) Rabi
Crops: The crops grown in thewinter season (October to March) arecalled rabi crops. Examples
of rabicrops are wheat, gram, pea, mustardand linseed.Besides these, pulses and vegetables
are grown during summer at manyplaces.

1 Soyabean which is generally sown from June to September isan example of 5

_________ crops.
( a) Kharif ( b) Zaid
( c) Rabi ( d) Fiber

2 Which of the following mentioned crop is included in the category of Rabi 5

Crop?
( a) Paddy ( b) Cotton
( c) Groundnut ( d) Mustard

3 Which among the following factors or conditions does NOT affect the crop 5
production?
( a) Temperature ( b) Humidity
( c) Literacy ( d) Rainfall

4 What do you understand by the term “Crop”? 5

( a) When plants of different kind are ( b) When plants of same kind are
cultivated at one place on a large cultivated at one place on a large
scale in order to provide food for scale in order to provide food for
a large population, it is called a a large population, it is called a
crop. crop.
( c) When plants of same kind are ( d) When plants of same kind are
cultivated at one place on a small cultivated at different place on a
scale in order to provide food for large scale in order to provide

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a small population, it is called a food for a large population, it is

crop. called a crop.

5 What are Rabi Crops? Enlist some of the examples of Rabi Crops.
( a) Rabi crops are grown in winter
season mainly from March to
October. Examples of Rabi crop
include wheat, gram, pea, linseed
and mustard.
( c) Rabi crops are grown in summer
season mainly from March.
Examples of Rabi crop include
wheat, gram, pea, linseed and
mustard.
5
( b) Rabi crops are grown in winter
season mainly from October to
March. Example of Rabi crop
include rice.
( d) Rabi crops are grown in winter
season mainly from October to
March. Examples of Rabi crop
include wheat, gram, pea, linseed
and mustard.

The preparation of soil is the first step before growing a crop. One of the mostimportant tasks 25
in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. This allows theroots to penetrate deep into the
soil. The loose soil allows the roots to breatheeasily even when they go deep into the soil. Why
does the loosening of soil allowthe roots to breathe easily? The loosened soil helps in the
growthof earthworms and microbes present in the soil. These organisms are friends ofthe
farmer since they further turn and loosen the soil and add humus to it.But why the soil needs
to be turned and loosened? You have learnt in the previousclasses that soil contains minerals,
water, air and some living organisms.In addition, dead plants and animals get decomposed by
soil organisms. Inthis way, various nutrients in the dead organisms are released back into
thesoil. These nutrients are again absorbed by plants. Since only a few centimetres of thetop
layer of soil supports plant growth, turning and loosening of soil brings thenutrient-rich soil to
the top so that plants can use these nutrients. Thus, turning and loosening of soil is very
important for cultivation of crops. The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called
tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a plough. Ploughsare made of wood or iron. If the soil
is very dry, it may need watering beforeploughing. The ploughed field may have big clumps of
soil called crumbs. It isnecessary to break these crumbs. Levelling the field is beneficial for
sowing as well as for irrigation. Levelling of soil is done with the help of a leveller.Sometimes,
manure is added to the soil before tilling. This helps in propermixing of manure with soil. The
soil is moistened before sowing.

6 Which of the following organism is widely known as the friends of farmers? 5

( a) Earthworm ( b) Dog
( c) Cockroach ( d) Cow

7 The process of loosening and turning of soil is commonly termed as ____ 5

( a) Watering ( b) Winnowing
( c) Ploughing ( d) Harvesting

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8 Why is manure sometimes added to the soil before the process of tilling? 5
( a) For proper mixing of manure in ( b) To reduce the workload
soil
( c) To disinfect soil ( d) For levelling properly

9 What is the importance of turning the soil and loosening it ? 5

( a) Turning of soil allows roots to
penetrate deep into the soil
( c) Turning and loosening helps in
the growth of earthworms and
microbes present in soil
( b) Loosening allows roots to
breathe easily
( d) All of the above

10 What is the benefit of levelling? 5

( a) For sowing as well as for ( b) Loosening allows roots to
irrigation breathe easily
( c) For proper mixing of manure in ( d) None of the above
soil

Before sowing the seeds, it is necessary to break soil clumps to get better yield. This is done 25
with the help of various tools.The main tools used for this purpose are the plough, hoe and
cultivator. Plough: This is being used since ancient times for tilling the soil, adding fertilisers to
the crop, removing the weed sand turning the soil. This is made of wood and is drawn by a pair
of bulls or other animals (horses and camels). It contains a strong triangular iron strip called
ploughshare. The main part of the plough is a long log of wood which is called a plough shaft.
There is a handle at one end of the shaft. The other end is attached to a beam which is placed
on the bulls’ necks. One pair of bulls and a man can easily operate the plough.The indigenous
wooden plough is increasingly being replaced by iron ploughs nowadays.Hoe: It is a simple tool
which is used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil. It has a long rod of wood or iron. A
strong, broad and bent plate of iron is fixed to one of its ends and works like a blade. It is pulled
by animals Cultivator: Nowadays ploughing is done by tractor-driven cultivator. The use of
cultivator saves labour and time.

11 Which one of the following equipment is NOT used for the purpose of tilling 5
of soil?
( a) Plough ( b) Hoe
( c) Cultivator ( d) Hammer

12 _____ is used to sow seeds uniformly at equal distance and depth. 5

( a) Sickle ( b) Seed drill
( c) Spade fork ( d) Rake

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13 The most important thing to be done before sowing of the seeds is ____ 5
( a) Tilling ( b) Seeding
( c) Harvesting ( d) Threshing

14 _____ needs to be taken care of before the process of sowing. 5

( a) to select good quality, unhealthy ( b) to select poor quality, clean and
seeds of poor variety healthy seeds of good variety
( c) to select good quality, clean and ( d) None of the above
healthy seeds of good variety

15 Method to determine the damaged seeds before sowing is _____ 5

( a) seeds are put in a vessel
containing water, some seeds
will float and some seeds will
sink. The seeds floating are
lighter because they are hallow
from inside
( b) seeds are put in a vessel
containing water, some seeds
will float and some seeds will
sink. The seeds floating are
lighter because they are filled
from inside

The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of 9
plants are called manure and fertilisers.Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop plants. These
nutrients are essential for the growth of plants. Incertain areas, farmers grow crop after crop in
the same field. The field is never left uncultivated or fallow. Imagine what happens to the
nutrients?Continuous cultivation of crops makes the soil poor in nutrients.Therefore, farmers
have to add manureto the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients. This process is called
manuring. Improper or insufficient manuring results in weak plants.Manure is an organic
substance obtained from the decomposition of plant or animal wastes. Farmers dump plant and
animal waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by
some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is used as organic manure.

16 Organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant and animal 3

waste that helps in the healthy growth of plants are called ______
( a) Manure ( b) Waste
( c) Chemical fertilizer ( d) All of the above

17 What does the soil supply to the plants ? 3

( a) Minerals ( b) Nutrients
( c) Water ( d) All of the above

18 3

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Manure is an ______ obtained from the decomposition of plants and

animals.
( a) Inorganic substance ( b) Organic substance
( c) Chemical ( d) None of the above

Fertiliser sare produced in factories. Some examples of fertilisers are— 9

urea,ammoniumsulphate,superphosphate, potash, NPK (Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium).The
use of fertilisers has helped farmers to get better yield of crops such as wheat, paddy and
maize. But excessive use of fertilisers has made the soil less fertile. Fertilisers have also
become a source of water pollution.Therefore, in order to maintain the fertility of the soil, we
have to substitute fertilisers with organic manure or leave the field uncultivated(fallow) in
between two crops.The use of manure improves soil texture as well as its water retaining
capacity. It replenishes the soil with nutrients.Another method of replenishing the soil with
nutrients is through crop rotation. This can be done by growing different crops alternately.
Earlier, farmers in northern India used to grow legumes as fodder in one seasonand wheat in
the next season. This helped in the replenishment of the soil with nitrogen. Farmers are being
encouraged to adopt this practice.

19 Name the examples of fertilizers. 3

( a) Urea ( b) Ammonium Sulphate
( c) Potash ( d) All of the above

20 What has become a source of water pollution? 3

( a) Manure ( b) Fertilizers
( c) Decomposed plants and animals ( d) None of the above

21 In order to maintain the fertility of soil what is needed? 3

( a) substitute fertilizers with ( b) use chemical fertilizers
manure
( c) None of the above

All living beings need water to live.Water is important for proper growth and development. 9
Water is absorbed by the plant roots. Along with water,minerals and fertilisers are also
absorbed. Plants contain nearly 90%water. Water is essential because germination of seeds
does not take place under dry conditions. Nutrients dissolved in water are transported to each
part of the plant. Water also protects the crop from both frost and hot air currents. To maintain
the moisture of the soil for healthy crop growth, fields have to be watered regularly.The supply
of water to crops at regular intervals is called irrigation. The time and frequency of irrigation
varies from crop to crop, soil to soil and season to season. In summer, the frequency of
watering is higher. Why is it so? Could it be due to the increased rate of evaporation of water
from the soil and the leaves? Sources of irrigation: The sources of water for irrigation are—

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wells,tube wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dam sand canals.Traditional Methods of Irrigation: The
water available in wells,lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in different regions,
for taking it to the fields. Cattle or human labour is used in these methods.

22 The time and frequency of Irrigation varies from ______ 3

( a) crop to crop ( b) season to season
( c) soil to soil ( d) All of the above

23 Name the different sources of Irrigation. 3

( a) Dam ( b) Lake
( c) Well ( d) All of the above

24 All living beings need _____ to live. 3

( a) Water ( b) Television
( c) Cold drinks ( d) None of the above

The various traditional ways are:(i) moat (pulley-system)(ii) chain pump(iii) dhekli, and(iv) 9
rahat (Lever system).Pumps are commonly used for lifting water. Diesel,biogas, electricity and
solar energy is used to run these pumps.Modern Methods of Irrigation .Modern methods of
irrigation help us to use water economically.The main methods used are as follows:(i) Sprinkler
System: This system is more useful on the uneven land where sufficient water is not available.
The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at
regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the
help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is
raining.Sprinkler is very useful for lawns, coffee plantation and several other crops(ii) Drip
system: In this system, the water falls drop by drop directly near the roots. So, it is called drip
system. Itis the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees.Water is not wasted
at all. It is a boon in regions where availability of water is poor.

25 Name the traditional methods of Irrigation ? 3

( a) Pulley system ( b) Chain system
( c) Lever system ( d) All of the above

26 Name the modern methods of Irrigation? 3

( a) Pulley system ( b) Chain system
( c) Lever system ( d) None of the above

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27 In _______ system, the water falls drop by drop directly near the roots. 3
( a) Drip ( b) Sprinkler
( c) Lever ( d) None of the above

The main methods used for irrigation are as follows: 9

(i) Sprinkler System: This system is more useful on the uneven land where sufficient water is
not available. The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main
pipeline at regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under
pressure with the help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the
crop as if it is raining. A sprinkler is very useful for lawns, coffee plantations and several other
crops.
(ii) Drip system: In this system, the water falls drop by drop directly near the roots. So, it is
called drip system. It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees. Water is
not wasted at all. It is a boon in regions where the availability of water is poor.

28 _____ is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees. 3
( a) Drip ( b) Chain
( c) Sprinkler ( d) None of the above

29 When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with 3
the help of a pump, it escapes from the ______
( a) pipeline ( b) rotating nozzle
( c) pump ( d) None of the above

30 The main methods of Irrigation are _______ 3

( a) Sprinkler system ( b) Drip System
( c) All of the above

Microorganisms are used for various purposes. They are used in the preparation of curd, bread 3
and cake.Microorganisms have been used for the production of alcohol since ages.They are
also used in cleaning up of the environment. For example, the organic wastes (vegetable
peels, remainsof animals, faeces, etc.) are broken down into harmless and usablesubstances
by bacteria. Recall that bacteria are also used in the preparation of medicines. In agriculture
they are used to increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen.You have learnt in Class VII that milk
isturned into curd by bacteria.Curd contains several micro-organisms. Of these, the
bacterium,Lactobacillus promotes the formationof curd. It multiplies in milk andconverts it into
curd. Bacteria are alsoinvolved in the making of cheese,pickles and many other food items.
Animportant ingredient of rava (sooji )idlis and bhaturas is curd. Can youguess why? Bacteria
and yeast are alsohelpful for fermentation of rice idlisand dosa batter. Kneading of Yeast and
sugar into the flour causes the flour to rise and double in size. Yeast reproduces rapidly
andproduces carbon dioxide duringrespiration. Bubbles of the gas fill thedough and increase

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its volume.This is the basis of the use of yeast inthe baking industry for making breads,pastries
and cakes.Commercial Use of Microorganisms:Microorganisms are used for the large-scale
production of alcohol, wine and acetic acid(vinegar).

31 Name the bacterium which when added to milk, multiplies in it and converts 1
milk into curd?
( a) Lactobacillus ( b) Streptococcus
( c) Salmonella ( d) Vibrio

32 Explain the process of doubling of flour after addition of yeast into it 1

( a) After adding yeast and sugar
into the flour, the yeast
reproduces rapidly and
produces carbon dioxide during
respiration. Bubbles of gas fill
the dough and hence the
volume of dough is doubled in
size.
( b) After adding yeast and sugar
into the flour, the yeast
reproduces rapidly and
produces oxygen during
respiration. Bubbles of gas fill
the dough and hence the
volume of dough is doubled in
size.

33 Name some of the common uses of microorganisms 1

( a) Microorganisms are useful in
various purposes like in the
preparation of curd, bread and
cake. It is used in the production
of alcohol as well as medicines.
These are also used to increase
the fertility of soil.
( b) Microorganisms are useful in
various purposes like in the
preparation oil and sweet dishes.
It does not used in the
production of alcohol as well as
medicines.

Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine. For this purpose, yeast is grown 3
on natural sugarspresent in grains like barley, wheat, rice,crushed fruit juices, etc. Adding a
spoon full of yeast powder into sugar solution gives out a characteristic smell after few
hours.This is the smell of alcohol as sugar has been converted into alcohol by yeast.This
process of conversion of sugar intoalcohol is known as fermentation.Louis Pasteur discovered
fermentation in 1857.

34 In the process of fermentation the sugar is converted into 1

( a) Curd ( b) Vinegar
( c) Salt ( d) Alcohol

35 Louis Pasteur a French chemist in 1857 discovered the process of 1

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( a) Pollination ( b) Saturation
( c) Fermentation ( d) Composting

36 The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is known as ___ 1

( a) Pollination ( b) Fermentation
( c) Saturation ( d) Composting

Whenever you fall ill the doctor may give you some antibiotic tablets, capsules or injections 3
such as of penicillin. The source of these medicines is microorganisms. These medicines kill or
stop the growth of the disease-causing microorganisms. Such medicines are called antibiotics.
These days a number of antibiotics are being produced from bacteria and fungi. Streptomycin,
tetracycline and erythromycin are some of thecommonly known antibiotics which are made
from fungi and bacteria. The antibiotics are manufactured by growing specific microorganisms
and are used to cure a variety of diseases. Antibiotics are even mixed with the feed of livestock
and poultry to check microbial infection in animals. They are also used to control many plant
diseases.In 1929, Alexander Fleming was working on a culture of disease- causing bacteria.
Suddenly he found the spores of a little green mould in one of his culture plates. He observed
that the presence of mould prevented the growth of bacteria. In fact, it also killed many of
these bacteria. From this the mould penicillin was prepared.When a disease-carrying microbe
enters our body, the body produces antibodies to fight the invader. The body also remembers
how to fight the microbe if it enters again. If dead or weakened microbes are introduced into a
healthy body, the body fights and kills the invading bacteria by producing suitable antibodies.
The antibodies remain in the body and we are protected from the disease-causing microbes
for ever. This is how a vaccine works. Several diseases, including cholera, tuberculosis,
smallpox and hepatitis can be prevented by vaccination.Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine
for small- pox in 1798.In your childhood, you must have been given injections to protect
yourself against several diseases.

37 Which among the following scientist discovered the vaccine for Small pox in 1
1798?
( a) Edward Jenner ( b) Alexander Fleming

( c) Carl Linnaeus ( d) Rosalind Franklin

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38 Define antibiotics and give their uses. 1

( a) Antibiotics are medicines
produced from microorganisms
that kill or stop the growth of
disease-causing
microorganisms.They are used
to cure a variety of human and
plant diseases and also to check
microbial infection in animals.
( b) Antibiotics are medicine
produced from chemicals that
helps in the growth of disease-
causing microorganisms.They
are used to cure a variety of
human and plant diseases and
also to check microbial infection
in animals.

39 Which of the following are antibiotics? 1

( a) Streptomycin ( b) tetracycline
( c) erythromycin ( d) All of these

The antibiotics are manufactured by growing specific microorganisms and are used to cure a 3
variety of diseases. Antibiotics are even mixed with the feed of livestock and poultry to check
microbial infection in animals. They are also used to control many plant diseases .When a
disease-carrying microbe enters our body, the body produces antibodies to fight the invader.
The body also remembers how to fight the microbe if it enters again. If dead or weakened
microbes are introduced into a healthy body, the body fights and kills the invading bacteria by
producing suitable antibodies. The antibodies remain in the body and we are protected from
the disease-causing microbes for ever. This is how a vaccine works. Several diseases, including
cholera, tuberculosis, smallpox and hepatitis can be prevented by vaccination.Edward Jenner
discovered the vaccine for small- pox in 1798.In your childhood, you must have been given
injections to protect yourself against several diseases

40 When a disease carrying microbe enters our body, the body produces 1
____ to fight against it.
( a) Viruses ( b) Soldiers
( c) Antibodies ( d) Bacteria

41 Which of the following disease can be prevented by vaccination? 1

( a) tuberculosis ( b) cholera
( c) hepatitis ( d) All of these

42 How antibiotics are manufactured? 1

( a) By growing specific ( b) By chemicals
microorganisms

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Microorganisms are harmful in manyways. Some of the microorganismscause diseases in 3

human beings, plantsand animals. Such disease-causing microorganisms are called
pathogens.Some microorganisms spoil food,clothing and leather. Let us study moreabout their
harmful activities.Pathogens enter our body through theair we breathe, the water we drink
orthe food we eat. They can also gettransmitted by direct contact with aninfected person or
carried by an animal.Microbial diseases that can spread froman infected person to a healthy
personthrough air, water, food or physicalcontact are called communicablediseases. Examples
of such diseasesinclude cholera, common cold, chickenpox and tuberculosis.When a person
suffering fromcommon cold sneezes, fine droplets ofmoisture carrying thousands of
virusesare spread in the air.

43 What are communicable diseases? 1

( a) Microbial diseases that can
spread from an infected person
to a healthy person through air,
water, food or physical contact
are called communicable
diseases.
( b) Microbial diseases that are not
spread from an infected person
to a healthy person through air,
water, food or physical contact
are called communicable
diseases.

44 How pathogens enter in our body? 1

( a) through the air we breathe ( b) through the water we drink
( c) through the food we eat ( d) All of these

45 Which of the following is the example of communicable disease? 1

( a) common cold ( b) chickenpox
( c) tuberculosis ( d) All of these

You have seen several kinds ofplants and animals. However,there are other living 5
organismsaround us which we normally cannotsee. These are called microorganismsor
microbes. For example, you mighthave observed that during the rainyseason moist bread gets
spoilt and itssurface gets covered with greyish whitepatches. Observe these patches
througha magnifying glass. You will see tiny,black rounded structures. Do you knowwhat these
structures are and where dothese come from? Waterand soil are full of tiny organisms,though
not all of them fall into thecategoryofmicrobes.Thesemicroorganisms or microbes are sosmall
in size that they cannot be seenwith the unaided eye. Some of these,such as the fungus that
grows on bread,can be seen with a magnifying glass.Others cannot be seen without the helpof
a microscope. That is why these arecalled microorganisms or microbes.Microorganisms are
classified intofour major groups. These groups arebacteria, fungi, protozoa and somealgae.
Viruses are also microscopic but aredifferent from other microorganisms.They, however,
reproduce only inside thecells of the host organism, which may bea bacterium, plant or animal.
Commonailments like cold, influenza (flu) andmost coughs are caused by viruses.Serious
diseases like polio and chickenpox are also caused by viruses.Diseases like dysentery and
malariaare caused by protozoa(protozoans)whereas typhoid and tuberculosis (TB)are
bacterial diseases.You have learnt about some ofthese microorganisms in Classes VIand

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VII.Microorganisms may be single-celledlike bacteria, some algae and protozoa,or multicellular,

such as many algae andfungi. They live in all types of environments, ranging from ice
coldclimate to hot springs; and deserts tomarshy lands. They are also foundinside the bodies
of animals includinghumans. Some microorganismsgrow on other organisms while othersexist
freely.

46 Which among the following is an example of disease caused by bacteria 1

( a) Malaria ( b) Flu
( c) Tuberculosis ( d) Covid 19

47 Explain in detail where are microorganisms commonly found 1

( a) Microorganisms are present in all ( b) Microorganisms are not
types of environments ranging commonly found
from ice cold climate to hot
springs, deserts and marshy
lands. They can also be seen
inside the bodies of animals.
Some microorganisms exist
freely and some grow on other
organisms

48 Define microorganisms. 1
( a) Microorganisms are tiny living ( b) Microorganisms are living
organisms that cannot be seen organisms that can be seen with
with our naked eyes. our naked eyes.

49 During rainy season moist bread gets spoilt and are covered with greyish 1
white patches. What are these greyish white patches
( a) Bacteria ( b) Viruses

( c) Fungus ( d) Dirt

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50 Cold,Influenza(flu), and most coughs are caused by __ 1

( a) Bacteria ( b) Viruses

Microorganisms are classified intofour major groups. These groups arebacteria, fungi, protozoa 5
and somealgae. Viruses are also microscopic but aredifferent from other microorganisms.They,
however, reproduce only inside thecells of the host organism, which may bea bacterium, plant
or animal. Commonailments like cold, influenza (flu) andmost coughs are caused by
viruses.Serious diseases like polio and chickenpox are also caused by viruses.Diseases like
dysentery and malariaare caused by protozoa(protozoans)whereas typhoid and tuberculosis
(TB)are bacterial diseases.You have learnt about some ofthese microorganisms in Classes
VIand VII.Microorganisms may be single-celledlike bacteria, some algae and protozoa,or
multicellular, such as many algae andfungi. They live in all types of environments, ranging from
ice coldclimate to hot springs; and deserts tomarshy lands. They are also foundinside the
bodies of animals includinghumans. Some microorganismsgrow on other organisms while
othersexist freely.

51 _________only reproduce inside the cells of host organisms like bacteria, 1

plants or animals
( a) Microbes ( b) Viruses
( c) Spores ( d) Bacillus

52 In which groups microorganisms are classified. Name them. 1

( a) Microorganisms are classified ( b) Microorganisms are classified
into four major groups namely into three major groups namely
bacteria, fungi, protozoa and bacteria, fungi, and some algae
some algae

53 Which of the following is example of microorganisms which is single celled.? 1

( a) Bacteria ( b) Protozoa
( c) Fungi ( d) Both 1 and 2

54 Which of the following is example of microorganisms which is multicellular? 1

( a) Fungi ( b) Bacteria

55 Serious diseases like polio and chickenpox are caused by 1

( a) Viruses ( b) Bacteria

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Microorganismsspoil our food. Spoiled food emits badsmell and has a bad taste and 5
changedcolour. Is spoiling of food a chemicalreaction?Paheli bought some mangoes but
shecould not eat them for a few days. Latershe found that they were spoilt androtten. But she
knows that the mango picklesthat her grandmother makes does notspoil for a long time. She is
confused.Let us study the common methodsof preserving food in our homes. Wehave to save
it from the attack ofmicroorganisms.Chemical Method:Salts and edible oils are the
commonchemicals generally used to check thegrowth of microorganisms. Therefore, they are
called preservatives. We addsalt or acid preservatives to pickles toprevent the attack of
microbes. Sodiumbenzoate and sodium metabisulphite arecommon preservatives. These are
alsoused in jams and squashes to checktheir spoilage.Preservation by Common Salt:Common
salt has been used to preservemeat and fish for ages. Meat and fishare covered with dry salt
to checkthe growth of bacteria. Salting is alsoused to preserve amla, raw mangoes,tamarind,
etc.Preservation by Sugar:Jams, jellies and squashes are preservedby sugar. Sugar reduces
the moisturecontent which inhibits the growth ofbacteria which spoil food.Preservation by Oil
and Vinegar:Use of oil and vinegar prevents spoilageof pickles because bacteria cannot livein
such an environment. Vegetables,fruits, fish and meat are often preservedby this method.Heat
and Cold Treatments: You must have observed your motherboiling milk before it is stored or
used.Boiling kills many microorganisms.Similarly, we keep our food in the refrigerator. Low
temperature inhibits the growth of microbes.Pasteurised milk can be consumed without boiling
as it is free from harmful microbes.The milk is heated to about 700C for 15 to 30 seconds and
then suddenly chilled and stored. By doing so, it prevents the growth of microbes. This
process was discovered by Louis Pasteur. It is called pasteurisation. Storage and Packing:
These days dry fruits and even vegetables are sold in sealed air tight packets to prevent the
attack of microbes.

56 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical method of 1

preservation?
( a) Heating ( b) Salt
( c) Sodium Metabisulphite ( d) Sodium Benzoate

57 _____of milk before storing is done to kill many microorganisms. 1

( a) Mixing ( b) Distilling
( c) Baking ( d) Boiling

58 Pasteurisation technique was discovered by_______ 1

( a) Louis Pasteur ( b) Fanny Hesse
( c) Ronald Ross ( d) Harold Ginsberg

59 The milk is heated to about 700C for 15 to 30 seconds and then suddenly 1
chilled and stored. By doing so, it prevents the growth of_________
( a) Viruses ( b) Microbes
( c) Spores ( d) Bacillus

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60 Which of the following methods used for food preservation at your home. 1
( a) Adding common salt to pickles ( b) meat and fish
( c) Using sugar as well as oil and ( d) All of these
vinegar

Coal is one of the fuels used to cook food. Earlier, it was used in railway engines to produce 5
steam to run the engine. It is also used in thermal power plants to produce electricity. Coal is
also used as a fuel in various industries. About 300 million years ago the earth had dense
forests in low lying wetland areas. Due to natural processes, like flooding, these forests got
buried under the soil. As more soil deposited over them, they were compressed. The
temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. Under high pressure and high
temperature, dead plants got slowly converted to coal. As coal contains mainly carbon, the slow
process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation. Since it was formed
from the remains of vegetation, coal is also called a fossil fuel.

61 As coal contains mainly carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead 1

vegetation into coal is called ______.
( a) Carbonisation ( b) Ionization
( c) Distillation ( d) None of the above

62 State true or false : Earlier coal was used in railway engines to produce 1
steam to run the engine.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

63 Coal was formed from the remains of vegetation, coal is also called a 1
_______.
( a) heat fuel ( b) fossil fuel
( c) inorganic fuel ( d) None of the above

64 Coal is also used in thermal power plants to produce _______. 1

( a) power ( b) oxygen
( c) electricity ( d) carbon dioxide

65 About ______ ago the earth had dense forests in low lying wetland areas. 1
( a) 150 million years ( b) 300 million years
( c) 400 million years ( d) None of the above

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You know that petrol is used as a fuel in light automobiles such as motor cycles/ scooters and 5
cars. Heavy motor vehicles like trucks and tractors run on diesel. Petrol and diesel are obtained
from a natural resource called petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from petra (rock) and
oleum (oil) as it is mined from between the rocks under Earth. Petroleum was formed from
organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the
sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of years, absence of air, high
temperature and high pressure transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural
gas.

66 The word petroleum is derived from _____ as it is mined from between the 1
rocks under Earth.
( a) petro (sand) and leum (oil) ( b) petra (rock) and oleum (oil)
( c) oleum (rock) and petra (oil) ( d) None of the above

67 ______ is used as a fuel in light automobiles such as motor cycles/ 1

scooters and cars.
( a) Petrol ( b) Diesel
( c) CNG ( d) Kerosene

68 Heavy motor vehicles like trucks and tractors run on ________. 1

( a) petrol ( b) kerosene
( c) diesel ( d) LPG

69 Petrol and diesel are obtained from a natural resource called _____. 1
( a) petrol ( b) petroleum
( c) LPG ( d) None of the above

70 State true or false : Over millions of years, absence of air, low temperature 1
and low pressure transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and
natural gas.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

You know that coal and petroleum are fossil fuels. It required the dead organisms millions of 5
years to get converted into these fuels. On the other hand, the known reserves of these will
last only a few hundred years. Moreover, burning of these fuels is a major cause of air pollution.
Their use is also linked to global warming. It is therefore necessary that we use these fuels only
when absolutely necessary. This will result in better environment, smaller risk of global warming
and their availability for a longer period of time. In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research
Association (PCRA) advises people how to save petrol/diesel while driving. Their tips are drive

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at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible, switch off the engine at traffic lights or at
a place where you have to wait, ensure correct tyre pressure.

71 _____ advices to save fuel by switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a 1
place where you have to wait, ensure correct tyre pressure.
( a) PCRA ( b) WHO
( c) ISRO ( d) NASA

72 Coal and petroleum are ____. It required the dead organisms millions of 1
years to get converted into these fuels.
( a) fossils ( b) fossil fuels
( c) None of the above

73 What is the major cause of air pollution? 1

( a) burning of fuels ( b) saving fuels
( c) storing fuel ( d) None of the above

74 In India, the _______ advises people how to save petrol/diesel while 1

driving.
( a) Petrol Conservation Research ( b) Petroleum Conservation
Association (PCRA) Research Association (PCRA)
( c) Petroleum CNG Research ( d) None of the above
Association (PCRA)

75 State true or false : It is therefore necessary that we use fuels only when 1
absolutely necessary for better environment, smaller risk of global warming.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in homes and factories 3
where it can be supplied through pipes. Such a network of pipelines exists in Vadodara
(Gujarat), some parts of Delhi and other places. Natural gas is also used as a starting material
for the manufacture of a number of chemicals and fertilisers. India has vast reserves of natural
gas. In our country, natural gas has been found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and in the
Krishna Godavari delta.

76 In our country, natural gas has been found in _____ 1

( a) Krishna Godavari delta ( b) Maharashtra

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( c) Rajasthan ( d) All of the above

77 _____ is also used as a starting material for the manufacture of a number 1

of chemicals and fertilisers.
( a) Natural gas ( b) Helium gas
( c) Carbon dioxide gas ( d) None of the above

78 State true or false : The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used 1
directly for burning in homes and factories where it can be supplied
through pipes.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

Petroleum is a dark oily liquid. It has an unpleasant odour. It is a mixture of various constituents 3
such as petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, etc. The process of
separating the various constituents/ fractions of petroleum is known as refining. It is carried
out in a petroleum refinery.

79 The process of separating the various constituents/ fractions of petroleum 1

is known as ______.
( a) carbonation ( b) refining
( c) distillation ( d) None of the above

80 _____ is a dark oily liquid. 1

( a) Petrol ( b) Diesel
( c) Petroleum ( d) CNG

81 Petroleum is a mixture of various constituents such as _____ 1

( a) paraffin wax ( b) lubricating oil
( c) diesel ( d) All of the above

Coal Tar is a black, thick liquid with an unpleasant smell. It is a mixture of about 200 substances. 3
Products obtained from coal tar are used as starting materials for manufacturing various
substances used in everyday life and in industry, like synthetic dyes, drugs, explosives,
perfumes, plastics, paints, photographic materials, roofing materials, etc. Interestingly,
naphthalene balls used to repel moths and other insects are also obtained from coal tar.

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82 Naphthalene balls used to repel moths and other insects are also obtained 1
from _______.
( a) coal tar ( b) charcoal
( c) coke ( d) None of the above

83 ______ is a black, thick liquid with an unpleasant smell. It is a mixture of 1

about 200 substances.
( a) Charcoal ( b) Coal
( c) Coal Tar ( d) None of the above

84 Products obtained from coal tar are used as starting materials for 1
manufacturing various substances used in everyday life and in industry, like
_______
( a) perfumes ( b) explosives
( c) synthetic dyes ( d) All of the above

Inexhaustible Natural Resources: These resources are present in unlimited quantity in nature 3
and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities. Examples are: sunlight, air.
Exhaustible Natural Resources: The amount of these resources in nature is limited. They can
be exhausted by human activities. Examples of these resources are forests, wildlife, minerals,
coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.

85 The amount of _______ in nature is limited. They can be exhausted by 1

human activities
( a) Exhaustible Natural Resources ( b) Non-Exhaustible Natural
Resources

86 State true or false : Exhaustible Natural Resources are present in unlimited 1

quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

87 Example of exhaustible natural resources. 1

( a) natural gas ( b) petroleum
( c) minerals ( d) All of the above

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Coal gas is obtained during the processing of coal to get coke. It is used as a fuel in many
industries situated near the coal processing plants. Coal gas was used for street lighting for
the first time in London in 1810 and in New York around 1820. Now a days, it is used as a source
of heat rather than light.

88 Coal gas was used for street lighting for the first time in ______ and in 1
New York around 1820.
( a) London in 1810 ( b) London in 1910
( c) London in 1780 ( d) None of the above

89 ______ is obtained during the processing of coal to get coke. 1

( a) Charcoal ( b) Coal gas
( c) Carbon dioxide ( d) None of the above

90 _____ is used as a fuel in many industries situated near the coal 1

processing plants.
( a) Charcoal ( b) Coke
( c) Coal ( d) None of the above

We use different kinds of fuel for various purposes at home in industry and for running 3
automobiles. The list will contain fuels like cowdung, wood, coal, charcoal, petrol, diesel,
compressed natural gas (CNG), etc. You are familiar with the burning of a candle. Candle burns
with a flame whereas coal does not. Similarly, you will find many other materials burning without
a flame. Magnesium burns to form magnesium oxide and produces heat and light. We can
perform a similar activity with a piece of charcoal. Hold the piece with a pair of tongs and bring it
near the flame of a candle or a Bunsen burner. We find that charcoal burns in air. We know that
coal, too, burns in air producing carbon dioxide, heat and light. A chemical process in which a
substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat is called combustion. The substance that
undergoes combustion is said to be combustible. It is also called a fuel. The fuel may be solid,
liquid or gas. Sometimes, light is also given off during combustion, either as a flame or as a glow.
In the reactions mentioned above magnesium and charcoal are combustible substances.

91 How does a candle burns? 1

( a) with a flame ( b) with a light
( c) with a smoke ( d) with a gas

92 Which substance is formed when magnesium burns? 1

( a) magnesium dioxide ( b) magnesium oxide
( c) magnesium hydroxide ( d) magnesium chloride

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93 Define combustion.
( a) A chemical process in which a
substance reacts with oxygen to
give off heat
( c) A physical process in which a
substance reacts with oxygen to
give off heat
1
( b) A chemical process in which a
substance reacts with oxygen to
give off ice
( d) A chemical process in which a
substance reacts with oxygen to
give off heat

Food is a fuel for our body. In our body food is broken down by reaction with oxygen and heat is 3
produced. Fix a lighted candle on a table. Put a glass chimney over the candle and rest it on a
few wooden blocks in such a way that air can enter the chimney. Observe what happens to the
flame. Now remove the blocks and let the chimney rest on the table. Again observe the flame.
Finally, put a glass plate over the chimney. Watch the flame again. We find that for combustion,
air is necessary. The candle burns freely in case (a) when air can enter the chimney from
below. In case (b), when air does not enter the chimney from below, the flame flickers and
produces smoke. In case (c), the flame finally goes off because the air is not available. We have
read that the sun produces its own heat and light. In the sun, heat and light are produced by
nuclear reactions.

94 What happens when a glass plate is put over the chimney? 1

( a) flame goes off ( b) flame becomes smoky
( c) candle burns freely ( d) no effect

95 Why the flame of candle goes off when a glass plate is put over the 1
chimney?
( a) air is not necessary for ( b) air is necessary for combustion
combustion
( c) water is necessary for ( d) smoke is necessary for
combustion combustion

96 How does sun produces heat and light? 1

( a) by nuclear reactions ( b) by chemical reactions
( c) by physical process ( d) by combustion

During extreme heat of summer, at some places dry grass catches fire. From the grass, it 3
spreads to trees, and very soon the whole forest is on fire. It is very difficult to control such
fires. Different substances catch fire at different temperatures. The lowest temperature at
which a substance catches fire is called its ignition temperature. The history of the matchstick
is very old. More than five thousand years ago small pieces of pinewood dipped in sulphur
were used as matches in ancient Egypt. The modern safety match was developed only about
two hundred years ago. A mixture of antimony trisulphide, potassium chlorate and white

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phosphorus with some glue and starch was applied on the head of a match made of suitable
wood. When struck against a rough surface, white phosphorus got ignited due to the heat of
friction. This started the combustion of the match. However, white phosphorus proved to be
dangerous both for the workers involved in the manufacturing of matches and for the users.

97 What happens to the dry grass at some places during extreme heat of 1
summer?
( a) catches fire ( b) grow rapidly
( c) dry rapidly ( d) changes color

98 The _______ temperature at which a substance catches fire is called its 1

ignition temperature.
( a) highest ( b) lowest
( c) average ( d) hottest

99 A mixture of antimony trisulphide, potassium chlorate and _____ 1

phosphorus with some glue and starch was applied on the head of a match
made of suitable wood.
( a) white ( b) red
( c) blue ( d) grey

The head of the safety match contains only antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate. The 3
rubbing surface has powdered glass and a little red phosphorus (which is much less
dangerous). When the match is struck against the rubbing surface, some red phosphorus gets
converted into white phosphorus. This immediately reacts with potassium chlorate in the
matchstick head to produce enough heat to ignite antimony trisulphide and start the
combustion. We find that a combustible substance cannot catch fire or burn as long as its
temperature is lower than its ignition temperature. Kerosene oil and wood do not catch fire on
their own at room temperature. But, if kerosene oil is heated a little, it will catch fire. But if wood
is heated a little, it would still not catch fire. The ignition temperature of kerosene oil is lower
than that of wood. We need to take special care in storing kerosene oil.

100 What substance does a head of matchstick contain apart from antimony 1
trisulphide?
( a) sulphur dioxide ( b) potassium chlorate
( c) sulphur chloride ( d) potassium chloride

101 What happens if a combustible substance has its temperature lower than 1
its Ignition temperature?

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( a) do not catch fire ( b) catches fire

( c) no effect ( d) fire with lot of smoke

102 The ignition temperature of kerosene oil is lower than that of wood. State 1
true or false.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

The activity will show that it is essential for a substance to reach ignition temperature to burn. 3
Make two paper cups by folding a sheet of paper. Pour about 50 mL of water in one of the cups.
Heat both the cups separately with a candle. If we continue heating the cup, we can even boil
water in the paper cup. The heat supplied to the paper cup is transferred to water by
conduction. So, in the presence of water, the ignition temperature of paper is not reached.
Hence, it does not burn. The substances which have very low ignition temperature and can
easily catch fire with a flame are called inflammable substances. Examples of inflammable
substances are petrol, alcohol, Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) etc. The use of diesel and petrol
as fuels in automobiles is being replaced by CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), because CNG
produces the harmful products in very small amounts. CNG is a cleaner fuel.

103 What is the reason behind transferring heat from paper cup to the water? 1
( a) convection ( b) conduction
( c) ignition ( d) inflammation

104 Inflammable substances are those which have low Ignition temperature and 1
can easily catches fire. State yes or no.
( a) Yes ( b) No

105 Full form of CNG. 1

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( a) common natural gas ( b) compressed neutral gas

( c) compressed natural gas ( d) common negative gas

When a fire brigade arrives, it pours water on the fire. Water cools the combustible material so 5
that its temperature is brought below its ignition temperature. This prevents the fire from
spreading. Water vapours also surround the combustible material, helping in cutting off the
supply of air. So, the fire is extinguished. You have learnt that there are three essential
requirements for producing fire. The requirements are: fuel, air (to supply oxygen) and heat
(to raise the temperature of the fuel beyond the ignition temperature). Fire can be controlled
by removing one or more of these requirements. The job of a fire extinguisher is to cut off the
supply of air, or to bring down the temperature of the fuel, or both. Notice that the fuel in most
cases cannot be eliminated. If, for instance, a building catches fire, the whole building is the
fuel. The most common fire extinguisher is water. But water works only when things like wood
and paper are on fire. If electrical equipment is on fire, water may conduct electricity and harm
those trying to douse the fire. Water is also not suitable for fires involving oil and petrol. For
fires involving electrical equipment and inflammable materials like petrol, carbon dioxide (CO2 )
is the best extinguisher. CO2 , being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like a blanket. Since
the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off, the fire is controlled. The added advantage
of CO2 is that in most cases it does not harm the electrical equipment.

106 Which extinguisher is used for fires involving wood and paper? 1
( a) water ( b) oil
( c) carbon dioxide ( d) sand

107 What are the three requirements for producing fire? 1

( a) fog, air, ice ( b) fuel, water, heat
( c) fuel, air, heat ( d) fuel, air, ice

108 Can we use water for fires involving oil and petrol? 1

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( a) Yes ( b) No

109 Which extinguisher is used when fire due to petrol? 1

( a) carbon dioxide ( b) carbon monoxide
( c) water ( d) nitrogen

110 Is carbon dioxide heavier than oxygen? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

The gas burns rapidly and produces heat and light. Such combustion is known as rapid 5
combustion. There are substances like phosphorus which burn in air at room temperature. The
type of combustion in which a material suddenly bursts into flames, without the application of
any apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion. Spontaneous combustion of coal dust
has resulted in many disastrous fires in coal mines. Spontaneous forest fires are sometimes
due to the heat of the sun or due to lightning strike. However, most forest fires are due to the
carelessness of human beings. It is important to remember that the campfires must be
completely extinguished before leaving a forest after a picnic, or a visit. We generally have
fireworks on festival days. When a cracker is ignited, a sudden reaction takes place with the
evolution of heat, light and sound. A large amount of gas formed in the reaction is liberated.
Such a reaction is called explosion. Explosion can also take place if pressure is applied on the
cracker. The substances which vapourise during burning, give flames. For example, kerosene
oil and molten wax rise through the wick and are vapourised during burning and form flames.
Charcoal, on the other hand, does not vapourise and so does not produce a flame.

111 How does gas burns in rapid combustion? 1

( a) rapidly ( b) slowly
( c) no effect ( d) with smoke

112 Name a substance which can burn in air at room temperature. 1

( a) sulphur ( b) phosphorus
( c) sodium ( d) calcium

113 Which type of combustion lead to coal dust burn? 1

( a) rapid ( b) spontaneous

114 What is formed when an explosion takes place? 1

( a) gas ( b) smoke

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( c) sound ( d) light

115 Can you say that charcoal produces flames on burning? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

The sources of heat energy for domestic and industrial purposes are mainly wood, charcoal, 5
petrol, kerosene etc. These substances are called fuels. A good fuel is one which is readily
available. It is cheap. It burns easily in air at a moderate rate. It produces a large amount of heat.
It does not leave behind any undersirable substances. There is probably no fuel that could be
considered as an ideal fuel. We should look for a fuel which fulfils most of the requirements for
a particular use. Fuels differ in their cost. Some fuels are cheaper than others. Suppose you
were asked to boil a given quantity of water using cow dung, coal and LPG as fuel. The amount
of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel is called its calorific value.
The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in a unit called kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg). The increasing
fuel consumption has harmful effects on the environment. 1. Carbon fuels like wood, coal,
petroleum release unburnt carbon particles. These fine particles are dangerous pollutants
causing respiratory diseases, such as asthma. 2. Incomplete combustion of these fuels gives
carbon monoxide gas. It is a very poisonous gas. It is dangerous to burn coal in a closed room.
The carbon monoxide gas produced can kill persons sleeping in that room. 3. Combustion of
most fuels releases carbon dioxide in the environment. Increased concentration of carbon
dioxide in the air is believed to cause global warming. 4. Burning of coal and diesel releases
sulphur dioxide gas. It is an extremely suffocating and corrosive gas. Moreover, petrol engines
give off gaseous oxides of nitrogen. Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen dissolve in rain water and
form acids. Such rain is called acid rain. It is very harmful for crops, buildings and soil.

116 Is kerosene a fuel? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

117 Is the calorific value calculated on 1kg? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

118 Which gas is produced on burning of coal and diesel? 1

( a) carbon dioxide ( b) sulphur dioxide
( c) carbon monoxide ( d) oxygen

119 What is the unit of calorific value? 1

( a) J/g ( b) J/kg
( c) kJ/kg ( d) kJ/g

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120 Which gas is produced in case of incomplete combustion? 1

( a) carbon monoxide ( b) carbon dioxide
( c) sulphur dioxide ( d) nitrogen

A great variety of plants and animals exist on earth. They are essential for the well-being and 5
survival of mankind. Today, a major threat to survival of the organisms is deforestation. We
know that deforestation means clearing off forests and using that land for other purposes.
Some natural causes of deforestation are forest fires and droughts. Deforestation increases
the temperature and pollution level on the earth. It increases the level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. Ground water level also get lowered. They know that deforestation disturbs the
balance in nature. Moreover, there will be increased chances of natural calamities such as
floods and droughts. Deforestation also leads to global warming as carbon dioxide traps the
heat rays reflected by the earth. Deforestation is a major cause which leads to change in soil
properties. Properties of soil like nutrient content, texture etc. change because of
deforestation.

121 Which among the following are some of the natural causes of 1
deforestation?
( a) Reusing ( b) Recycling
( c) Plantation ( d) Forest fires

122 Due to the process of soil erosion fertile land gradually gets converted into 1
deserts. This process is called-
( a) Desertification ( b) Extinction
( c) Eradication ( d) Denitrification

123 Water holding capacity of soil--------- due to deforestation. 1

( a) increases ( b) decreases
( c) remains the same ( d) none of the above

124 What are the effects of deforestation on the environment? 1

( a) Improve vegetation ( b) affect enviroment in a bad way
( c) affect enviroment in a good way ( d) good for animals

125 Mention few reasons for cutting of trees in forest. 1

( a) for oxygen ( b) for human use like furniture,
paper, etc.
( c) for animal use ( d) for favouring new and good

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quality trees

Biosphere is that part of the earth in which living organisms exist or which supports life. 5
Biological diversity or biodiversity, refers to the variety of organisms existing on the earth, their
inter relationships and their relationship with the environment. To protect our flora and fauns
and their habitats, protected areas called wildlife santuaries, national parks and biosphere
reserves have been marked. Plantation, cultivation, grazing, felling trees, hunting and poaching
are prohibited there. Children along with Professor Ahmadand Madhavji enter the biosphere
reserve area. Madhavji explains that biosphere reserves are the areas meant for conservation
of biodiversity. The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve consists of one national park named Satpura
and two wildlife sanctuaries named Bori and Pachmarhi. As the children walk around the
biosphere reserve, they appreciate the green wealth of the forest. They are very happy to see
tall teak trees and animals inside the forest. Suddenly, Paheli finds a rabbit and wants to catch
it. She starts running after it. Professor Ahmad stops her. He explains that animals are
comfortable and happy in their own habitat. We should not disturb them. Madhavji explains that
some animals and plants typically belong to a particular area. The plants and animals found in a
particular area are termed flora and fauna respectively of that area.

126 Biosphere reserve help to maintain the ---------- and culture of that area. 1
( a) Literacy ( b) Population
( c) Pollution ( d) Biodiversity

127 The terms used to describe the plants and animals found in a particular 1
area are:
( a) Flip and flop ( b) Flora and fauna
( c) Fight and flight ( d) Flower and fish

128 Which of the following national park is present in the Pachmarhi Biosphere 1
Reserve?
( a) Satpura ( b) Jim Corbet
( c) Bandipur ( d) Kaziranga

129 Define Wildlife Sanctuary. 1

( a) To protect our flora, protected
areas are made called as wildlife
santuaries,
( c) To protect our flora and their
habitats, protected areas are
made called as wildlife
santuaries,
( b) To protect our fauna, protected
areas are made called as wildlife
santuaries,
( d) To protect our flora and fauna
and their habitats, protected
areas are made called as wildlife
santuaries,

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130 What is the definition of the term Biodiversity or Biological Diversity? 1

( a) Biological diversity or
biodiversity, refers to the variety
of organisms existing on the
earth and their inter
relationships.
( c) Biological diversity or
biodiversity, refers to the inter
relationships of organisms
existing on earth and their
relationship with the
environment.
( b) Biological diversity or
biodiversity, refers to the variety
of organisms existing on the
earth and their relationship with
the environment.
( d) Biological diversity or
biodiversity, refers to the variety
of organisms existing on the
earth, their inter relationships
and their relationship with the
environment.

Soon the group quietly enters the deep forest. Children are surprised to see a very big 5
squirrel. This squirrel has a big fluffy tail. Madhavji tells them that this is known as the giant
squirrel and is endemic to this area. Endemic species are those species of plants and animals
which are found exclusively in a particular area, They are not naturally found anywhere else.
Madhavji shows sal and wild mango as two examples of the endemic flora of the Pachmarhi
Biosphere Reserve. Bison, Indian giant squirrel and flying squirrel are endemic fauna of this
area. Professor Ahmad explains that killing (poaching) or capturing animals in general is strictly
prohibited and punishable by law in all such places. Wildlife Sanctuaries like reserve forests
provide protection and suitable living conditions to wild animals. It is a pity that even protected
forests are not safe because people living in the neighbourhood enroach upon them and
destroy them. They recall that zoos are also places where animals receive protection. On the
roadside there was another board on which was written 'Satpura National Park'(first reserve
forest of India. As children move ahead, they see a board with 'Satpura Tiger Reserve' written
on it. Madhavji explains that Project Tiger was launched by the government to protect the
tigers in the country. Animals whose numbers are diminishing to a level that they might face
extinction are known as the endangered animals. Small animals are much more in danger of
becoming extict than the bigger animals. They might be small in size but their role in the
ecosystem cannot be ignored. They form part of food chains and foodwebs. An ecosystem is
made of all the plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area along with non-living
components such as climate, soil, river, deltas, etc.

131 Which among the following National Park is the first reserve forest of India? 1
( a) Omkareshwar National Park ( b) Satpura National Park
( c) Bison National Park ( d) Chandoli National Park.

132 ------------ are the animals whose numbers are diminishing to a level that 1
they might face extinction.
( a) Endangered animals ( b) Endemic species
( c) Pandemic species ( d) Excessive animals

133 1

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Which of the following is a threatened wild animal that are protected and
preserved in our wildlife sanctuaries?
( a) Black buck ( b) Grey wolf
( c) Lion tailed macaque ( d) Panda

134 Define the concept of species. 1

( a) A species is a group of
populations that are not capable
of interbreeding.
( c) Members of a species have
different characteristics.
( b) The members of a species can
reproduce fertile offspring only
with the members of their own
species and not with members
of other species.
( d) The members of a species can
reproduce fertile offspring with
the members of their own
species and also with members
of other species.

135 What do you understand by the term "endemic species"? 1

( a) Endemic species are those
species of plants and animals
which can found in any area.
( c) A particular type of animal or
plant may be endemic to a zone,
a state, or a country or whole
globe.
( b) They are naturally found
anywhere else.
( d) Endemic species are those
species of plants and animals
which are found exclusively in a
particular area. They are not
naturally found anywhere else. A
particular type of animal or plant
may be endemic to a zone, a
state, or a country.

Professor Ahmad explains about Red Data Bool to the children. He tells them that Red Data 5
Book is the source book which keeps a record of all the endanghered animals and plants. Red
Data Book is maintained internationally by an organisation. India also maintains Red Data Book
for plants and animals found in India. The excursion party then enters deeper into the forests
under the guidance of Madhavji. They sit near the Tawa Reservoi to relax for some time. Paheli
observes some of the birds near the river. Madhavji tells the children that these are migratory
birds. These birds have flown here from other parts of the world. Professor Ahmad draws
attention of the children to another cause of deforestation. He tells that it takes 17 full grown
trees to make one tonne of paper. Therefore, we should save paper. We should save, reuse
used paper and recycle it. By this we not only save trees but also save energy and water
needed for manufacturing paper. Professor Ahmad suggests that the answer to deforestation
is reforestation. Reforestation is restocking of the destroyed forests by planting new trees.
The planted trees should generally be of the same species which were found in that forest. If
the deforested area is left undisturbed, it re-establishes itself. Professor Ahmad told them that
in India we have the forest (conservation) act. This act is aimed at preservation and

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conservation of natural forests and meeting the basic needs of the people living in or near the
forests. After some rest Madhavji asks the children to start heading back becuase it is not
advisable to stay in the jungle after sunset. On getting back, Professor Ahmad and the children
thank Madhavji for guiding them through this exciting experience.

136 Birds who cover long distances to reach another land are known as ------ 1
birds.
( a) Flying ( b) Endemic
( c) Statutory ( d) Migratory

137 In India which act is aimed at preservation and conservation of natural 1

forests and meeting the basic needs of the people living in or near the
forests.
( a) RTE Act ( b) Forest Act
( c) Environment Act ( d) Air Act

138 Which of the following is the best measure to save paper? 1

( a) Recycling paper ( b) Excessive use
( c) Wasting paper ( d) Tearing paper

139 Define "Reforestation" 1

( a) the process of replanting an ( b) the process of cutting trees
area with trees. from an area.
( c) the process of planting an area
with trees.

140 What is a "red data book"? 1

( a) Red Data Book is a state ( b) Red Data Book is a state
document established for document established for
documenting rare and documenting rare and
endangered species of animals. endangered species of plants.

( c) Red Data Book is a state ( d) Red Data Book is a state

document established for document established for
documenting rare and documenting rare and
endangered species of animals, endangered species of animals,
plants, and fungi. plants, and fungi, as well as some
local subspecies that exist within
powered by the territory. The Red Data Book
contains the complete list of
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Many people in world find it status symbol of wearing and keeping leather clothes and leather
homework 5
articles with them. Even Shahtoosh shawls made of an endangered species of antelope are
app
also in greater demand and highly priced. Animal agriculture and its methane- and nitrous
oxide–rich products, including leather, are leading contributors to climate change. To produce
one pair of shoes made of cow skin leather, at least7,612 litres of water is required. That’s
about 14 times more than if using vegan leather. Deforestation is a huge problem in the leather
industry. 80% of clearing in the Amazon Rainforest is due to cattle ranching, 77% of habitable
land around the world is used for animal agriculture, and many leather brands are tied to illegal
deforestation which devastates biodiversity. An endangered species is a species that is very
likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political
jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching
and invasive species. Steller's Sea Cow was discovered in the Bering Sea by a Russian
expedition in 1741. The giant seal-like creature, exploited for its meat and fat, was hunted at
over seven times the sustainable limit.

141 What are endangered species? 1

( a) a species of animal that is ( b) a species of plant that is
seriously at risk of extinction. seriously at risk of extinction.
( c) a species of animal or plant that ( d) a species of animal or plant that
is already extinct. is seriously at risk of extinction.

142 Why we must reduce the use of leather? 1

( a) It affect environment adversely. ( b) It doesn't release harmful
chemical.

143 Can you name an extinct species which was exploited for its meat? 1
( a) Dodo ( b) Steller's Sea Cow
( c) Great Auk

144 Shahtoosh shawls made of what type of species? 1

( a) Rare species ( b) Endangered species
( c) Extinct species ( d) Threatened species

145 Why deforestation is a huge problem in the leather industry? 1

( a) many leather brands are tied to ( b) many leather brands are tied to
illegal deforestation which legal deforestation which
devastates biodiversity doesn't devastates biodiversity

For centuries human activities such as hunting and encroachment have led to degradation of 5
forests and extinction of many species of plants and animals. Government of India has taken
many steps to conserve forests and wildlife. But this movement will not be a success without
the involvement of all of us. They obtain different products directly and indirectly from the
forests and wildlife such as wood, barks, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel, fodder,
manure, etc. The primary reason to conserve forests and wildlife is to provide oxygen to

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breathe. Without the existence of trees, oxygen cannot be formed, and carbon dioxide may be
accumulated in the environment. The products of the forests, like medicinal plants, fabrics, and
raw materials, give employment to millions of people. Excessive cutting down of forest trees
should not be allowed by the Government to conserve forests, More trees should be planted
in the forest in place of cut down trees to conserve forests, Paper products (such as old
newspapers, magazines, books and notebooks, etc.) should be used. WWF-India works very
closely with forest departments in the country. It conducts camera-trapping exercises and line-
transect monitoring across the country to mitigate human-tiger conflict, eliminate poaching,
and curb illegal wildlife trade. The WILD Foundation, the foundation collaborates with other
animal protection/anti-poaching organizations such as the Reserve Protection Agency, the
International Anti-Poaching Foundation, Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, and CAT in Water. The
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 an Act of the Parliament of India to provide for the
conservation of forests and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto.

146 What products are obtained from forests and wildlife? 1

( a) wood, barks, leaves, rubber, ( b) wood, barks, leaves, rubber,
medicines, dyes, food, fuel, medicines, dyes, food, fuel,
fodder, manure, etc. fodder,
clothes,chemicals,manure, etc.

147 Why we need to conserve forests and wildlife? 1

( a) The primary reason to conserve ( b) The primary reason to conserve
forests and wildlife is to provide forests and wildlife is to provide
oxygen to breathe food to eat.
( c) The primary reason to conserve
forests and wildlife is to cause
rainfall for water.

148 How we can conserve forests and wildlife? 1

( a) Developing protective areas
such as national parks, wildlife
sanctuaries for plants and
animals.
( c) By cutting trees.
( b) Developing protective areas
such as national parks, wildlife
sanctuaries for plants where
hunting is not ban.

149 Can you name some organisation which are working against killing or 1
poaching of animals?
( a) WWF-India, The WILD foundation. ( b) IBM

150 What is The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980? 1

( a) The Forest (Conservation) Act, ( b) The Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980 an Act of the Parliament of 1980 an Act of the Parliament of

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India to provide for the India to provide for the

conservation of plants. conservation of forests and for
matters connected therewith or
ancillary or incidental thereto.

( c) The Forest (Conservation) Act,

1980 an Act of the Parliament of
India to provide for the
conservation of animals.

The eggs of a few animals are easy 3

to observe because their mothers lay
them outside their bodies. These are
examples of oviparous animals. But you
would not be able to collect the eggs of
a dog, cow or cat. This is because they
do not lay eggs. The mother gives birth
to the young ones. These are examples
of viviparous animals.

151 The animals which give birth to 1

young ones are called ?
( a) Viviparous ( b) Oviparous
( c) Herbivoros ( d) Carnivoros

152 Those animals which lay eggs 1

are called ?
( a) Viviparous ( b) Oviparous
( c) Herbivoros ( d) Carnivoros

153 The eggs of a few animals are easy 1

to observe because their mothers lay
them outside their bodies.

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( a) Yes ( b) NO

You must have seen a beautiful moth 3

emerging out of the cocoon. In the case of
tadpoles, they transform into adults
capable of jumping and swimming. The
transformation of the larva into an adult
through drastic changes is called
metamorphosis. What about the changes
that we observe in our body as we grow?
Do you think we too undergo
metamorphosis? In human beings, body
parts similar to those present in the adults
are present from the time of birth.

154 Beautiful moth come out from a -------? 1

( a) Cacoon ( b) Silkworm
( c) Larva ( d) Caterpillar

155 Tadpole transform into? 1

( a) Baby frog ( b) Adult
( c) Early tadpole ( d) None

156 The 1
transformation of the larva into an adult
through drastic changes is called?

( a) Osmosis ( b) Meiosis
( c) Metamorphosis ( d) All

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In each hydra, there may be one or 3

more bulges. These bulges are the
developing new individuals and they are
called buds. Recall the presence of buds
in yeast. In hydra too the new individuals
develop as outgrowths from a single
parent. This type of reproduction in
which only a single parent is involved is
called asexual reproduction. Since new
individuals develop from the buds in
hydra, this type of asexual reproduction
is called budding.

157 Since new 1

individuals develop from the buds in
hydra, this type of asexual reproduction
is called?
( a) Budding ( b) Fusion
( c) Fission ( d) None

158 Bulges are the 1

developing new individuals and they are
called ?
( a) Yeast ( b) Buds
( c) Hydra ( d) Baby

159 Type of reproduction in 1

which only a single parent is involved is
called?
( a) Asexual Reproduction ( b) Sexual Reproduction
( c) Both ( d) None

Cloning is the production of an exact copy of a cell, any other living part, or a 3
complete organism. Cloning of an animal was successfully performed for the first
time by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh,
Scotland. They successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was
born on 5th July 1996 and was the first mammal to be cloned.

160 Which of the following is the production of an exact copy of a cell, any other 1
living part, or a
complete organism.
( a) Cloning ( b) Reproduction

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( c) Binary fission ( d) Budding

161 Cloning of an animal was successfully performed for the first 1

time byIan Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in?
( a) Berlin ( b) Edinburgh
( c) Moscow ( d) Chicago

162 Dolly was 1

born on 5th July ------?
( a) 1992 ( b) 1991
( c) 1996 ( d) 1900

In animals also, males and 3

females have different reproductive parts
or organs. Like plants, the reproductive
parts in animals also produce gametes
that fuse to form a zygote. It is the zygote
which develops into a new individual.
This type of reproduction beginning
from the fusion of male and female
gametes is called sexual reproduction.

163 Type of reproduction beginning 1

from the fusion of male and female
gametes is called ?
( a) Asexual Reproduction ( b) Sexual Reproduction
( c) Both ( d) None

164 The reproductive 1

parts in animals also produce gametes
that fuse to form a ?
( a) Zygote ( b) Embryo
( c) Baby ( d) Cell

165 It is the zygote 1

which develops into a new individual.
( a) Yes ( b) No

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The male reproductive organs include a 5

pair of testes (singular, testis), two sperm
ducts and a penis. The testes
produce the male gametes called
sperms. Millions of sperms are produced
by the testes. Which
shows the picture of a sperm. Though
sperms are very small in size, each has
a head, a middle piece and a tail

166 The male reproductive organs include a 1

pair of testes (singular, testis), two sperm
ducts and a penis.
( a) Yes ( b) No

167 The testes 1

produce the male gametes called
sperms.
( a) Yes ( b) No

168 Millions of sperms are produced 1

by the testes.
( a) Yes ( b) No

169 Though 1
sperms are very ---------- in size.
( a) Big ( b) Large
( c) Small ( d) Tiny

170 Each sperm has 1

a head, a middle piece and a tail.
( a) Yes ( b) No

The female reproductive organs are a pair 5

of ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes) and
the uterus . The ovary produces female gametes called ova (eggs).
In human beings, a single
matured egg is released into the oviduct
by one of the ovaries every month.
Uterus is the part where development of

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the baby takes place. Like the sperm,

an egg is also a single cell.

171 The female reproductive organs are a pair 1

of ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes) and
the uterus .
( a) Yes ( b) No

172 The ovary produces female gametes called? 1

( a) Egg ( b) Ova
( c) Sperm ( d) Both 1 and 2

173 In human beings, a single 1

matured egg is released into the oviduct
by one of the ovaries every------?
( a) Week ( b) Month
( c) 15 days ( d) None

174 Uterus is the part where development of 1

the baby takes place.
( a) Yes ( b) No

175 An egg is a -------- cell? 1

( a) Multi ( b) Single
( c) Double ( d) None

The first step in the process of 5

reproduction is the fusion of a sperm
and an ovum. When sperms come in
contact with an egg, one of the sperms
may fuse with the egg. Such fusion of
the egg and the sperm is called
fertilisation. During
fertilisation, the nuclei of the sperm and
the egg fuse to form a single nucleus.
This results in the formation of a
fertilised egg or zygote.

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176 The first step in the process of 1

reproduction is the fusion of a sperm
and an ovum.
( a) Yes ( b) No

177 Fusion of 1
the egg and the sperm is called?
( a) Neutrilisation ( b) Fertilization
( c) Reproduction ( d) None

178 When sperms come in 1

contact with an egg, one of the sperms
may fuse with the egg.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

179 During 1
fertilisation, the nuclei of the sperm and
the egg fuse to form a single nucleus.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

180 Fertilization results in the formation of a? 1

( a) Fertilized egg ( b) Zygote
( c) Both 1 and 2 ( d) None

The period of life when the body undergoes changes leading to reproductive maturity is called 3
adolescence. It begins around the age of 11 and lasts up to 18 or 19 years of age. Since this
period covers the teens (13 to 19 years of age) adolescents are also called teenagers. In girls,
adolescence may begin a year or two earlier than boys but the period of adolescence varies
from person to person.

181 Adolescence begins around the age of ____ 1

( a) 11 ( b) 12
( c) 13 ( d) 14

182 The period which covers the teens of 13 to 19 years of age are also called 1
as ____
( a) Adolescence ( b) Puberty

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( c) Teenagers ( d) None of these

183 Do adolescence begins early in girls than boys? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

The sudden increase in height is one of the most noticeable changes during puberty. At this 3
time the long bones of the arms and the legs elongate and make a person tall. Initially girls grow
faster than boys but by about 18 years of age both reach their maximum height. The rate of
growth in height varies in different individuals. Height depends on the genes inherited from
parents. Having a well-balanced diet helps the bones, muscles and other parts of the body get
adequate nourishment for growth.

184 Height depends on the genes of ______ 1

( a) Uncles ( b) Friends
( c) Parents ( d) Grand parents

185 Which is the most noticeable changes occur in the period of adolescence? 1
( a) Sudden increase in height ( b) Hair grow in armpits
( c) Menstruation ( d) None of these

186 Balanced diet helps the 1

( a) Bones stronger ( b) Mussels bigger
( c) Growth nourishment ( d) All of these

In boys, the shoulders generally broaden as a result of growth whereas in girls the region 3
below the waist becomes wider. In boys, the muscles of the body grow more prominently than
in girls. At puberty, the voice box or the larynx begins to grow and because the boys develop
larger voice boxes it can be seen as a protruding part of the throat called Adam’s apple. In girls,
the larynx is hardly visible from the outside because of its small size.

187 What changes we can see as a result of growth in boys? 1

( a) Broaden shoulders ( b) High waist
( c) Growth of hair in Armpits ( d) Voice change

188 Larynx is also known as 1

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( a) Voice box ( b) Sound box

( c) Music box ( d) None of these

189 Is larynx is visible from the outside in girls? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

In girls, breasts begin to develop at puberty and boys grow facial hair and hair on the chest. As 3
these features help distinguish the male from a female they are called secondary sexual
characters. In both boys and girls, hair grows under the arms and in the pubic region.

190 What change we can see in girls in the period of adolescence? 1

( a) Voice change ( b) Increase in breast size
( c) Growth of hair on the legs ( d) None of these

191 The features which helps in describing the male from a female are called 1
( a) Secondary sexual characters ( b) Environment factors
( c) Social factors ( d) None of these

192 What is the common change occur between boys and girls in the period of 1
adolescence?
( a) Increase in breast size ( b) Hair growth under arms and
pubic regions
( c) Increase in the size of waist ( d) None of these

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Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream to reach a particular body part called 3
target site. The target site responds to the hormone secreted by various endocrine or
ductless glands in the body. The testes and ovaries secrete hormones which are responsible
for the male and female secondary sexual characters. Further these hormones are under the
control of hormones from the pituitary gland which makes ova mature in the ovaries and
sperms form in the testes.

193 Which hormones are responsible for the male and female secondary sexual 1
characters?
( a) Testes and ovary ( b) Testes and ovules
( c) Ovary and ovules ( d) None of these

194 Which hormone makes the ova mature? 1

( a) Adrenal gland ( b) Endocrine gland
( c) Pituitary gland ( d) None of these

195 Adrenal glands release hormones into the bloodstream to reach a particular 1
body part called target site. State TRUE or FALSE.
( a) True ( b) False

The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland stimulate testes and ovaries to produce their 5
hormones. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland and is attached to the brain. Apart from
them there are other endocrine glands in the body such as thyroid, pancreas and adrenals.
Goitre is a disease of the thyroid gland when it does not produce the hormone thyroxine
properly.
Diabetes is caused by the pancreas not producing the hormone insulin in sufficient quantities.

196 Which gland is attached to the brain? 1

( a) Thyroid gland ( b) Pituitary gland
( c) Endocrine glands ( d) Both 2 and 3

197 What are the names of other endocrine glands. 1

( a) Thyroid ( b) Pancreas
( c) Adrenal ( d) All of these

198 Which disease occurs in thyroid gland? 1

( a) Goitre ( b) Asthma

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( c) Heart disease ( d) None of these

199 Diabetes is caused by the _____ 1

( a) Thyroid ( b) Pancreas
( c) Heart ( d) Lungs

200 The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland stimulate testes and ovaries 1
to produce their hormones. State TRUE or FALSE.
( a) True ( b) False

Our Indian meal of roti/rice, dal (pulses) and vegetables is a well-balanced meal. Milk is a 5
balanced food in itself and fruits also provide required nourishment. Iron builds blood and iron-
rich food such as leafy vegetables, jaggery, meat, citrus, amla are good for adolescents
Physical exercise like walking and playing outdoors in fresh air keeps the body fit and healthy.
So is the need of a cleanliness routine important without which one would be gross and get
infected by diseases.
Drugs should be avoided because they are addictive and harm the body in the long run by
ruining health and happiness.

201 Balanced diet meal consists of 1

( a) Roti ( b) Rice
( c) Dal ( d) All of the

202 What are the names of iron rich foods? 1

( a) Leafy vegetables ( b) Jaggery
( c) Pizza ( d) Both 1 and 2

203 Do physical exercises helps in keeping the body fit and healthy? 1
( a) Yes ( b) No

204 Why does the cleanliness is required in the period of adolescence? 1

( a) To stay away from disease ( b) To have a positive impact on self
esteem
( c) To stay away fro the sweat and ( d) All of the
odor produce by the body

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205 What is advised to avoid in the period of adolescence? 1

( a) Mobiles ( b) Street food
( c) Drugs ( d) None of these

Menstruation is a reproductive cycle of females. 5

It begins at puberty and the onset of the menstrual cycle is called ‘menarche’. The menstrual
cycle stops in women anywhere between 45 to 52 years.
Stopping of the menstrual cycle is called ‘menopause‘.
The years between menarche and menopause marks the reproductive age of a woman where
she is able to bear a child.

206 Onset of menstruation cycle is called as 1

( a) Gestation ( b) Menarche
( c) Lactation ( d) Menopause

207 Menstruation begins at the age of 1

( a) Puberty ( b) Old age
( c) Childhood age ( d) None of these

208 The menstruation cycle stops between the age of 1

( a) 45- 52 years ( b) 16- 25 years
( c) 5- 10 years ( d) 65- 90 years

209 Stopping of menstrual cycle is known as 1

( a) Gestation ( b) Menarche
( c) Lactation ( d) Menopause

210 How many times the menstruation occurs in a month? 1

( a) 3 ( b) 4
( c) 1 ( d) D2

Friction is caused by the 5

irregularities on the two surfaces in
contact. Even those surfaces which
appear very smooth have a large number

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of minute irregularities on them . Irregularities on the two surfaces

lock into one another. When we attempt
to move any surface, we have to apply a
force to overcome interlocking. On
rough surfaces, there are a larger
number of irregularities. So the force of
friction is greater if a rough surface is
involved.

211 Friction is caused by______ on to surfaces in contact 1

( a) Regularities ( b) Irregularities
( c) Power ( d) Both Aand C

212 On 1
rough surfaces, there are a smaller
number of irregularities. State TRUE / FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

213 Force of friction is _____ if rough surface is involved 1

( a) Lower ( b) Equal
( c) Greater ( d) None of these

214 When we attempt 1

to move any surface, we have to apply a
force to overcome interlocking. State TRUE / FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

215 Smooth surfaces do not have irregularities on their surfaces. State TRUE / 1
FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

We deliberately increase friction by 5

using brake pads in the brake system
of bicycles and automobiles. When you
are riding a bicycle, the brake pads do
not touch the wheels. But when you
press the brake lever, these pads arrest
the motion of the rim due to friction.
The wheel stops moving. You might have
seen that kabaddi players rub their

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hands with soil for a better grip of their

opponents. Gymnasts apply some coarse
substance on their hands to increase
friction for better grip.

216 We deliberately ____ friction by 1

using brake pads in the brake system
of bicycles and automobiles
( a) Decrease ( b) Increase
( c) Minimise ( d) Both A and C

217 When you 1

are riding a bicycle, the brake pads touch the wheels. State TRUE / FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

218 Why kabaddi players rub their hands with soil? 1

( a) For better grip ( b) For loose grip
( c) for good luck ( d) To minimise friction

219 Gymnasts apply some coarse 1

substance on their hands to ____
friction for better grip
( a) Decrease ( b) Minimise
( c) Stop ( d) Increase

220 When you 1

press the brake lever, the break pads arrest
the motion of the rim due to friction.
The wheel stops moving. State TRUE / FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

When a few drops of 5

oil are poured on the hinges of a door,
the door moves smoothly, a bicycle and
a motor mechanic uses grease between
the moving parts of these machines. In
all the above cases, we want to reduce
friction in order to increase efficiency.
When oil, grease or graphite is applied

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between the moving part of a machine,

a thin layer is formed there and moving
surfaces do not directly rub against each
other. Interlocking of
irregularities is avoided to a great extent.
Movement becomes smooth. The
substances which reduce friction are
called lubricants. In some machines, it
may not be advisable to use oil as
lubricant. An air cushion between the
moving parts is used to reduce friction.

221 What are lubricants? 1

( a) The ( b) The
substances which reduce substances which enhance
friction friction
( c) The ( d) none of these
substances which reduce power

222 A few drops of 1

oil are poured on the hinges of a door to _______
( a) stop door's movement ( b) Increase the friction
( c) Reduce the friction ( d) None of these

223 When oil, grease or graphite is applied 1

between the moving part of a machine,
a thin layer is formed there and moving
surfaces do not directly rub against each
other. Interlocking of
irregularities is avoided to a great extent. State TRUE / FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

224 Lubricants increase friction . State TRUE/FALSE 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

225 In some machines instead of oils an air cushion between the 1

moving parts is used to reduce friction. State TRUE/FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

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When one body rolls over the surface

of another body, the resistance to its
motion is called rolling friction. Rolling
reduces friction. It is always easier to
roll than to slide a body over another.
That is the reason it is convenient to
pull luggage fitted with rollers.

226 What is rolling friction? 1

( a) When one body rolls over the ( b) when we try to
surface move an object at rest. called
of another body, the resistance rolling fraction
to its
motion is called rolling friction
( c) none of these

227 It is always easier to 1

slide than to roll a body over another State TRUE/FALSE.
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

228 Is it convenient to 1
pull luggage fitted with rollers?
( a) YES ( b) NO

It is obvious that when objects move 3

through fluids, they have to overcome
friction acting on them. In this process
they lose energy. Efforts are, therefore,
made to minimise friction. So, objects
are given special shapes

229 Fluid friction is also known as_____ 1

( a) SHRINK ( b) DRAG
( c) PULL ( d) STATICS

230 When objects move 1

through fluids, they have to overcome
friction acting on them. State TRUE/FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

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231 Out of the given examples which one is an example of Fluid Friction? 1
( a) Shape of wooden block ( b) special shape of birds
( c) special shape of fishes ( d) Both B and C

Friction can never be 3

entirely eleminated. No
surface is perfectly smooth.
Some irregularities are
always there.

232 Smooth surfaces also have minute irregularities on their surfaces. State 1
TRUE / FALSE
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

233 Friction can be entirely eliminated. State TRUE/FALSE 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

234 Which surface has more irregularities? 1

( a) Smooth surface ( b) Rough surface
( c) All surfaces have same ( d) None of these
irregularities

The force required to overcome 3

friction at the instant an object starts
moving from rest is a measure of static
friction. On the other hand, the force
required to keep the object moving with
the same speed is a measure of sliding
friction.
When the box starts sliding, the
contact points on its surface, do not get
enough time to lock into the contact
points on the floor. So, the sliding
friction is slightly smaller than the static friction and you find it somewhat easier
to move the box already in motion than
to get it started.

235 The force 1

required to keep the object moving with
the same speed is a measure of ___

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( a) Sliding Friction ( b) Static Friction

( c) Fluid Friction ( d) None of these

236 The force required to overcome 1

friction at the instant an object starts
moving from rest is a measure of_____
( a) Sliding Friction ( b) Static Friction
( c) Fluid Friction ( d) None of these

237 Sliding friction is slightly larger than static friction. State TRUE/FALSE 1
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

You could not write with pen or 3

pencil if there were no friction. When
your teacher is writing with chalk on
the blackboard, its rough surface rubs off some chalk particles which stick to the black board. If
an object started moving, it would
never stop if there were no friction. Had
there been no friction between the tyres
of the automobiles and the road, they
could not be started or stopped or
turned to change the direction of
motion.On the other hand, friction is an evil,
too. It wears out the materials whether
they are screws, ball bearings or soles
of shoes. You must have seen
worn-out steps of foot over-bridges at
railway stations.

238 Friction is an necessary evil. State TRUE/FALSE 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

239 We can write with pen without friction. State TRUE/FALSE 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

240 We can stop a moving object without friction. State TRUE/FALSE. 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

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A rubber ball is placed on a level surface such as a table top or a concrete floor. The ball is 3
gently pushed along the level surface. The ball is again pushed while it is still moving.

241 Does the speed of the ball increase or decrease? 1

( a) Increase ( b) Decrease
( c) Remain same ( d) Can't say

242 Next, a palm is placed in front of the moving ball. As soon as the moving ball 1
touches the palm, the palm is removed immediately. Does this means that
the palm applied a force on the ball?
( a) Yes ( b) No
( c) Can't say

243 Ball stops moving after some distance. Which force was into action 1
( a) Electrostatic force ( b) Gravitational force
( c) Friction ( d) None of these

A transparent glass tube or a plastic pipe is taken by a person A. The length of the pipe/tube is
about 15 cm and its diameter is 5 to 7.5 cm. Then, a piece of thin sheet of a good quality rubber
balloon is stretched tightly over one end of the pipe. Next, the pipe is hold at the middle,
keeping it in a vertical position as shown in the above figure. Person B pours some water in the
pipe.

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244 Does the rubber sheet bulge out? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No
( c) Can't say

245 Why will it bulge? 1

( a) Atmospheric pressure is more ( b) Atmospheric pressure is less
than the pressure on the walls of than the pressure on the walls of
the balloon the balloon
( c) Can't say

246 What is the amount of pressure applied by the atmosphere in pascal? 1

( a) 10² ( b) 10³
( c) 10⁴ ( d) 10⁵

In the above image, a car is shown sticking to an electromagnet.

247 Name the forces acting on the car 1

( a) Magnetic force ( b) Force of gravity
( c) Both A and B ( d) Force of friction

248 Out of all the forces acting on the car which one of them is larger? 1
( a) Magnetic force ( b) Force of gravity
( c) Electrostatic force ( d) Friction

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249 When two forces act in opposite directions, then net force acting is the 1
( a) Sum of the forces ( b) Difference of the forces
( c) Both of these ( d) None of these

An archer shoots an arrow in the air horizontally. However, after moving some distance, the 3
arrow falls to the ground.

250 Name the initial force that sets the arrow in motion. 1
( a) Electrostatic force ( b) Gravitational force
( c) Muscular force ( d) Nuclear Force

251 Explain why the arrow ultimately falls down. 1

( a) Air Friction ( b) Electrostatic force between the
arrow and ground
( c) Magnetic force between the ( d) None of these
arrow and bow

252 State of motion is 1

( a) Both by the state of rest or ( b) Position of rest
motion
( c) Position of motion ( d) None of the above

Rohit Sharma hits the ball for a boundary past the bowler i.e. four runs. 3

253 He thus 1
( a) Changes direction ( b) Changes speed
( c) Changes shape ( d) Both 1 and 2

254 State of motion is 1

( a) Both by the state of rest or ( b) Position of rest
motion
( c) Position of motion ( d) None of the above

255 The SI unit of force is 1

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( a) kilogram ( b) gram

( c) newton ( d) none of these

During dry weather, while combing hair, sometimes we experience hair flying apart. 3

256 The force responsible for this is 1

( a) Electrostatic force ( b) Gravitational force
( c) Muscular force ( d) Nuclear Force

257 Two objects repel each other. This repulsion caused due to 1
( a) Electrostatic force ( b) Gravitational force
( c) Muscular force ( d) Nuclear Force

258 Electrostatic force is 1

( a) Only attractive ( b) Only repulsive
( c) Attractive+repulsive ( d) None of these

Rubber sucker is pressed on a plane surface. It sticks to the plain surface 3

259 Why does it stick to the surface? 1

( a) the pressure applied by us ( b) the air sucked by the rubber
( c) Due to atmospheric pressure ( d) none of these

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260 What is the amount of pressure applied by the atmosphere in pascal? 1

( a) 10² ( b) 10³
( c) 10⁴ ( d) 10⁵

261 The instrument used of measure 1

atmospheric pressure is:
( a) Manometer ( b) Mercury Barometer
( c) Pressure meter ( d) None of these

In the above image, Volume of water taken in each vessel is as shown.

262 Which vessel has the greatest pressure at the base 1

( a) A ( b) B
( c) C ( d) D

263 Why D vessel has greater pressure at the base? 1

( a) Pressure increases with depth ( b) Pressure decreases with depth

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( c) Remain same ( d) Can't say

264 Pressure = 1
( a) Force/Area ( b) Force x area
( c) Area/force ( d) None of these

In a pair of bar magnets, the longer side of one of the magnets is placed over three round
shaped pencils or wooden rollers as shown in above Figure. Now, one end of the other magnet
is brought near the end of the magnet placed on the rollers. The two magnets do not touch
each other.

265 What happens in this case? 1

( a) Attract ( b) Repel
( c) Cannot Say

266 Which force is in action? 1

( a) Non contact ( b) Contact
( c) Gravitational ( d) Magnetic force

267 Which force is larger, Electrostatic or Magnetic 1

( a) Electrostatic force ( b) Magnetic force
( c) Both are equal ( d) Can't say

Pressure= Force/ Area 3

268 Why do you need to breathe faster at the top of a tall mountain? 1
( a) Because at higher altitudes, the ( b) Because at higher altitudes, the
molecules of oxygen decreases. molecules of oxygen increases.

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( c) Because at higher altitudes, ( d) Because at higher altitudes,

temperature increases temperature decreases

269 Why do broad straps are provided in school bags 1

( a) It's strong ( b) Looks fancy
( c) Larger area, reduces the ( d) Can't say
pressure

270 The SI unit of Pressure is 1

( a) kilogram ( b) pascal
( c) newton ( d) none of these

You might have played a game called hide and seek. In this game a person is blind-folded and 3
has to catch the remaining players. In this, the blindfolded person able to guess which player is
closest to her. Sound plays an important role in our lives. It helps us to communicate with one
another. We hear a variety of sounds in our surroundings. In the music room of your school you
hear the sounds produced by musical instruments like flute, tabla, harmonium, etc. Touch the
school bell when not in use. Again touch it when producing sound and feel it vibrating. Take a
metal plate (or a pan). Hang it at a convenient place in such a way that it does not touch any
wall. Now strike it with a stick. Touch the plate or pan gently with your finger. Again strike the
plate with the stick and hold it tightly with your hands immediately after striking. Touch the
plate after it stops producing sound.

271 Do you listen any sound this plate makes? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

272 Name an air musical instrument. 1

( a) harmonium ( b) flute
( c) piano ( d) tabla

273 Do you observe any vibrations in the pan? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

Take a rubber band. Put it around the longer side of a pencil box. Insert two pencils between 3
the box and the stretched rubber. Now, pluck the rubber band somewhere in the middle. The to
and fro or back and forth motion of an object is called vibration. When a tightly stretched band
is plucked, it vibrates and produces sound. When it stops vibrating, it does not produce any

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sound. Take a metal dish. Pour water in it. Strike it at its edge with a spoon. Again strike the dish
and then touch it. Can you feel the dish vibrating? Strike the dish again. Look at the surface of
water. We see that a vibrating object produces sound. In some cases, the vibrations are easily
visible to us. But in most cases, their amplitude is so small that we cannot see them. However,
we can feel them. Take a hollow coconut shell and make a musical instrument ektara. You can
also make it with the help of an earthen pot. Play this instrument and identify its vibrating part.

274 Does the band vibrate? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

275 What is a vibration? 1

( a) The up and down motion of an ( b) The to and fro or back and forth
object motion of an object
( c) The to and fro or back and forth
motion of only water

276 Does the water makes waves when experimenting with a metal dish, 1
pouring water in it and striking its edge with a spoon?
( a) Yes ( b) No

Many of you might have seen the manjira (cymbals), the ghatam, and the noot (mudpots) and 3
the kartal. These musical instruments are commonly used in many parts of our country. These
instruments are simply beaten or struck. You too can make a musical instrument. Take 6-8 bowls
or tumblers. Fill them with water up to different levels, increasing gradually from one end to the
other. Now take a pencil and strike the bowls gently. Strike all of them in succession. You will
hear pleasant sounds. This is your jaltrang. When we pluck the string of an instrument, like the
sitar, the sound that we hear is not only that of the string. The whole instrument is forced to
vibrate, and it is the sound of the vibration of the instrument that we hear. Similarly, when we
strike the membrane of a mridangam, the sound that we hear is not only that of the membrane
but of the whole body of the instrument. Speak loudly for a while or sing a song, or buzz like a
bee. Put your hand on your throat and feel vibrations. In humans, the sound is produced by the
voice box or the larynx. Put your fingers on the throat and find a hard bump that seems to
move when you swallow. This part of the body is known as the voice box. It is at the upper end
of the windpipe. Two vocal cords, are stretched across the voice box or larynx in such a way
that it leaves a narrow slit between them for the passage of air. When the lungs force air
through the slit, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound. Muscles attached to the vocal cords
can make the cords tight or loose. When the vocal cords are tight and thin, the type or quality
of voice is different from that when they are loose and thick.

277 Do jaltarang produce pleasant sounds? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

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278 Where do the sound is produced in humans? 1

( a) larynx ( b) pharynx
( c) throat ( d) thyroid

279 When the vocal cords are tight and thin, the type or quality of voice is 1
______ from that when they are loose and thick.
( a) same ( b) different
( c) no effect

Let us see how the vocal cords function. Take two rubber strips of the same size. Place these 3
two pieces one above the other and stretch them tight. Now blow air through the gap between
them. As the air blows through the stretched rubber strips, a sound is produced. You can also
take a piece of paper with a narrow slit and hold it between your fingers. Now blow through the
slit and listen to the sound. Our vocal cords produce sound in a similar manner. The vocal cords
in men are about 20 mm long. In women these are about 15mm long. Children have very short
vocal cords. This is the reason why the voices of men, women and children are different.

280 What is the length of vocal cords in men? 1

( a) 10mm ( b) 20mm
( c) 25mm ( d) 15mm

281 What happens when the air is blown through the stretched rubber strips? 1
( a) sound produced ( b) heat produced
( c) no sound produced ( d) rubber strips broke

282 What is the reason behind the voices of men, women and children being 1
different?
( a) difference in vocal cords material ( b) no difference in vocal cords
length
( c) difference in vocal cords length ( d) difference in vocal cords
numbers

When you call up your friend who is standing at a distance, your friend is able to hear your 3
voice. Take a metal or glass tumbler. Make sure that it is dry. Place a cell phone in it. (Remember
that the cell phone must not be kept in water.) Ask your friend to give a ring on this cell phone
from another cell phone. Listen to the ring carefully. Now, surround the rim of the tumbler with
your hands. Put your mouth on the opening between your hands. Indicate to your friend to
give a ring again. Listen to the ring while sucking air from the tumbler. Remove the tumbler from

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your mouth. Is it possible that the decreasing amount of air in the tumbler had something to do
with decreasing loudness of the ring? Indeed, if you had been able to suck all the air in the
tumbler, you will not listen any sound. Actually, sound needs a medium to travel. When air has
been removed completely from a vessel, it is said that there is a vacuum in the vessel. The
sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

283 Does the sound become loud again when you remove the tumbler from 1
your mouth?
( a) Yes ( b) No

284 Does sound needs a medium to travel? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

285 Why there is no sound heard when air has been removed completely from 1
the vessel?
( a) no sound travel in vaccum ( b) sound travel in vaccum
( c) no sound travel in such vessel

Let us find out. Take a bucket or a bathtub. Fill it with clean water. Take a small bell in one hand. 5
Shake this bell inside the water to produce sound. Make sure that the bell does not touch the
body of the bucket or the tub. Place your ear gently on the water surface. Let us find out if
sound can travel through solids also. Take a metre scale or a long metal rod and hold its one
end to your ear. Ask your friend to gently scratch or tap at the other end of the scale. You can
also perform the above activity by placing your ear at one end of a long wooden or metallic
table and asking your friend to gently scratch the other end of the table. We find that sound
can travel through wood or metal. In fact, sound can travel through any solid. You can perform
interesting activities to show that sound can also travel through strings. We have learnt so far
that vibrating objects produce sound and it is carried in all directions in a medium. The medium
could be a gas, a liquid or a solid.

286 Does sound travel in liquids? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

287 Does sound travel in wood? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

288 Did you heard any sound in the strings in the above activity? 1
( a) Yes ( b) No

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289 Why the sound is carried in all directions? 1

( a) due to noise ( b) due to medium
( c) due to water

290 How many types of mediums are there for sound to travel? 1
( a) 1 ( b) 2
( c) 3 ( d) 4

The shape of the outer part of the ear is like a funnel. When sound enters it, it travels down a 5
canal at the end of which there is a thin stretched membrane. It is called the eardrum. It
performs an important function. The to and fro motion of an object is known as vibration. This
motion is also called oscillatory motion. The number of oscillations per second is called the
frequency of oscillation. Frequency is expressed in hertz. Its symbol is Hz. A frequency of 1 Hz
is one oscillation per second. If an object oscillates 20 times in one second. You can recognise
many familiar sounds without seeing the objects producing them. These sounds must be
different to enable you to recognise them. Amplitude and frequency are two important
properties of any sound. The loudness of sound depends on its amplitude. When the
amplitude of vibration is large, the sound produced is loud. When the amplitude is small, the
sound produced is feeble. The frequency determines the shrillness or pitch of a sound. If the
frequency of vibration is higher we say that the sound is shrill and has a higher pitch. If the
frequency of vibration is lower, we say that the sound has a lower pitch. Usually the voice of a
woman has a higher frequency than that of a man. The fact is that sounds of frequencies less
than about 20 vibrations per second (20 Hz) cannot be detected by the human ear. Such
sounds are called inaudible. On the higher side, sounds of frequencies higher than about
20,000 vibrations per second (20 kHz) are also not audible to the human ear. Thus, for human
ear, the range of audible frequencies is roughly from 20 to 20,000 Hz.

291 What is an oscillatory motion? 1

( a) the up and down motion of an ( b) the to and fro motion of an
object object
( c) the to and fro motion of only ( d) no motion of any object
water

292 Define frequency. 1

( a) The number of oscillations per ( b) one oscillation per second
second
( c) The number of oscillations per ( d) The number of oscillations per
minute hour

293 What is the unit of frequency? 1

( a) second ( b) decibel

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( c) hertz ( d) pascal

294 What is the effect on sound when the amplitude is small? 1

( a) rough ( b) shrink
( c) feeble

295 What is the range of audible frequencies for human ear? 1

( a) 20 to 20,000 Hz ( b) 30 to 30,000 Hz
( c) 40 to 40,000 Hz ( d) 50 to 50,000 Hz

Presence of excessive or unwanted sounds in the environment is called noise pollution. Major 5
causes of noise pollution are sounds of vehicles, explosions including bursting of crackers,
machines, loudspeakers etc. Television and transistor radio at high volumes, some kitchen
appliances, desert coolers, air conditioners, all contribute to noise pollution. presence of
excessive noise in the surroundings may cause many health related problems. Lack of sleep,
hypertension (high bloodpressure), anxiety and many more health disorders may be caused by
noise pollution. A person who is exposed to a loud sound continuously may get temporary or
even permanent impairment of hearing. All noisy operations must be conducted away from any
residential area. Noise producing industries should be set up away from such areas. Use of
automobile horns should be minimised. TV and music systems should be run at low volumes.
Trees must be planted along the roads and around buildings to cut down on the sounds
reaching the residents, thus reducing the harmful effects of noise pollution.

296 What causes a noise pollution? 1

( a) Presence of excessive or
unwanted sounds in the
environment
( c) Presence of low or wanted
sounds in the environment
( b) absence of excessive or
unwanted sounds in the
environment
( d) Presence of no sounds in the
environment

297 What is a hypertension? 1

( a) low blood pressure ( b) high blood concentration
( c) low blood concentration ( d) high blood pressure

298 What is the effect on the person who is exposed to a loud sound 1
continuously?
( a) no temporary or permanent ( b) temporary or permanent
impairment of hearing impairment of hearing

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299 What is to be done to reduce the harmful effects of noise pollution? 1

( a) Use of automobile horns should ( b) Planting trees should be
be maximised minimised
( c) Use of automobile horns should
be minimised

300 What is the major cause of noise pollution? 1

( a) loudspeakers ( b) planting trees

Metals such as copper, aluminium are good conductors of electricity while material like rubber 3
plastics are bad conductors of electricity. In the case of liquids, some liquids are good
conductors of electricity while a few are bad conductors of electricity. The water obtained from
sources such as pumps, wells, ponds and tap are not pure and contain several dissolved salts.
Such water is a good conductor of electricity. While distilled water is free of salt and is a bad
conductor of electricity.

301 Which of these are good conductors of electricity? 1

( a) Copper ( b) Aluminum
( c) Both 1 and 2 ( d) None of the

302 Which of these are bad conductors of electricity ? 1

( a) Rubber ( b) Plastics
( c) Gold ( d) Both 1 and 2

303 Do liquids are good or bad conductors of electricity? 1

( a) Good ( b) Bad
( c) Neutral ( d) Both 1 and 2

The water obtained from sources such as pumps, wells, ponds and tap are not pure and 3
contain several dissolved salts. Such water is a good conductor of electricity. While distilled
water is free of salt and is a bad conductor of electricity.

304 What are the sources of waters which is considered as impure? 1

( a) Pumps ( b) Wells
( c) Ponds ( d) All of these

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305 Which liquid is bad conductors of electricity? 1

( a) Tap water ( b) Distilled water
( c) Water from handpump ( d) None of these

306 Why is distilled water is a bad conductor of electricity? 1

( a) Because contain salt ( b) Because do not contain salt
( c) Because it contains mud ( d) None of these

It is the abbreviated form of Light Emitting Diode. An LED is enclosed in a glass housing; with 3
two wires (called lead) coming out). One lead is slightly longer than another. An LED can glow
even in the presence of weak current.

307 What is the full form of LED? 1

( a) Light Emitting Dioxide ( b) Light Emitting Diode
( c) Light Engine Dioxide ( d) None of these

308 With how many wires the LED is enclosed? 1

( a) Two ( b) Three
( c) Four ( d) Five

309 LED can glow even in the presence of strong current. State TRUE or FALSE. 1
( a) True ( b) False

A closed-loop path which a current take is known as an electric circuit. 3

When the path of the circuit is closed, the current flows through it, but when there is a break in
the path (switch is open) then, the circuit is open and, is not conducting. A tester is a piece of
electrical equipment used to check the presence of electric current. It is usually a conductor
with a led/bulb to indicate that the current is present in the circuit.

310 What is an electric circuit? 1

( a) Open-loop through which ( b) Closed-loop through which
electrons can pass electrons can pass
( c) Closed-loop through which ( d) None of these
Neutrons can pass

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311 Which equipment is used to check the presence of electric current? 1

( a) Tester ( b) Compass
( c) Magnet ( d) Water

312 How can we check whether the current is present in the circuit? 1
( a) Through LED ( b) Through bulb
( c) Through a magnetic compass ( d) Both 1 and 2

A conductor, when immersed in a solution with its end connected to the terminals of a battery, 3
thereby completing a circuit, is called as an electrode. There are usually 2 electrodes→
cathode(ve) and anode(+ve).
An electrolyte is a solution in which the electrodes are submerged. They dissociate on the
passage of electric current.
The electrodes, electrolyte and the battery together form the electrochemical/electrolytic cell.

313 What are the names of two electrodes? 1

( a) Cathode ( b) Anode
( c) Ions ( d) Both 1 and 2

314 What is an electrode? 1

( a) The rods of an conducting
material, connected to a terminal
of battery
( c) The rods of an conducting
material, connected to a circuit
( b) The rods of an insulating
material, connected to a terminal
of battery
( d) None of these

315 What other elements together form the electrolytic cell? 1

( a) Electrodes, compass and battery ( b) Electrolyte, cells and magnet
( c) Electrodes, electrolyte and ( d) None of these
battery

When electric current passes through a conductor, a magnetic field is created around the 5
conductor. This is called magnetic effect of electric current. This can be demonstrated by
keeping a magnetic compass near a current-carrying conductor. A magnetic compass shows
deflection when it is placed near a current carrying conductor. The devices which work on
magnetic effect of electric current are: electric motor and electromagnet.

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316 What is magnetic effect of electric current? 1

( a) When a current carrying
conductor is moved with a force,
it creates the magnetic field
( c) When the magnetic field is
moved relative to the conductor,
current is produced in the
conductor.
( b) When a conductor is moved
inside a magnetic field, current is
produced in the conductor.
( d) When electric current passes
through a conductor, a magnetic
field is created around the
conductor.

317 To perform a magnetic effect of electric current, what is the main thing 1
required for it?
( a) Tester ( b) Apparatus
( c) Magnetic compass ( d) Water

318 What are the devices which work on magnetic effect of electric current. 1
( a) Heater ( b) Electric motor
( c) Electromagnet ( d) Both 2 and 3

319 The magnetic compass shows inflection when it is placed near a current 1
carrying conductor. State TRUE or FALSE .
( a) True ( b) False

320 Which material is used while performing the magnetic effect of electric 1
current?
( a) Conductor ( b) Insulator
( c) Semi conductors ( d) None of these

Imitation jewelry is made by applying a layer of gold or silver. 5

Applying a layer of chromium on an article by this method is called chrome plating. Parts of
bicycle, motorbike and sanitary fittings are chrome plated by this method.
Tin cans are made by electroplating tin on iron.
Applying a layer of zinc on an article is called anodizing. Electric poles and beams on bridges are
electroplated with zinc.
Chrome plating and anodizing helps in preventing from corrosion.

321 Imitation jewelry is made by applying a layer of ___ 1

( a) Silver and nitrate ( b) Gold and silver
( c) Gold and nitrate ( d) Gold and aluminum

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322 What is a Chrome plating? 1

( a) Applying a layer of chromium on ( b) Applying a layer of zinc on an
an article article
( c) Applying a layer of gold on an ( d) None of these
article

323 What are the some examples of Chrome plating? 1

( a) Bicycle ( b) Motor bike
( c) Sanitary fittings ( d) All of these

324 Applying a layer of zinc on an articles is called as ____ 1

( a) Cathodizing ( b) Chromium
( c) Anodizing ( d) None of these

325 Corrosion is prevented by 1

( a) Cathodizing and anodizing ( b) Anodizing and Zinc
( c) Chrome plating and anodizing ( d) None of these

There are two types of current which are strong current and weak current. To check strong 5
currents, we can use tester. Strong current leads to glowing of bulb and this also means that
current flows through it. There are certain substances which conduct electricity, but the
amount of the current present in it is low. To check weak currents, we use LED, that is Light
Emitting Diode.

326 Name the two types of Current. 1

( a) Low current ( b) Strong current
( c) Weak current ( d) Both 2 and 3

327 How can we check the strong current? 1

( a) Through a tester ( b) Through a compass
( c) Through a magnet ( d) None of these

328 How can we check the weak current? 1

( a) Through a tester ( b) Through a compass
( c) Through a LED ( d) None of these

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329 Strong current leads to glowing of bulb and this also means that current 1
flows through it. State TRUE or FALSE.
( a) True ( b) False

330 What is the amount of current present in the substances which conducts 1
electricity?
( a) High ( b) Neutral
( c) Low ( d) None of these

Cyclones can cause a lot of damage to human life and property. Also we can protect ourselves 3
from these destructive phenomena to some extent. Two other destructive natural phenomena
are lightning and earthquakes. You might have seen sparks on a electric pole when wires
become loose. This phenomenon is quite common when wind is blowing and shaking the wires.
You might also have seen sparks when a plug is loose in its socket. Lightning is also an electric
spark, but on a huge scale. In ancient times, people did not understand the cause of these
sparks. They were, therefore, afraid of lightning and thought that the wrath of gods was
visiting them. Now, of course, we understand that lightning is caused by the accumulation of
charges in the clouds. We need not be afraid of lightning, but we have to take precautions to
protect ourselves from the deadly sparks. The ancient Greeks knew as early as 600 B.C. that
when amber (amber is a kind of resin) was rubbed with fur, it attracted light objects such as
hair. You might have seen that when you take off woollen or polyester clothes, your hair stands
on end. If you take off these clothes in the dark, you even see a spark and hear a crackling
sound. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin, an American scientist, showed that lightning and the spark
from your clothes are essentially the same phenomena. However, it took 2000 years for this
realisation to occur. We shall now study some properties of electric charges. We shall also see
how they are related to the lightning in the sky.

331 What is a destructive natural phenomena? 1

( a) Lightning ( b) Snowfall
( c) Rain ( d) Summer heat

332 What caused lightning to happen? 1

( a) Dispersion of charges in clouds ( b) Accumulation of charges in
clouds

333 What happens if you take off woolen clothes in dark? 1

( a) Spark with crackling sound ( b) Fire with blue light
( c) No effect ( d) Spark with red light

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Let us perform some activities to understand the nature of electric charges. But recall first 3
what you might have played as a game. When you rub a plastic scale on your dry hair, the scale
can attract very small pieces of paper. Take a used ballpen refill and rub it vigorously with a
piece of polythene. Bring it close to smallpieces of paper. Take care not to touch the rubbed
end of the refill with your hand or with a metallic object. Repeat the activity with small pieces of
dry leaf, husk and mustard seeds. When a plastic refill is rubbed with polythene, it acquires a
small electric charge. Similarly, when a plastic comb is rubbed with dry hair, it acquires a small
charge. These objects are called charged objects. In the process of charging the refill and the
plastic comb, polythene and hair also get charged. Inflate two balloons. Hang them in such a
way that they do not touch each other. Rub both the balloons with a woollen cloth and release
them. Now let us repeat this activity with the used pen refills. Rub one refill with polythene.
Place it carefully in a glass tumbler using the tumbler as a stand. Rub the other refill also with
polythene. Bring it close to the charged refill. Be careful not to touch the charged end with
your hand. In this activity we have brought close together the charged objects that were made
of the same material.

334 What happens when you rub a plastic scale on your dry hair? 1
( a) It gets charged ( b) No effect
( c) highly charged to cause a shock

335 Can we test this charging activity with polythene? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

336 What happens when you rub a plastic comb on your dry hair? 1
( a) acquire large charges ( b) acquire small charges
( c) no effect

What happens if two charged objects made of different materials are brought close to each 3
other? Let’s find out. Rub a refill and place it gently in a glass tumbler as before. Bring an
inflated charged balloon near the refill and observe. Let’s summarise the observations: A
charged balloon repelled a charged balloon. A charged refill repelled a charged refill. But a
charged balloon attracted a charged refill. It is a convention to call the charge acquired by a
glass rod when it is rubbed with silk as positive. The other kind of charge is said to be negative.
It is observed that when a charged glass rod is brought near a charged plastic straw rubbed
with polythene there is attraction between the two. What do you think would be the kind of
charge on the plastic straw? Your guess, that the plastic straw would carry a negative charge is
correct. The electrical charges generated by rubbing are static. They do not move by
themselves. When charges move, they constitute an electric current. The current in a circuit
which makes a bulb glow, or the current that makes a wire hot, is nothing but a motion of
charges.

337 What happened with the charged balloons? 1

( a) Repelled each other ( b) Attract each other

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( c) no effect

338 Which charge is acquired by a glass rod when it is rubbed with silk? 1
( a) Negative ( b) Positive
( c) Neutral

339 How does an electric bulb glow? 1

( a) Due to motion of charges ( b) Due to heat
( c) Due to electricity

Take an empty jam bottle. Take a piece of cardboard slightly bigger in size than the mouth of 3
the bottle. Pierce a hole in it so that a metal paper clip can be inserted. Open out the paper clip.
Cut two strips of aluminium foil about 4 cm × 1 cm each. Hang them on the paper clip. Insert the
paper clip in the cardboard lid so that it is perpendicular to it. Charge a refill and touch it with
the end of the paper clip. The aluminium foil strips receive the same charge from the charged
refill through the paper clip (remember that metals are good conductors of electricity). The
strips carrying similar charges repel each other and they become wide open. Such a device can
be used to test whether an object is carrying charge or not. This device is known as
electroscope. Thus, we find that electrical charge can be transferred from a charged object to
another through a metal conductor. Touch the end of the paper clip gently with hand and you
will find a change in the foil strips. They come back to their original state. Repeat charging of
foil strips and touching the paper clip. Every time you will find that the foil strips collapse as
soon as you touch the paperclip with hand. The reason is that the foil strips lose charge to the
earth through your body. We say that the foil strips are discharged.

340 Do metals are good conductor of electricity? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

341 What is an electroscope? 1

( a) Device to test whether an object ( b) device to test whether an
is carrying charge or not electrode is carrying charge or
not
( c) device to test whether an object ( d) device to test whether an object
is carrying water or not is carrying heat or not

342 Why does the foil strips collapse whenever you touch the paper clip with 1
hand?
( a) foil strips are charged ( b) foil strips are discharged
( c) foil strips are over-charged

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The process of transferring of charge from a charged object to the earth is called earthing. 3
Earthing is provided in buildings to protect us from electrical shocks due to any leakage of
electrical current. It is now possible to explain lightning in terms of the charges produced by
rubbing. during the development of a thunderstorm, the air currents move upward while the
water droplets move downward. These vigorous movements cause separation of charges. By a
process, not yet completely understood, the positive charges collect near the upper edges of
the clouds and the negative charges accumulate near the lower edges. There is accumulation
of positive charges near the ground also. When the magnitude of the accumulated charges
becomes very large, the air which is normally a poor conductor of electricity, is no longer able
to resist their flow. Negative and positive charges meet, producing streaks of bright light and
sound. We see streaks as lightning. The process is called an electric discharge.

343 What is earthing? 1

( a) The process of transferring of ( b) The process of transferring of
charge from earth to a charged charge from a charged object to
object the earth

344 What does the earthing do? 1

( a) protect us from heat wave ( b) protect us from thunderbolt
( c) protect us from electric shocks ( d) protect us from snowfall

345 What is the other name of an electric discharge? 1

( a) Lightning ( b) Thunder
( c) Heat ( d) Rain

The process of electric discharge can occur between two or more clouds, or between clouds 5
and the earth. Today we need not get frightened by lightning like our ancestors did. Now we
understand the basic phenomenon. Scientists are trying hard to improve this understanding.
However, lightning strike could destroy life and property. It is, therefore, necessary to take
measures to protect ourselves. During lightning and thunderstorm no open place is safe.
Hearing thunder is an alert to rush to a safer place. After hearing the last thunder, wait for
some time before coming out of the safe place. A house or a building is a safe place. If you are
travelling by car or by bus, you are safe inside with windows and doors of the vehicle shut.
Open vehicles, like motorbikes, tractors, construction machinery, open cars are not safe. Open
fields, tall trees, shelters in parks, elevated places do not protect us from lightning strokes.
Carrying an umbrella is not at all a good idea during thunderstorms. If in a forest, take shelter
under shorter trees. If no shelter is available and you are in an open field, stay far away from all
trees. Stay away from poles or other metal objects. Do not lie on the ground. Instead, squat low
on the ground. Place your hands on your knees with your head between the hands. This
position will make you the smallest target to be struck. Lightning can strike telephone cords,
electrical wires and metal pipes. During a thunderstorm contact with these should be avoided.
It is safer to use mobile phones and cordless phones. However, it is not wise to call up a person
who is receiving your phone through a wired phone. Bathing should be avoided during

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thunderstorms to avoid contact with running water. Electrical appliances like computers, TVs,
etc., should be unplugged. Electrical lights can remain on. They do not cause any harm.

346 Where does the electric discharge occur? 1

( a) between earth and moon ( b) among clouds
( c) among stars ( d) among mountains

347 Is it safe to hide in the open field during lightning? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

348 Which trees are safe to hide when lightning occurs? 1

( a) Shorter ( b) Longer
( c) Grasses ( d) Climbers

349 Is it safe to use mobile phones in thunderstorm? 1

( a) Yes ( b) No

350 What is the alert on hearing thunder? 1

( a) Go to bathroom ( b) Go to sleep
( c) Rush to safer place ( d) Rush to an open field

Lightning Conductor is a device used to protect buildings from the effect of lightning. A 5
metallic rod, taller than the building, is installed in the walls of the building during its
construction. One end of the rod is kept out in the air and the other is buried deep in the
ground. The rod provides easy route for the transfer of electric charge to the ground. The
metal columns used during construction, electrical wires and water pipes in the buildings also
protect us to an extent. But do not touch them during a thunderstorm. Thunderstorm, lightning
and cyclones are natural phenomena which can cause large scale destruction of human life
and property. Fortunately, these phenomena can be predicted to some extent. The weather
department can warn about a thunderstorm developing in some area. If a thunderstorm occurs
there is always a possibility of lightning and cyclones accompanying it. So, we get time to take
measures to protect ourselves from the damage caused by these phenomena. There is,
however, one natural phenomenon which we are not yet able to predict accurately. It is an
earthquake. It can cause damage to human life and property on a huge scale. A major
earthquake occurred in India on 8 October 2005 in Uri and Tangdhar towns of North Kashmir.
Before that a major earthquake occurred on 26 January 2001 in Bhuj district of Gujarat. An
earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth which lasts for a very short time. It is
caused by a disturbance deep inside the earth’s crust. Earthquakes occur all the time, all over
the earth. They are not even noticed. Major earthquakes are much less frequent. They can

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cause immense damage to buildings, bridges, dams and people. There can be a great loss to
life and property. Earthquakes can cause floods, landslides and tsunamis. A major tsunami
occurred in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004. All the coastal areas around the ocean
suffered huge losses. The tremors are caused by the disturbance deep down inside the
uppermost layer of the earth called the crust.

351 For what purpose lightning conductor is used? 1

( a) To connect with friends ( b) To protect buildings
( c) To lit up candle ( d) To protect electric boards

352 Where does the rod of a lightning conductor passes charge? 1

( a) To the ground ( b) To the river
( c) To water taps ( d) To electric wires

353 Who predict and warn about the upcoming thunderstorm in an area? 1
( a) TV host ( b) News anchor
( c) Weather department ( d) Coast guard

354 What is an earthquake? 1

( a) A sudden shaking or trembling of ( b) A sudden shaking or trembling of
the earth which lasts for a very the earth which lasts for a very
long time short time

355 Where does the earth crust lies? 1

( a) The uppermost layer of the ( b) The middle layer of the earth
earth
( c) The innermost layer of the earth

The outermost layer of the earth is not in one piece. It is fragmented. Each fragment is called a 5
plate. These plates are in continual motion. When they brush past one another, or a plate goes
under another due to collision, they cause disturbance in the earth’s crust. It is this
disturbance that shows up as an earthquake on the surface of the earth. Tremors on the earth
can also be caused when a volcano erupts, or a meteor hits the earth, or an underground
nuclear explosion is carried out. However, most earthquakes are caused by the movement of
earth’s plates. Since earthquakes are caused by the movement of plates, the boundaries of the
plates are the weak zones where earthquakes are more likely to occur. The weak zones are also
known as seismic or fault zones. In India, the areas most threatened are Kashmir, Western and
Central Himalayas, the whole of North-East, Rann of Kutch, Rajasthan and the Indo–Gangetic
Plane. Some areas of South India also fall in the danger zone The power of an earthquake is

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expressed in terms of a magnitude on a scale called the Richter scale. Really destructive
earthquakes have magnitudes higher than 7 on the Richter scale. Both Bhuj and Kashmir
earthquakes had magnitudes greater than 7.5. In the event that an earthquake does strike, take
the following steps to protect yourself:
1. If you are at home: Take shelter under a table and stay there till the shaking stops. Stay away
from tall and heavy objects that may fall on you. If you are in bed, do not get up. Protect your
head with a pillow.
2. If you are outdoors: Find a clear spot, away from buildings, trees and overhead power lines.
Drop to the ground. If you are in a car or a bus, do not come out. Ask the driver to drive slowly to
a clear spot. Do not come out till the tremors stop.

356 What is the term used for fragmented parts of the earth crust? 1
( a) Plates ( b) Pebbles
( c) Soil ( d) Rocks

357 What is the main reason for the earthquake? 1

( a) Movement of earth ( b) Motion of plates
( c) Heavy rainfall ( d) Mining

358 What are seismic zones? 1

( a) Strong zones ( b) Weak zones
( c) Zones with hollow part ( d) Zones full of rocks

359 What is Richter scale used for? 1

( a) Measure magnitude of ( b) Count number of plates
earthquake
( c) Measure movement of plates ( d) Count elements in crust

360 What step to be taken to protect yourself from earthquake when you are at 1
your home?
( a) Go outside home ( b) Play in the garden
( c) Take shelter under a table ( d) Move household out of house

Light is a form of energy and it travels in a straight line. A collection of light rays is called a light 5
beam.You have studied in your lower classes, how it is reflected by the polished surfaces such
as plane mirrors. This reflecting property of light is applied in various devices that we use in our
daily life. In this lesson, you will study about types of mirrors like spherical mirrors and parabolic

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mirrors. You will also study about the laws of reflection and the laws of refraction and some of
the optical instruments, such as periscope and kaleidoscope, which work on these principles.

361 Light is a form of 1

( a) Game ( b) Disturbance
( c) Energy ( d) None of the above

362 Light can be reflected using 1

( a) Lens ( b) Mirrors
( c) Wood ( d) None of the above

363 Which principle is used in the working of Periscopes? 1

( a) Reflection ( b) Diffusion
( c) Osmosis ( d) None of the above

364 Large number of light rays are collectively known as 1

( a) Beam ( b) Bomb
( c) Torch ( d) None of the above

365 Light travels in a 1

( a) Bent tube ( b) Curved path
( c) Straight line ( d) None of the above

The characteristics of an image are determined by the location of the object. As the object 5
gets closer to a concave mirror, the image gets larger, until attaining approximately the size of
the object, when it reaches the centre of curvature of the mirror. As the object moves away,
the image diminishes in size and gets gradually closer to the focus, until it is reduced to a point
at the focus when the object is at an infinite distance from the mirror.

366 What is the size of the image formed by a concave mirror when the object 1
gets closer than the centre of curvature?
( a) Image stays the same size as ( b) Image gets smaller than that of
that of the object the object
( c) Image gets bigger than the ( d) None of the above
object

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367 What is the size of the image formed by a concave mirror when the object 1
gets further away from the centre of curvature?
( a) Image stays the same size as ( b) Image gets smaller than that of
that of the object the object
( c) Image gets bigger than the ( d) None of the above
object

368 When the size of the image formed by a concave mirror is almost a point 1
then the object is positioned at
( a) Infinity ( b) Pole
( c) Focal Point ( d) None of the above

369 The characteristics of an image formed by a concave mirror are determined 1

by the size of the object
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

370 The passage talks about Convex Mirrors. 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

Not all the objects can produce the same effect as produced by the plane mirror. A ray of light, 5
falling on a body having a shiny, polished and smooth surface alone is bounced back. This
bouncing back of the light rays as they fall on the smooth, shiny and polished surface is called
reflection.

371 What type of image does plane mirror produce? 1

( a) Virtual ( b) Laterally Inverted
( c) Both A and B ( d) Neither A nor B

372 The light rays falling on a plane mirror follows what law? 1
( a) Law of motion ( b) Law of Reflection
( c) Law of Refraction ( d) None of the above

373 The angle of incidence of a light ray is always equal to 1

( a) Zero ( b) Angle of Refraction
( c) 180 degrees ( d) 90 degrees

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374 The image produced by a plane mirror is the same size as of the object 1
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

375 The image produced by a plane mirror is a Real image 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

When a beam of light (collection of parallel rays) falls on a smooth surface, it gets reflected 5
after reflection, the reflected rays will be parallel to each other. Here, the angle of incidence
and the angle of reflection of each ray will be equal. Hence, the law of reflection is obeyed in
this case and thus a clear image is formed. This reflection is called ‘regular reflection’ or
‘specular reflection’.

376 What is a beam? 1

( a) Parallel rays of light ( b) Intersecting rays of light
( c) Superimposed light rays ( d) None of the above

377 Law of Reflection is followed only by 1

( a) Black bodies ( b) Rough bodies
( c) Smooth bodies ( d) None of the above

378 Clear image is formed only when 1

( a) Angle of incidence is zero ( b) Law of Reflection is opposed
( c) Law of Reflection is followed ( d) None of the above

379 Law of Reflection is followed when angle of incidence is equal to angle of 1

reflection
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

380 Clear image is formed only when law of reflection is not followed 1
( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

Periscope is an instrument used for viewing bodies or ships, which are over and around 5
another body or a submarine. It is based on the principle of the law of reflection of light. It
consists of a long outer case and inside this case mirrors or prisms are kept at each end,

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inclined at an angle of 45°. Light coming from the distant body, falls on the mirror at the top end
of the periscope and gets reflected vertically downward. This light is reflected again by the
second mirror kept at the bottom, so as to travel horizontally and reach the eye of the
observer. In some complex periscopes, optic fibre is used instead of mirrors for obtaining a
higher resolution. The distance between the mirrors varies depending on the purpose.

381 Periscope is an instrument mainly used in 1

( a) Bikes ( b) Cars
( c) Submarines ( d) None of the above

382 What is the least number of mirrors used in a periscope? 1

( a) 1 ( b) 2
( c) 3 ( d) None of the above

383 The angle at which the mirrors are inclined is 1

( a) 47.5 degrees ( b) 60 degrees
( c) 45 degrees ( d) None of the above

384 Periscopes are used in Motorbikes 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

385 Working of a periscope is based on the Laws of reflection 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

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The formation of rainbow is an example of dispersion of white light. This can be seen on the 5
opposite side of the Sun. After rainfall, large number of droplets still remains suspended in the
air. When white light passes through them, it is split into seven colours. Dispersion of white
light from a large number of droplets eventually forms a rainbow.

386 How many colours is the white light dispersed into? 1

( a) Five ( b) Seven
( c) Six ( d) None of the above

387 Which principle is followed when the rainbow is formed? 1

( a) Reflection ( b) Dispersion
( c) Refraction ( d) Both A and C

388 Which is the seventh colour of the rainbow? 1

( a) Red ( b) Orange
( c) Indigo ( d) None of the above

389 Dispersion can happen at night 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

390 The band of seven colours obtained is called Spectrum 1

( a) TRUE ( b) FALSE

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