Science Answer Key

Start Up Science
Class 8
Chapter Answer Keys
Contents
S. No. Chapter Name Page No.
1. Crop Production 1
2. Microorganisms 6
3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 12
4. Metals and Non-metals 18
5. Coal and Petroleum 24
6. Combustion and Flame 30
7. Conservation of Biodiversity 36
8. The Cell 42
9. Reproduction in Animals 47
10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence 52
11. Force and Pressure 58
12. Friction 64
13. Sound 70
14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current 78
15. Some Natural Phenomena 84
16. Light 92
17. Our Solar System and the Stars 99
18. Pollution of Air and Water 106
Test Paper-I (Chapters 1 to 9) 113
Test Paper-II (Chapters 10 to 18) 115

1. Crop Production
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Sowing of Crops (Page 1)
Crop State(s) of India Months of Sowing
Rice West Bengal June/July
Wheat Uttar Pradesh October/November
Groundnut Gujarat June/July
Maize Karnataka June/July
Gram Madhya Pradesh October/November
Cotton Gujarat June/July
Barley Rajasthan October/November
Think and Answer (Page 2)

If there is a lot of rainfall during winters, then it will destroy the rabi crops like wheat, gram, pea and
potato.
Types of Crops (Page 4)
Image Name of the Crop Type of Crop (Rabi/Kharif)
A Pearl millet (bajra) Kharif crop
B Barley Rabi crop
C Groundnut Kharif crop
D Cotton Kharif crop
E Gram Rabi crop
F Mustard Rabi crop
Quick Check (Page 4)

1. Crops 2. Rabi crops
3. Carrot and sweet potato 4. Rice and paddy 5. Cotton and jute
Picture Study (Page 7)
Agricultural
S. No. Structure Use
Implement
Iron blades (ploughshare) on a frame
1. Plough Loosening and turning the soil
(plough shaft)
2. Cultivator It has many ploughshares for digging Ploughing
1
Loosen soil and removing
3. Hoe Metal blade fixed in a wooden handle
weeds
Seedless crops like potatoes and bananas are grown with the help of vegetative propagation.
The chemicals present in the fertilisers run down into water bodies like rivers, lakes and ponds due to
irrigation or rains which cause water pollution.
Do and Learn (Page 10)
The plant in pot B grows the fastest as it has fertilisers which helps in the growth of the seedling.
The plant in pot A was the healthiest as it doesn't contain any chemical fertilisers.
Time to Recall (Page 10)
Manure Fertiliser
Preparation Obtained by decomposition of animal Chemical substance produced in factories
and plant wastes
1. Provides humus to soil 1. Readily absorbed by plants
Merits
2. Causes no pollution 2. Rich in nutrients
1. Required in large quantities 1. Does not contain humus
Demerits
2. Absorbed slowly by plants 2. Causes land pollution and water pollution

The rate of evaporation directly influences the frequency of irrigation. A higher rate of evaporation
means the water will evaporate into the atmosphere easily which can leave the crop dehydrated.
Therefore, frequency of irrigation is set according to the rate of evaporation.
The weeds should be removed before they produce flowers and seeds so as to prevent them from
spreading. They compete with crops for water, manure, sunlight and space.
1. Irrigation 2. Weeding 3. Sowing 4. Winnowing 5. Harvesting
Apply Your Learning

A. Observe and Answer (Page 16)
1. Modern method of irrigation
2. Sprinkler system
3. Yes, it is economical as water is conserved.
4. In this system, rotating nozzles are present on the top of perpendicular pipes that are joined
to the main pipeline at regular intervals. Water flows with pressure through the main pipe
and sprays over the soil through the rotating nozzle like rain.
5. Drip irrigation
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6. This method is better than the chain pump and dhekli as these methods are labour intensive
and cause wastage of water.
B. Identify and Rectify (Page 16)
The image that has an incorrect label is 'C'. The image depicts a combine.
C. Life Skills (Page 16)
1. Manure is better than fertiliser as it does not cause pollution and it also improves the soil
texture.
2. No, manures are generally needed in large quantities as they are slowly absorbed by the soil
due to their lesser water solubility.
D. Reason Out (HOTS) (Page 17)
1. Rice is a kharif crop and it needs a lot of water. If it is sown during winters then its water
requirements will not be met and it will not grow.
2. No, he is not growing a crop. It is because crops are the plants of the same kind grown in a
field on a large scale.
3. Seeds are sown at a proper distance to avoid overcrowding of plants. This ensures that each
plant gets adequate space and proper supply of nutrients.
4. The growth of bacteria and fungi increases if moisture is present in the bins. This can degrade
the grains. Therefore, the bins used for storing grains must be clean and dry.
5. Farmers can safely get rid of stubs by turning them into compost or using them as feed for
the cattle.
E. Link and Learn (Social Studies) (Page 17)
Students will do it on their own.
(Hint: Students can take help from the Internet. They can find out the major crops grown in their
state and which method of crop production is opted by majority of farmers.)
F. Mind Map (Page 17)
Preparation of Soil
Ploughing or Tilling Levelling
Reason Reason
Implements Used
It is required to loosen soil Implements Used It is important for proper
Wooden plough, iron so as to increase air spaces Leveller sowing of seeds and for
plough which allows roots to breathe irrigation.
properly and penetrate deeper
into the soil.
G. Integrating ICT (Page 17)

H. Case Study (Page 18)
1. Pulses
2. There are no rabi crops.
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3. Rice, ragi, maize, groundnut, cotton, pulses and sugar cane
4. The water requirements of crops is more during summer due to high rate of evaporation.
5. Sprinkler and drip irrigation system can be used to provide water to the crops.
6. The more appropriate time to water plant is during the day. It is because water is required by
plants to make food and to carry out their metabolic processes.
Exercises
Stop and Reflect (Page 19)
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d)
B. 1. False (Ginger and potato are stem crops.)
2. True
3. False (Healthy seeds settle at the bottom of the water.)
4. False (Preparation of soil is the first step in the cultivation of a crop.)
5. True
C. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (b)
D. Ploughing and levelling, sowing of seeds, addition of manure and fertilisers, supply of water,
weeding, cutting of mature crop, storage of mature crops
E. 1. Hoe
2. Sickle/Harvester
3. Seed drill
4. Trowel (khurpi)/Harrow
5. Combine
F. 1. Rice, cotton
2. Urea, NPK
3. Chain pump, dekhli
4. Granaries, silos
5. Cow, buffalo
Crisp and Accurate (Page 20)
A. 1. The regular supply of water to the crops in the field at specific intervals is known as irrigation.
2. Transplantation is the manual transfer of seedlings, which are four to six weeks old, into the
main field.
3. The various steps which a farmer performs in a particular sequence to get a good yield of the
crop are called agricultural practices.
4. The process of removal of chaff or the husk from grains with the help of wind is called
winnowing.
5. Broadcasting is the process of sowing seeds manually by hands.
6. The process by which different types of crops are grown alternatively in the same field is
called crop rotation.
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B. 1. Cultivators are used for ploughing in large fields. They are driven by tractors. They have many
ploughshares that can dig into larger fields. This saves both time and labour.
2. Loose soil helps in fixing the plant firmly to the ground as it allows the roots to penetrate
deeper into the soil.
3. Leguminous plants are grown in crop rotation.
4. The process of cutting and gathering mature crops is called harvesting.
5. Fresh crop produce contains a lot of moisture. The growth of bacteria and fungi increases in
the presence of moisture. This can destroy the crop. To avoid this, the grains must be dried
before they are stored.
Think and Explain (Page 20)
1. The following are the benefits of loose soil.
• Loose soil has many air spaces in it that helps in breathing of the roots.
• Loose soil helps in fixing the plant firmly to the ground as it allows the roots to penetrate
deeper into the soil.
• Loose soil helps in the growth of soil organisms like earthworms and microbes. These
organisms decompose dead plants and animals into simple organic matter called humus.
Humus is rich in nutrients that are required for the growth of plants.
2. Fertilisers are nutrient-rich chemical substances that are water-soluble and provide specific
nutrients to plants in concentrated form. They should not be used indiscriminately because they
are chemical substances prepared in factories, and cause water and soil pollution. They also harm
the soil-friendly microbes and thus reduce the soil fertility.
3. The unwanted plants that grow along with the crop are called weeds. It is necessary to remove
them as they compete with the crop plants for sunlight, water, minerals and space. The process
of removal of weeds from a field is called weeding. They can be removed manually or by using
chemicals. They are also removed during tilling of soil that is done before sowing of seeds.
4. The process of placing the seeds in the soil is called sowing. The quality of seeds sown influences
the quality of crops produced. Therefore, it is important to select healthy seeds of good quality.
While sowing seeds, the following points should be kept in mind.
• Seeds should be of good quality, healthy and free from diseases.
• Sowing of seeds should be done at proper depth, neither too deep nor too shallow. They
will be eaten by birds if they are sown on the surface. If sown deep in the soil, they will not
germinate.
• Overcrowding of plants should be avoided. This is done by sowing seeds at proper distance
from each other. This ensures that each plant gets adequate space and proper supply of
nutrients.
5. Harvesting is done either manually with a sickle or with the help of a machine called harvester.
The grains are separated from the harvested crop by a process called threshing. It is done in the
following ways.
• Manually, in which the harvested crop is struck against a hard surface
• By a machine called thresher
A machine that is being used nowadays for both harvesting and threshing is called a combine.
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2. Microorganisms
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Diseases Caused by Microorganisms (Page 21)
S. No. Disease Type of Microorganism
1. Typhoid Bacteria
2. Fever Virus
3. Diarrhoea Virus
4. Ringworm Fungi
5. Malaria Protozoa
6. Chickenpox Virus

Yes, microorganisms are present on and in our body. There are some microorganisms which helps us in
the digestion of food and also protect us from infections.
Classify the Microorganisms (Page 25)
Image Name of Microorganism Type of Microorganism Characteristic
A Spirogyra Algae Multicellular
B Amoeba Protozoa Unicellular
C Bread mould Fungi Multicellular
D Bacteriophage Virus Non-living
E Red-shaped bacteria Bacteria Unicellular

A teaspoon of curd is added to warm milk in the beginning to provide bacteria for the formation of
curd.
Uses of Microorganisms (Page 28)
Name of the Microorganism Use(s)
Lactobacillus It is used in production of curd from milk.
Yeast It is used in production of bread and alcohol.
It converts atmospheric nitrogen into soluble nitrates
Rhizobium
which can be used by plants.
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Mushroom They are decomposers and add nutrients to the soil.
Penicillium It is used in antibiotics.
Streptococcus It is used in production of cheese and cottage cheese.
Protect Yourself (Page 29)

We can protect ourselves from mosquitoes by taking the following precautions.
• Clean rain gutters to allow water to flow freely.
• Remove old tyres or drill drainage holes in tyres used for playground equipment.
• Turn over or remove clay pots and plastic containers.
• Dispose empty beverage containers, plastic wrappers and discarded toys.
• Check for trapped water in plastic tarpaulin sheets used to cover boats.
1. Lactic acid
2. The conversion of sugar to alcohol by yeast cells in the absence of oxygen is called fermentation.
3. Antibiotics are made up of dead and weakened disease causing microbes.
4. Rhizobium helps in the fixing of atmospheric nitrogen.
5. Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
6. Aedes aegypti mosquito is the carrier of the dengue virus.
1. food poisoning 2. food preservation
3. pasteurisation 4. pickles and meat
5. preservatives
Apply Your Learning

A. Study the Nitrogen Cycle (Page 34)
1. Nitrogen can be converted to a form that can be used by plants in two ways, i.e. by
nitrogen-fixing bacteria and by lightning.
2. The circulation of nitrogen in the environment constitutes the nitrogen cycle. This cycle
involves the absorption of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, its
consumption by plants and animals and then its release into the environment.
3. When plants and animals die, decomposers like bacteria and fungi present in the soil convert
the nitrogenous waste into nitrogenous compounds. These nitrogenous compounds are
converted into free nitrogen by denitrifying bacteria. This free nitrogen escapes into the
air. In this way, atmospheric nitrogen is recycled and its composition remains more or less
constant in the air.
4. Thiobacillus denitrificans and Micrococcus denitrificans are some examples of denitrifying
bacteria.
B. Polio Drive in India (Page 34)
1. Polio is a viral disease.
2. Polio is caused by the microorganism poliovirus.
3. Pulse Polio Immunisation Programme was rolled out in India in 1995.
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4. India received the polio-free certification on 27 March 2014 by World Health Organisation
(WHO).
5. Inactive Polio Vaccine contains dead strains of poliovirus whereas in Oral Polio Vaccine the
strains of virus are in a weakened state. In this state they cannot cause disease but the body
can easily form antibodies against it.
1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes AIDS.
2. The HIV infection is caused through the following ways.
• Unprotected sexual interaction with an already infected person.
• Reusing needles used by an infected person.
• From an infected mother to the baby through the placenta.
• Blood transfusion from an infected person.
3. AIDS can be prevented by using disposable needles, practising safe sex, i.e. use of protection
like condoms, regular health check-ups, monitoring blood transfusion and pregnancy.
Another important factor is the awareness of AIDS. As it does not spread by mere physical
contact, the infected people should not be discriminated and must be treated in a friendly
manner.
1. It is because the oxygen present in the air make the chips stale.
2. Teacher asked Anurag to cover his mouth with a handkerchief so as to avoid the spread of
infection. If he doesn't use a handkerchief then other students in the class can also catch cold
as it is a communicable disease.
3. Arnab got food poisoning. It is because the food was spoilt overtime and the consumption
of contaminated food causes serious illness.
4. Airtight packets are used to store snacks to prevent them from getting spoilt. The air from
these packets is removed by evacuation and filled with oxygen-free nitrogen to prevent
oxidation and keep them fresh.
E. Link and Learn (General Awareness) (Page 35)
(Hint: Students can take help from the Internet to make a chronological chart on when different
microorganisms were discovered. They can also add details on who discovered them and so on.)
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Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria Fungi Algae Protozoa Virus
Some bacteria
They are used in
are useful in the They release
the production They cause diseases They spread illness
production of curd, oxygen through
of breads and in humans. in humans.
cheese and cottage photosynthesis.
alcohols.
cheese.
Examples: Rod and Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples:

spherical-shaped Yeast and bread Chlamydomonas Paramecium and Influenza and
bacteria mould and Spirogyra Plasmodium Bacteriophage

1. A vaccine is a suspension of weakened/dead disease-causing microbes. Our body produces
antibodies to fight the disease-causing germs present in the vaccine. These antibodies
remain in the body and protect it from any future attack of the germs. Moreover, our body
remembers how to fight the same microbe when it enters again. Thus, vaccines provide
immunity, i.e. the ability of our body to fight infections.
2. Pfizer
3. Covaxin
4. The vaccine manufactured by Russia is Sputnik V.
5. The vaccine manufactured by China is CoronaVac.
6. Composition of Bharat Biotech's Covaxin includes inactivated Coronavirus, Aluminium
Hydroxide Gel, TLR 7/8 Agonist, 2-Phenoxyethanol and Phosphate Buffered Saline [NKA1].
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
B. 1. False (There are five major types of microorganisms.)
2. False (Not all microorganisms cause diseases in humans, plants and animals.)
3. True
4. False (Microorganisms can survive in extreme temperatures.)
5. True
C. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
D. 1. Algae 2. Fungi 3. Bacteria 4. Fungi 5. Virus
E. 1. Ringworm 2. Polio
3. Cholera 4. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
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5. Malaria
F. 1. Salt 2. Pasteurisation (trick question)
3. Sugar 4. Chemical preservatives like sodium benzoate
5. Oil and vinegar
A. 1. The conversion of sugar to alcohol by yeast cells in the absence of oxygen is called
fermentation.
2. Food preservation is the process by which spoilage of food by microorganisms is prevented.
3. Pasteurisation is the method of food preservation, commonly used to preserve milk. In this
method, milk is heated to about 70°C for 15 to 25 seconds, and then it is quickly cooled and
stored.
4. The process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into suitable forms that can be utilised by
plants is called nitrogen fixation.
5. Pathogens can enter the body of a healthy person through air, water, food or by direct
contact with an infected person. Such diseases that are transmitted from an infected person
to a healthy person are called communicable diseases.
B. 1. The dough rises due to the formation of bubbles of carbon dioxide which are produced by
respiration of yeast cells. When the dough is baked, the bubbles burst and the gas escapes
making the bread soft and fluffy.
2. The conversion of sugar to alcohol by yeast cells in the absence of oxygen is called
fermentation. In fermentation, yeast converts glucose (sugar) into ethanol (alcohol) with the
release of carbon dioxide gas.
3. Houseflies act as vectors and contaminate food. When houseflies sit on dirt, pathogens stick
to their bodies. When they sit on the food, these pathogens are transferred to the food. When
a healthy person eats this food, she/he falls sick. Therefore, food must always be covered.
4. Salt preserves food items by reducing their water or moisture content, thereby preventing its
spoilage by microbes.
5. Denitrifying bacteria plays a very important role in the nitrogen cycle. These bacteria present
in the soil convert nitrogenous compounds into free nitrogen which escapes into the air.
1. Alcohol, wine and beer are produced on a large scale with the help of yeast. Yeast is grown
on sugars obtained from grains like wheat, barley and rice to make alcohol. In the process of
fermentation, sugar is converted to alcohol by yeast cells in the absence of oxygen.
2. Bacteria like Rhizobium fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into soluble nitrates which can
be used by plants. It lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants like pea, bean and gram.
Consequently, it helps in making the soil fertile. Some blue-green algae can also fix atmospheric
nitrogen and increase the soil fertility.
3. A vaccine is a suspension of weakened/dead disease-causing microbes. Our body produces
antibodies to fight the disease-causing germs present in the vaccine. These antibodies remain in
the body and protect it from any future attack of the germs. Moreover, our body remembers how
to fight the same microbe when it enters again. Thus, vaccines provide immunity, i.e. the ability
of our body to fight infections.
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4. Spoilt food has distinct taste and odour. Sometimes, it is also accompanied by growth of fungi
and moulds. When we consume food that contains certain microorganisms, these organisms
produce toxic substances that makes the food poisonous. The consumption of contaminated
food may cause serious illness and even death. This is called food poisoning.
5. We can preserve food in the following ways.
• Boiling: The high temperature during boiling kills most of the microorganisms that are
present in milk and water.
• Refrigeration and freezing: These processes stop the growth and multiplication of
microorganisms, unlike boiling. Preservation of food by freezing is effective for many months,
and is useful in the case of milk, meat and vegetables.
• Pasteurisation: This method is commonly used for the preservation of milk. In this method,
milk is heated to about 70°C for 15 to 25 seconds, and then it is quickly cooled and stored.
• Use of oil and vinegar: They are used to preserve pickles. Bacteria cannot grow in food
containing oil and vinegar. This method is also used to preserve vegetables, fruits, fish and
meat.
• Canning: Food items are packed in cans which are sealed and heated to 120°C to destroy
microorganisms.
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3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Clothes We Wear (Page 39)
(Hint: Students should see the labels on their clothing items and fill the table accordingly. For example,
socks are made of cotton fibre which is a natural fibre.)
Rayon is semi-synthetic as chemical treatment of wood pulp (cellulose) is used as the raw material for
its production.
Synthetic fibres are cheaper than natural fibres as they are made from cheap raw materials which
are readily available in abundance. Natural fibres are labour intensive and need complex processing
methods during their production.
Synthetic Fibres versus Natural Fibres (Page 42)
Synthetic Fibres Natural Fibres
1. They are more durable and do not shrink. 1. They are less durable and also shrink.
2. They have high tensile strength, i.e. they can
2. They have relatively less tensile strength.
withstand more stress before breaking.
3. We can mend their properties according to
3. They have a fixed set of properties.
our needs.
4. They are comparatively cheaper than natural
4. They are expensive.
fibres.
5. They are non-biodegradable. 5. They are biodegradable.
6. They do not absorb sweat. 6. They absorb sweat.

1. Synthetic fibres 2. Monomer 3. Nylon
4. Rayon 5. Acrylic 6. PET (Polyethylene terephthalate)
Uses of Plastics (Page 45)
(Hint: For example, plastics that are used in electrical wires/switchboards should be thermosetting
plastics as thermoplastics will melt due to the heating effect of electric current.)
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1. Thermoplastics are the plastics which melt or become soft on heating and harden on cooling.
2. Thermosetting plastics are used for making switchboards.
3. Plastics are good for cookware because they have low thermal conductivity.
4. Plastics harm aquatic life as they contribute to water pollution. Also, animals may choke to death
if they accidentally swallow polythene bags while trying to eat waste food thrown in water
bodies.
5. 4Rs principle include 'Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover' to minimise the damage caused to the
environment. Adopting this principle helps in developing habits that are environment-friendly.
Apply Your Learning

A. More about Polyester (Page 47)
1. Esters are the organic chemical substances which have a fruity smell.
2. Polyesters are manufactured by melting PET plastic pellets, forming their long threads
through various processes and cooling to harden them into fibre.
3. There are two primary types of polyester, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PCDT
(poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate).
4. Polyester is better than cotton. It is because polyester fibres are strong, lightweight and
elastic. They absorb less moisture and are wrinkle-resistant. It can also be blended with other
fibres.
5. The following are the uses of polyester.
• It is used in making fabrics for sarees, various dress materials and curtains.
• It is mixed with cotton for making shirts, trousers and other dresses.
• It is mixed with wool for making suits.
• It is used for making sails of sailing boat.
• It is used for making water hoes for firefighting operations.
6. Due to the harsh chemicals that are used to make these clothes, polyester is not only hard but
can be disastrous on sensitive skin. The chemicals can be rough on skin and lead to rashes,
redness and itching.
B. Waste Management (Page 47)
1. Waste management involves the processes required to manage wastes, i.e. collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal.
2. Waste management is important as it saves the environment from the toxic effects of
inorganic elements present in wastes.
3. We should dispose the biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes separately.
4. We need to segregate wastes into different categories so that some wastes can be recycled
and the overall impact of wastes on the environment gets reduced.
5. The symbol shown on the dustbin depicts 'Recycle'.
1. He should buy clothes made of synthetic fibres as they are more durable than natural fibres.
2. He should buy clothes made of acrylic fibre (synthetic fibre) as it is better than wool (natural
fibre).
3. Polyacrylonitrile
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4. Acrylic fibre is better as it is more durable than wool. It is warm, soft, light and flexible, and
are not affected by moisture or moths.
5. He can buy sweaters, socks and mufflers made of acrylic fibres.
D. Link and Learn (General Awareness) (Page 48)
1. A Swiss chemist named Audemars got the first patent to make artificial silk in 1855. He
dissolved the fibrous inner bark of a mulberry tree, chemically modifying it to produce
cellulose. He formed threads by dipping needles into this solution and drawing them out.
2. Nylons were developed in the 1930s by a research team headed by an American chemist,
Wallace H. Carothers, working for E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
3. Polyester was also invented in 1930s by Wallace H. Carothers when he was working on nylon.
4. Spandex was invented by Joseph Shivers in 1950s. It is soft, smooth, lightweight and more
durable, and has higher retractive ability than rubber. When spandex is used for making any
clothing, it gives the best fit and comfort, and also prevents bagging and sagging of the
garment.
E. Reason Out (HOTS) (Page 48)
1. Sarika will be uncomfortable because she was wearing a nylon dress which has less sweat
absorption capactiy.
2. Rayon clothes are more comfortable because it is a semi-synthetic fabric. It is very soft, cool
and comfortable, and has very good absorbent property.
3. In mountain expeditions, jute ropes were replaced by nylon ropes due to their higher tensile
strength.
4.The lady preferred to buy acrylic blanket as it has excellent heat retention property. It is also
light and more durable than wool.
Types of Plastics
Thermoplastics Thermosetting plastics
1. Melt or become soft on heating 1. Can be moulded only once

2.
Used in making toys, bags and 2. Used in making kitchenware, floor
food containers tiles and electrical switches
Examples: Polyethene and PVC Examples: Bakelite and Melamine

(Hint: Students can include alternatives to reduce everyday consumption of single-use plastics.
They can also take help from the Internet to explore different ways in which we can reduce plastics
consumption on both micro and macro scale.)
1. Plastic recycling is the method of gathering waste plastic and reconverting them to new and
useful plastic products.
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2. Recycling of plastics began in USA in 1972.
3. In 2015, 3140 thousand tonnes of plastics was recycled.
4. It is because of the large scale use of single-use plastics along with the lack of attempts to
reduce and recycle plastic wastes.
5. Plastics are non-biodegradable. When disposed on land, they end up causing soil pollution.
6. Burning of plastics results in the emission of harmful toxic gases which not only affect the
environment but also cause severe health risks to mankind.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
B. 1. True
2. True
3. False (Synthetic fibres have more tensile strength than natural fibres.)
4. False (Thermoplastics can be moulded again and again.)
5. False (Jute bags must be used instead of plastic bags.)
C. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (d)
D. 1. Synthetic fibres do not shrink. Thus, they are more durable.
2. They have high tensile strength, i.e. they can withstand more stress before breaking.
3. They are wrinkle-resistant and easy to wash.
4. They are less expensive.
5. They are elastic.
E. 1. Avoid using single-use plastic items.
2. Carry cloth bags instead of plastic bags.
3. Carry reusable cutlery like cups, straws, spoon and fork.
4. Replace plastics containers with those made of glass or steel.
5. Segregate wastes accordingly in order to recycle/reuse plastics wherever possible.
A. 1. Synthetic fibres are the fibres that are made artificially and hence, they are also called man-
made fibres. Some commonly used synthetic fibres are rayon, nylon, polyester and acrylic.
2. Polymers are large molecules made up of several repeating units. The structure of a polymer
can be compared to a chain made of many beads. Each bead of the chain represents a smaller
unit called a monomer.
3. Thermosetting plastics are the plastics that can be moulded only once. They become
irreversibly rigid upon heating. They maintain their shape and size even at very high
temperatures.
4. When polyester is blended with cotton, it forms terrycot. It is strong, lightweight and elastic.
5. Biodegradable wastes are the wastes which can be decomposed into simpler components
by the action of microbes and do not cause pollution.
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B. 1. Many monomers combine either in a linear arrangement or in a cross-linked arrangement to
form a polymer. This process of combination of the monomer units to form a large polymer
is called polymerisation.
2. The polymer present in cotton is cellulose.
3. We should not wear synthetic fibres while working in the kitchen as they catch fire easily.
Since they are made up of different chemicals, they melt on heating and stick to the skin,
making the burns more severe.
4. Plastics are used for making coverings of electrical wires because they are poor conductors
of heat and electric current.
5. The 4R principle includes reduce, reuse, recycle and recover. This principle should be followed
to reduce the damage caused to the environment.
1. Rayon is a semi-synthetic fibre made up of wood pulp whereas nylon is a synthetic fibre made of
chemicals.
2. Repeating units of ester form polyester. Polyester fibres are strong, lightweight and elastic. They
absorb less moisture and are wrinkle-resistant. They can also be blended with other fibres. When
blended with cotton, they form terrycot, and with wool, they form terrywool. Clothes made from
such blends are more comfortable.
3. The properties of plastics are as follows.
• Plastics do not react with water or air and are not corroded easily. However, they are sensitive
to heat and melt upon heating.
• Plastics are lightweight, strong and durable. They can be moulded into various shapes and
sizes, and thus are used to make different household and industrial products.
• Being poor conductors of electricity, plastics are used as covering in electrical appliances,
cords and electrical wirings.
• Plastics have low thermal conductivity. This property makes them ideal for the following
purposes.
➢ Making handles of cooking vessels
➢ Making containers suitable for microwave ovens
• Plastics do not dissolve in water and hence they are used for making bottles, buckets and
containers.
4. Polythene bags are non-biodegradable and are harmful for the environment and living
organisms. Animals may choke to death if they accidently swallow polythene bags while
trying to eat waste food thrown in water bodies. Plastic bags are made up of chemicals
which gets mixed with food upon heating. This leads to ulcers, obesity and even cancer.
Accumulation of plastics waste on land and water bodies causes pollution. They can also
block drains. Burning of plastic causes air pollution. Inhalation of toxic gases that are released
due to burning plastics causes serious health issues.
5. Thermoplastics: Thermoplastics are the plastics which melt or become soft on heating
and harden on cooling. This is a reversible process as the chains of monomers in these
plastics are held together by weak bonds which break on heating and rejoin on cooling.
This characteristic allows thermoplastics to be reshaped and recycled many times without
16
affecting their physical properties. Thermoplastics have high strength, shrink resistance and
good flexibility. They can be remoulded into different shapes. Polythene and PVC are some
examples. They are used to make bags, toys and food containers.
Thermosetting plastics: Thermosetting plastics are the plastics that can be moulded only
once. They become irreversibly rigid upon heating. They maintain their shape and size even
at a very high temperatures. The polymers in these plastics combine together on heating at
a certain temperature to form strong chemical bonds which prevents remoulding when the
heat is applied again. This makes thermosets ideal for high-heat applications. Bakelite and
melamine are some thermosetting plastics. Bakelite is an insulator and is used for making
electrical switches and handles of various utensils. Melamine is used to make kitchenware,
floor tiles and fire-resistant fabrics as it has fire-resistant and heat-resistant properties.
17
4. Metals and Non-metals
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Elements in a Substance (Page 52)
Substance Elements Present Metal/Non-metal
Water Hydrogen and oxygen Both are non-metals.
Carbon dioxide Carbon and oxygen Both are non-metals.
Sodium chloride Sodium and chlorine Sodium is a metal and chlorine is a non-
metal.
Sulphur dioxide Sulphur and oxygen Both are non-metals.
Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen and chlorine Both are non-metals.
Potassium chloride Potassium and chlorine Potassium is metal and chlorine is a

non-metal.
Graphite conducts electricity as it has free electrons which allows the follow of electric current.
Metals vs Non-metals: Physical Properties (Page 55)
Characteristics Metals Non-metals
Physical state Generally, solid at room 1. Solid: Carbon, sulphurs, iodine
temperature. 2. Liquid: Bromine
Exception: Mercury is a 3. Gas: Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
liquids.
Lustre Generally, metals are Generally, non-metals do not have
lustrous. lustre.
Exception: Sodium Exceptions: Iodine and carbon
Hardness Almost all metals are hard. They are not hard.
Exceptions: Sodium and Exceptions: Carbon in diamond form
potassium
Malleability and Generally, they are both They are non-malleable and non-
ductility malleable and ductile. ductile.
Exceptions: Zinc, zrsenic, Exception: Carbon fibres are ductile.
mercury and antimony are
non-malleable.
Mercury and zinc are
non-ductile.
18
Thermal conductivity Generally, metals have Non-metals do not conduct heat.
thermal conductivity. Exception: Carbon in graphite form
Exception: Lead
Electrical conductivity Metals conduct electricity. Non-metals do not conduct electricity.
Exception: Bismuth Exception: Carbon in graphite form
Melting and boiling Metals have high melting Non-metals have low melting and
points and boiling points. boiling points.
Exception: Gallium Exception: Carbon in diamond form
1. Malleability is the property of a material to be beaten into thin sheets.
2. The term 'brittle' means that non-metals can break easily.
3. Silver is the best conductor of electricity.
4. The body of cooking utensils is made of metal because metals are good conductors of heat.
5. The bulb doesn't glow in case of coal because it is a non-metal and a poor conductor of electricity.
Iron is coated with zinc, even though zinc is more reactive than iron because zinc prevents iron from
rusting. Zinc forms a layer of zinc oxide while reacting with oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere.
1. It is used to make jewellery.
2. It is used to make dry cells and in galvanising iron.
3. It is used needed for respiration and combustion.
4. It is used in the manufacture of iodised salt and tincture of iodine (antiseptic).
5. It is used to make utensils, alloys, picture frames, aircraft parts and to make aluminium foil which
is used in packing food.
6. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals like sulphuric acid and manufacture of explosives,
matches and glass.
Apply Your Learning

A. Reactivity of Metals (Page 63)
1. Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium are the most reactive metals.
2. Gold and platinum are the least reactive metals.
3. Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
4. Aluminium and magnesium can replace zinc from its salt solution.
2Al + 3ZnSO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3Zn
Mg + ZnSO4→ MgSO4 + Zn
5. Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen
gas.
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
19
6. Silver metal reacts with hydrogen sulphide gas in the air and forms a black layer of silver
sulphide (Ag2S) on its surface. It may react with oxygen later on continuous exposure to
moisture, sweat and pollution). Therefore, silver jewellery or ornaments tarnish due to the
formation of a coating of silver sulphide on their surfaces.
B. Metalloids (Page 63)
1. The substances that possess characteristics of both metals and non-metals are called
metalloids.
2. Metalloids are also called semimetals.
3. The following are the general properties of metalloids.
• They are brittle.
• They usually have intermediate to strong electrical conductivities.
• They form amphoteric or weakly acidic oxides.
• They have the ability to form metallic alloys.
4. Eight metalloids have been discovered.
5. The uses of silicon are as follows.
• Being a semiconductor, silicon is used for making transistors.
• It is used in solar cells.
1. Silver reacts with hydrogen sulphide gas in the air to form a black layer of silver sulphide on
its surface and gets tarnished.
2. The black coating can be removed by rubbing the jewellery with a small amount of toothpaste,
leaving it for 5 minutes and then rinsing it off with water. The tarnish can also be removed
chemically by its reaction with aluminium. As aluminium is more reactive than silver, it reacts
with tarnish, i.e. silver sulphide (Ag2S) to convert it back to silver. The reaction is as follows.
3 Ag2S(s) + 2 Al(s) → 6 Ag(s) + Al2S3(s)
3. Mix a teaspoon of salt and teaspoon of baking soda in a bowl of hot water. Soak the gold
jewellery in this solution for 10 minutes. Rinse it with water and clean it with a cloth. This
method will clean the gold jewellery and make it look new.
4. Aqua regia is used to clean gold jewellery. It is a 1 : 3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric
acid.
5. Besides gold and silver, platinum (metal) and diamond made of carbon which is a non-metal
along with other gemstones are used to make jewellery.
1. The bells in temples are not made of wood because wood is non-sonorous.
2. Glass utensils are preferred to serve hot liquids rather than a metal one because metals are
good conductors of heat.
3. Special care needs to be taken while working with sodium and potassium in the laboratory
because they are highly reactive.
4. The following is the arrangement of given metals in increasing order of their reactivities.
D < A < B < C
5. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, yet it is not used for making electrical wires because
it is a noble metal and is very expensive.
20
1. Bauxite is found in Jharkhand, Odisha and Gujarat.
2. Major copper ore deposits are found in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand.
3. Three important gold fields in India are Kolar Goldfield in Kolar district of Karnataka, Hatti
Goldfield in Raichur district of Karnataka and Ramagiri Goldfield in Anantapur district of
Andhra Pradesh.
4. In India, diamond deposits are found in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
Reactions of Metals
Reaction with Reaction with Reaction with Reaction with

oxygen water acid base
Metal oxide Oxides/Hydroxides + H2 Salt + H2 Salt + H2
Example: Example:
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O 2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2
Example: Example:
2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

Students will do it on their own. They can take help from the Internet to find out the uses of five
metals and non-metals.
1. Oxygen
2. Sulphur
3. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen are the top four elements present in the human
body.
4. Nitrogen is found in the body in amino acids and nucleotides.
5. Magnesium is found in the bones and muscles of the human body.
6. Sodium is required by the human body in small amounts to conduct nerve impulses and to
maintain the proper balance of water and minerals in the body.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)
21
B. 1. False (Mercury and gallium are liquid metals.)
2. True
3. False (Non-metals cannot be used to make wires.)
4. False (Most metals react with water to release hydrogen gas.)
5. True
C. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (b)
D. 1. Mercury 2. Diamond 3. Sodium 4. Gallium 5. Graphite
E. 1. Chlorine 2. Iron 3. Aluminium
4. Phosphorus 5. Sulphur
A. 1. Metals are the elements that are generally hard, lustrous, ductile, malleable, sonorous and
good conductors of heat and electricity. They have high melting and boiling points.
2. The property of a material by which it can be flattened into thin sheets by beating or rolling
is called malleability.
3. The property of a material in which it produces a ringing sound on being struck or hit is
called sonority.
4. The reactivity series of metals is the arrangement of metals in decreasing order of their
reactivities.
5. The reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt
solution is called a displacement reaction.
B. 1. Metals like copper and aluminium are used for making wires because they are affordable and
are good conductors of electricity.
2. Handles of utensils are not made of metals because metals are good conductors of heat.
3. The reaction of magnesium and oxygen is as follows.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO (Magnesium oxide)
4. Noble metals (silver, gold and platinum) are those metals which do not react even with steam.
5. Phosphorus is a highly reactive non-metal which catches fire in air and is therefore stored
under water.
1. Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity. Lead and bismuth are a few
exceptions. On the other hand, non-metals do not conduct heat and electricity, with graphite
being an exception.
2. The reaction between a metal and its environment is called corrosion. Let's take on example of
copper. When a copper vessel is exposed to moist air for a long time, a dull green coating appears
on its surface. This is due to the formation of a mixture of copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] and copper
carbonate (CuCO3) which is green in colour.
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 → Cu(OH)2 + CuCO3
3. Metals react with oxygen present in air to form metal oxides. These metal oxides turn red litmus
to blue, i.e. they are basic in nature. Metals like sodium and potassium react vigorously with
oxygen even at room temperature to form their oxides.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
22
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. They turn blue litmus to red, i.e. they are
acidic in nature. For instance, sulphur reacts with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide.
S + O2 → SO2
4. Metals react with water to form oxides or hydroxides along with the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Sodium and potassium react vigorously with cold water, followed by magnesium, aluminium,
zinc and iron.
2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂
2K + 2H₂O → 2KOH + H₂
Zinc reacts with steam, whereas iron reacts with steam only upon being heated. Metals like silver,
gold and platinum do not react even with steam, and are called noble metals. On the other hand,
no reaction occurs between non-metals and water.
5. The word reactions are given below.
(a) Copper + Iron sulphate → No reaction
(b) Iron + Copper sulphate → Iron sulphate + Copper
(c) Aluminium + Zinc sulphate → Aluminium sulphate + Zinc
(d) Calcium + Sodium sulphate → No reaction
23
5. Coal and Petroleum
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Natural and Man-made Materials (Page 68)
(Hint: Students can give examples like table (man-made), plants (natural) and coal (natural)).
Products of Destructive Distillation of Coal (Page 71)
Product Characteristics Uses
It is used as smokeless fuel in ironing
Coke Solid residue, tough, porous and black
and in the extraction of metals.
It is used in the manufacture of
Coal tar Thick black liquid with unpleasant smell
pesticides, perfumes and synthetic dyes.
Mixture of gases (hydrogen, methane, It is used as a fuel in industries and as a
Coal gas
carbon monoxide and other gases) source of heat.
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
Petroleum and natural gas are found above the layer of water as they are lighter than water and hence
floats over it.
1. Petroleum is found beneath the layers of rocks, deep inside the earth's crust.
2. The process of separating the constituents of petroleum is known as refining. It is done by
fractional distillation in a petroleum refinery.
3. The basis of fractional distillation of petroleum is that each constituent boils at a different
temperature in a fractionating column. The process continues till the crude oil is separated into
five or six fractions (constituents).
4. The names of petroleum refineries located in India are Kochi Refinery, Mangalore Refinery,
Paradip Refinery and Panipat Refinery. (Students can write names of other refineries also.)
1. Natural gas 2. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
3. Wind energy and solar energy 4. Oil rig
Apply Your Learning

A. Petroleum (Page 76)
1. Petroleum is extracted from the earth's crust by drilling holes where the presence of oil has
been predicted. Drilling rigs are used to drill oil wells.
24
2. Petroleum is referred to as crude oil because it is a mixture of different hydrocarbons which
can be obtained only after processing of petroleum.
3. Oil rig is a structure that has a special equipment attached to it for the purpose of drilling and
removing oil from the ground. This structure is placed above an oil well on land or in the sea.
4. Constituents of petroleum and their uses are given in the following table.
Name of Fraction Uses
Petroleum gas Domestic fuel—Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Petrol Fuel in automobiles, solvent in dry cleaning
Kerosene Domestic fuel
Diesel Fuel for heavy motor vehicles, water pumps and generators
Lubricating oil Lubricant in machines
Paraffin wax Candles, shoe polish, vaseline
Bitumen Paints, metalling the roads
5. In petroleum refineries, crude oil is converted into petroleum products which are to be
used as fuel for cooking, production of electricity and as feedstock for the manufacture of
chemicals. Crude oil is separated into its different components and is then modified into new
products.
B. A Green World (Page 76)
1. The cycle signifies the use of alternate modes of transportation to reduce pollution. It is
a better mode of transport than car or scooter because they use exhaustible resources of
energy whose combustion results in pollution.
2. CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) are favoured over incandescent lights because they use
less energy and do not waste energy in the form of heat.
3. Solar panel is a combination of various solar cells. These solar cells are made up of
semiconductors like silicon.
4. Currently, India has the fourth highest wind installed capacity in the world with total installed
capacity of 41.93 GW (as of 31 December 2022).
5. Geothermal, hydropower and wind energy are some alternate sources of energy.
1. Fossil fuels are made up of hydrocarbons. When these fuels are burned, gases like carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are released which cause pollution.
2. There are many adverse effects of pollution on humans, animals and plants. It causes diseases
like asthma, lung cancer, and skin cancer in humans. Pollution causes various respiratory and
skin-related diseases, and even death of animals living on land and in water. It causes stunted
growth, premature leaf drop, delayed maturity and decreased yield in plants.
3. We have observed the changes in the seasons' cycle around the world. The summer season
has turned longer with temperatures higher than 40°C while winters being short.
25
4. Solar energy, wind energy and hydropower are a few ecofriendly sources of energy that are
gaining popularity.
5. We can make the planet green by taking the following steps.
• Plant more trees.
• Use exhaustible sources of energy judiciously.
• Practise proper segregation of wastes.
• Use environment-friendly sources of energy.
• Follow 4R principle, i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and refuse.
1. Fossil fuels cannot be made in the laboratory as fossil fuels take millions of years to form
gradually from decaying organic material. Also, high pressure and high temperature
are required to form fossil fuels. This temperature and pressure cannot be produced in a
laboratory.
2. CNG is a green alternative to fossil fuels. On combustion of CNG, no harmful gases are
released. Hence, it has helped in reducing pollution in Delhi.
3. It is advised to drive vehicles at a constant speed to conserve fuel.
Students can mark the following countries on the outline map of the world: USA, Russia, Australia,
China, India, Indonesia, Germany, Ukraine, Poland and Kazakhstan.
1. At present, United States of America has the largest coal reserves.
2. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Bihar, Telangana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are the Indian
states which have coal reserves.
3. Indonesia is the largest exporter of coal.
4. China is the largest importer of coal.
Types of Coal
Formed when very low grade metamorphism takes place in

Anthracite (95% carbon) bituminous coal
Bituminous (70–85% carbon) Formed by accumulation of buried dead plant material
Formed by partial decomposition of plants due to increased

Lignite (60–70% carbon) temperature and pressure under anaerobic conditions
Formed by incomplete decomposition of dead remains of

Peat (50–60% carbon)
plants in waterlogged areas

26
1. Coal is the widely used source of energy.
2. The percentage consumption of fossil fuels is 77 per cent.
3. Biomass is the fuel formed from organic wastes like plant waste, animal waste, forest waste
and municipal wastes. In biological terms, the word biomass refers to the organic plant
matter, which is converted into fuel and used as an energy source.
The percentage consumption of biomass is 20 per cent.
4. The percentage consumption of natural gas is 6 per cent.
5. When river water which is stored in dams falls from a height, it moves the blades of turbine
placed at the bottom of the dam. The moving blades are connected to a generator. The
movement of blades produces electricity from this energy. This electricity is known as
hydroelectricity.
6. Other renewable sources of energy include solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectricity and
geothermal energy.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a)
4. (b) 5. (d)
B. 1. True
2. False (Fossil fuels cannot be prepared in the laboratory.)
3. False (Dead remains of marine organisms are converted to petroleum due to high temperature
and pressure inside the earth's crust)
4. True
5. False (CNG is a non-polluting fuel.)
C. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (e)
4. (b) 5. (a)
D. 1. Sunlight, water
2. Coal, petroleum
3. Wind, water
4. Coal, natural gas
5. Solar energy, wind energy
E. 1. Paraffin wax
2. LPG
3. Diesel
4. Petrol
5. Kerosene
A. 1. Natural resources which are formed from the dead remains of plants and animals (fossils) are
called fossil fuels.
27
2. The slow conversion of wood (dead and decaying) into coal over a long period of time is
called carbonisation.
3. The process of heating coal at a very high temperature (about 1000°C) in the absence of
oxygen to yield useful products like coke, coal tar and coal gas is called destructive distillation
of coal.
4. Fractional distillation involves the separation of miscible liquids in which repeated distillations
and condensations take place and the mixture is separated into its components.
5. Petroleum is a mixture of various constituents such as kerosene, diesel, petrol, paraffin wax
and petroleum gas. The process of separating these constituents of petroleum is known as
refining which is done by fractional distillation in a petroleum refinery.
B. 1. Petroleum is called black gold because many useful substances are derived from petroleum.
These substances are called petrochemicals. They are used in the manufacture of fertilisers,
pesticides, detergents, synthetic fibres and polythene. The economy of a country depends
on its petroleum reserves.
2. The products of destructive distillation of coal are coke, coal gas and coal tar.
3. When we move from bottom to top in a fractionating column, the temperature goes on
decreasing.
4. Natural gas is used in the manufacture of many types of chemicals and fertilisers. It
decomposes into carbon and hydrogen upon heating. Hydrogen can then be used in the
production of ammonia.
5. Judicious use of fossil fuels is necessary to prevent energy crisis in the future. They take
millions of years to form. Therefore, we must use these available resources only when it is
necessary. We should not overuse them.
1. Coal formation started about 300 million years ago, during the carboniferous age. The low-lying
wet areas on earth had dense forests. When the trees died, they fell down and got covered with
the layers of sand and mud. This continued for several years. The trees went deeper and deeper
into the soil. Due to low availability of oxygen, high temperature and high pressure in the deeper
layers of soil, the trees were converted to coal over time.
2. The process of heating coal at a very high temperature (about 1000°C) in the absence of oxygen
to yield useful products like coke, coal tar and coal gas is called destructive distillation of coal.
The products formed due to destructive distillation of coal are as follows.
• Coke: It is solid, tough, porous and black. It is a pure form of carbon (98%) and is used as a
smokeless fuel in ironing. It is also used in the extraction of many metals from their ore.
• Coal tar: It is a thick smelly-black liquid. It is a mixture of many carbon compounds and is used
in the manufacture of detergents, pesticides, explosives, plastic paints, perfumes, shampoos,
naphthalene balls and synthetic dyes.
• Coal gas: Coal gas is a gaseous product made of a mixture of hydrogen, methane, carbon
monoxide and other gases. It is used as a fuel and as a source of heat.
3. Petroleum or crude oil is a viscous, dark-coloured liquid. It is found beneath the layers of rock,
deep inside the earth's crust. It is a complex mixture of many carbon-containing compounds
mixed with saline water and salt. It was formed from the dead remains of marine organisms
which lived in the sea millions of years ago. Their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got
covered with sand and clay. The absence of air, high temperature and high pressure over millions
28
of years transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas. The petroleum then
seeped down until it reached the bed of non-porous rocks and remained between the layers of
rocks.
4. Following are the consequences of burning fossil fuels.
• Overuse of fossil fuels can result in energy crisis.
• Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution as they produce harmful gases, which further leads
to global warming.
• They cause acid rains.
• They cause health issues like asthma and lung cancer.
5. Following are the ways to conserve fossil fuels.
• Maintain a constant and moderate speed while driving vehicles.
• Regular maintenance of the vehicle.
• Regulate pressure in the tyres of the vehicle.
• Switch off the engine of the vehicle while waiting at the red light.
2. Conduct a survey on the amount of electricity consumed by any five families in your
neighbourhood in the past 6 months. Suggest ways in which the consumption of electricity can
be minimised.
29
6. Combustion and Flame
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Things that Catch Fire (Page 81)
Tick the boxes for these images.
Cross the boxes for these images.
Do and Learn (Page 82)

Substances Combustible/Non-combustible
Brick Non-combustible
Paper Combustible
Sand Non-combustible
Cloth piece Combustible
Iron nails Non-combustible
Camphor Combustible
Matchstick Combustible
Candle Combustible

The ignition temperature of white phosphorous is low (about 35°C). It readily catches fire in air to give
dense fumes of phosphorus pentoxide. It is therefore, kept in water.
Combustion and Its Types (Page 85)
1. Explosion
2. Spontaneous combustion
3. Incomplete combustion
30
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
In the Lab (Page 86)
material Burns with/without a flame Colour of the flame
Candle Burns with a flame Yellow
Camphor tablet Burns with a flame Yellow
Magnesium ribbon Burns with a flame White
Kerosene stove Burns with a flame Yellow
Charcoal piece Burns without a flame –

The outermost zone of the flame is used for welding purposes because it is the hottest zone.
The Candle Flame (Page 88)
Innermost zone Middle zone Outermost zone
Also known as dark zone Luminous zone of the flame Non-luminous zone
Black in colour Yellow in colour Blue in colour

Partial combustion takes place Complete combustion takes
No combustion occurs here.
here. place here.
Coldest part of the flame Moderately hot Hottest part of the flame

Gaseous fuels have higher calorific value. It is because they are highly volatile and no waste is generated
on their combustion. Thus, this results in optimum efficiency.
The ignition temperature of an ideal fuel must be greater than room temperature otherwise it will
ignite readily even when we don't want it to burn. It will also make the storing and handling of the fuel
difficult.
1. The region where combustion of the fuel occurs is called the flame.
2. Petrol and diesel are the two commonly used liquid fuels.
3. Calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg) or kilocalories per kilogram
(kcal/kg).
4. Biogas has the highest calorific value.
5. Asthma is caused due to the inhalation of unburnt carbon particles.
To extinguish the fire on clothes, roll the body of the victim with a thick blanket which cuts the supply
of oxygen, thereby extinguishing the fire.
31
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
Apply Your Learning

A. Forest Fires (Page 92)
1. Forest fires can occur when lightning strikes on trees which sets them on fire. It can also be
caused due to high atmospheric temperature and dryness.
2. Spontaneous combustion happens during a forest fire.
3. Forest fires damage the flora and fauna of the forest.
4. Forest fire can be controlled by creating clearings to stop the fire from moving further and
then using water to extinguish it by sprinkling from a higher altitude.
5. Maintaining ecological balance and not burning grasses and debris in forest are a few ways
to prevent forest fires.
B. The Steam Iron (Page 92)
1. An ironer uses charcoal iron.
2. Charcoal is used as a fuel in this type of iron.
3. The charcoal iron has a compartment to add burning charcoal. It also has small holes to
supply oxygen into the compartment. The heat generated by the burning of the charcoal is
used to iron clothes.
4. No, it does produce a flame.
5. Coal is a natural mineral that takes millions of years to form, while charcoal is a product made
from wood.
6. Electric iron is not feasible for the ironer. The continuous supply of electricity and its cost may
not be affordable to him.
C. Life Skills (Page 92 and 93)
1. We will dial 101 to contact fire department.
2. They use water and fire extinguishers to extinguish fire.
3. No, they use a special type of water pipe because they spray water at a high pressure.
4. They wear masks before entering the place on fire to avoid inhaling smoke, toxic fumes and
unburnt carbon particles.
5. They cut off electricity mains in order to prevent electric shocks while spraying water.
1. It is advised not to sleep in a closed room with burning coal fire because it results in
incomplete combustion of coal which produces carbon monoxide gas. It is a poisonous gas
and inhalation of this gas can cause suffocation and even death.
2. The colour of the flame will be blue when there is complete combustion of fuel. While the
colour of the flame will be yellow when there is incomplete/partial combustion of fuel.
3. It is because the heat is transferred from the paper to the metal pipe, which doesn't catch fire.
4. Hydrogen is not used as a fuel as it has high chances of explosion. Also, it is difficult to handle
and store hydrogen.
32
5. Different substances have different ignition temperatures and hence they do not catch fire at
the same temperature.
6. Sometimes, a layer of soot is deposited on a pan placed over a burning gas stove due to the
incomplete combustion of LPG. This soot is a layer of unburnt carbon particles.
E. Link and Learn (Mathematics) (Page 93)
1. The calorific value of the fuel is
= 10,000/5
= 2,000 kJ/kg
1
2. Amount of fuel required = × 20 , 000
50 , 000
= 0.4 kg
3. The calorific value of the fuel is
= 1,50,000/3
= 50,000 kJ/kg
4. Amount of heat produced = 1.5 × 30,000
= 45,000 kJ
Types of Combustion
Rapid Spontaneons
Explosion
Combustion Combustion
Substance catches fire Substance suddenly bursts Sudden reaction with

instantly. Huge amounts of into flames without external evolution of heat, light, sound
heat and light are produced. heating. and large amount of gas.
Example: LPG, Example: Bursting of

Kerosene Matchstick crackers

1. Hydrogen has the highest calorific value while cow dung cake has the lowest calorific value.
2. The calorific value of diesel is same as those of petrol and kerosene.
3. LPG is a better fuel than CNG based on its calorific value.
4. Biogas is a mixture of gases which is produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen. It mainly consists of carbon dioxide and methane. Biogas can be produced
from raw materials like agricultural waste, manure and plant material. It is a renewable source
of energy, also known as 'gobar gas'.
5. Coal is not a good fuel because it has low calorific value and its combustion causes pollution.
6. We use LGP at our home, and petrol, diesel and CNG for our vehicles.
33
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d)
B. 1. False (Inflammable substances have low ignition temperature.)
2. True
3. True
4. False (The outermost zone of the candle has the hottest temperature.)
5. False (Carbon dioxide is heavier than oxygen.)
C. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a)
4. (e) 5. (b)
D. 1. LPG, alcohol
2. Stone, glass
3. Coal, charcoal
4. Petrol, diesel
5. Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide
E. 1. Complete combustion
2. Spontaneous combustion
3. Incomplete combustion
4. Rapid combustion
5. Explosion
A. 1. The chemical process in which a substance burns in the presence of oxygen to produce heat
and light is known as combustion.
2. The region where combustion of the fuel occurs is the flame. It is the visible gaseous part of
a fire.
3. The minimum temperature at which a particular substance starts burning in the presence of
air is called its ignition temperature.
4. Fuels are substances such as charcoal, wood, LPG, petrol, diesel, coal and kerosene that are
burnt to produce heat and light energy.
5. The amount of heat released on complete combustion by 1 kg of a fuel is called calorific
value of the fuel.
B. 1. There are three conditions necessary for combustion which are presence of a combustible
substance, presence of oxygen and attainment of ignition temperature.
2. On lighting a candle, the wax vapourises through the wick and catches fire. In this way, a
candle produces flame.
3. Combustion of fuels produces carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas. It is responsible for
global warming which causes melting of glaciers and polar ice caps. This results in the rise of
sea level causing calamities in coastal areas.
34
4. Water extinguishes fire by cooling the burning substance so that its temperature falls below
its ignition temperature.
5. Sand can be used to extinguish fire.
1. There are three types of combustion—rapid combustion, spontaneous combustion and
explosion.
• Rapid combustion: When a substance catches fire instantly and releases a huge amount of
heat and light during the reaction, the combustion is said to be rapid combustion. Some
cases where rapid combustion occurs include burning of LPG, kerosene and diesel.
• Spontaneous combustion: When a substance suddenly bursts into flames without any
external heating or external source, it is called spontaneous combustion. For instance, the
ignition temperature of white phosphorus is 35°C which is around room temperature. Thus,
it burns in air spontaneously.
• Explosion: A sudden reaction which takes place with the evolution of heat, light and sound
along with the liberation of a large amount of gas is called an explosion. Bursting of crackers
is an example of explosion.
2. Characteristics of an ideal fuel are as follows.
• It should be easily available and cheap.
• It should have a moderate rate of combustion (neither too fast nor too slow).
• It should have a high calorific value, i.e. it should produce a large amount of heat.
• It should be safe to handle, store and transport.
• It should not produce any poisonous gas or soot during combustion.
• It should have low ignition temperature (greater than room temperature).
3. Carbon dioxide is the best extinguisher for fire caused by burning of inflammable liquids like
petrol or oil and also electrical fires. CO2 is heavier than oxygen, therefore it covers the combustible
substance like a blanket. This cuts off the oxygen supply which extinguishes the fire. Also, CO2
gas does not harm most of the electrical equipments.
4. Water cannot be used as an extinguisher in the following cases.
• When fire is due to burning of oil and petroleum, water should not be used. This is because
the water sinks below the oil as it is denser than oil and the oil keeps burning on the top.
• When there is an electrical fire, water should not be used. This is because water is a good
conductor of electricity and can cause electrocution.
5. Soda fire extinguishers are used these days. They contain sodium hydrogen carbonate and
sulphuric acid in two separate compartments. When this fire extinguisher is used, the two come
in contact and produce carbon dioxide which extinguishes fire.
35
7. Conservation of Biodiversity
Answer Key
In-text Questions
In My Hometown (Page 97)
Endemic species are more prone to extinction because they can only survive in a particular type of
habitat. Their survival completely depends on the survival of their habitat.

Trees are planted on roads to curb noise pollution as trees absorb the noise of horns and traffic.
Consequences of Deforestation (Page 101)
1. Soil erosion occurs due to deforestation as the roots of the trees bind and hold the soil together.
2. Deforestation leads to reduced rainfall as trees are important for transpiration, which is an
important part of the water cycle. Furthermore, deforestation causes global warming which also
affects rainfall.
3. Trees absorb carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere and give out oxygen. This creates a
balance between the two gases in the atmosphere. Deforestation disturbs this balance and
increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which leads to global warming.
1. naturally occurring plants
2. Dinosaurs and Dodo bird
3. Red Data Book
4. Forest fire, drought
5. desertification
Project Tiger (Page 102)
Tiger Reserve State
Ranthambore Tiger Reserve Rajasthan
Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve Uttarakhand
Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh
36
Melghat Tiger Reserve Maharashtra
Periyar Tiger Reserve Kerala

Birds migrate for better supply of food and to lay eggs, and rear their young ones.
Migratory Birds (Page 103)
1. Siberian Crane migrates from Siberia.
2. Siberian cranes are cold-blooded animals. They are unable to survive in the extreme winter
season of Siberia, and hence they migrate to India in winter.
3. During the months of November, December, January, February and March, this bird migrates to
India.
4. They can be found in Bharatpur, Rajasthan.
5. Yes, they are endangered birds. This is because they are threatened by degradation of habitat
due to economic development.
1. Jim Corbett National Park and Kaziranga National Park
2. Project Tiger was launched in 1973.
3. Siberian crane and greater flamingo
4. Natural reforestation is the regrowth of plant cover on its own in a barren or deforested area that
is left undisturbed for a long time.
Apply Your Learning

A. Urbanisation or Destruction (Page 105)
1. Urbanisation is the process in which a large number of people shift to small areas, and form
cities.
2. Urbanisation leads to decrease in forest cover to fulfil the housing demands of the increased
population.
3. Due to the removal/clearing of forests, animals lose their habitat and become vulnerable.
This also increases the chances of these animals to wander in villages and cities in search of
food and shelter.
4. Deforestation of natural forests leads to the deterioration of water quality. It has a negative
impact on aquatic animals due to sudden changes in their habitat.
5. Urbanisation leads to deforestation, loss of habitat and pollution of the environment which
leads to loss of biodiversity.
B. Save Paper (Page 105)
1. Paper wastage is related to deforestation as wood pulp is used as the raw material for the
manufacture of paper.
2. Following are the steps involved in recycling of paper.
37
• Papers are collected and combined together. They are transported to various recycling
centres.
• Different types of paper are sorted on the basis of different grades of paper material.
• The paper is shredded into small bits. Water and some chemicals are added to it to form
pulp.
• Screening of pulp is done by passing it through various screens to remove unwanted
materials like staples and paper clips.
• The pulp is added to a floatation tank where chemicals like whitening agents are added
to remove inks and enhance whiteness of the product.
• The pulp is then passed over rollers to squeeze out water and form sheets.
• The sheets are passed through steam rollers to form rolls of flattened paper.
3. Old papers can be used in the following ways.
• It can be used as a stuffing in bags or decorative items.
• It can be used to clean windows.
• It can be used to pack things.
4. We can save paper in the following ways.
• Littering of paper should be avoided.
• We should write on both sides of a paper.
• We should promote the use of recycled paper.
1. Animals enter a city or a village due to loss of their habitat as a result of deforestation.
2. Leopards, tigers and elephants are a few animals that are often seen in such instances.
3. Animals attack humans are they mistook them as their prey or consider them as predator.
4. Such instances can be reduced by taking steps to rebuild their natural habitat, i.e. forests.
This can be done by encouraging reforestation and afforestation.
1. Trees and forests are home to many different species of plants and animals. Destruction of
plant cover leads to the loss of their natural habitats which further results in a loss of wildlife.
2. Wildlife sanctuary is better for animals than zoo because in a zoo, animals live in an artificial
environment that imitates their natural habitats and are given food at fixed intervals. In a
sanctuary, animals live in their natural habitat and obtain food on their own.
3. Deforestation leads to an increase in the temperature and the pollution levels on the earth.
As a result, the water cycle is disturbed and there is a significant reduction in rainfall which
causes drought in some areas. The loss of trees decreases the water holding capacity of soil
particles. Therefore, deforestation leads to soil erosion which further results in floods.
4. Ecotourism is the responsible travel to areas that promote conservation of environment,
maintains the well-being of the people living there, and involves interpretation and education.
Students can mark the states of Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka and
Kerala on the outline map of India.
38
1. Madhya Pradesh has the highest tiger population in India.
2. Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh
3. Nagpur is also called the 'Tiger Capital of India'. This is because many tiger reserves are located
in Nagpur and the first regional office of National Tiger Conservation Authority is also set up
here.
4. Jim Corbett National Park was the first Tiger Reserve in India.
Deforestation
Natural Causes Man-made Causes Consequences
1. Forest fire 1. Demand of housing 1. Global warming

2. Drought 2. Required as fuel 2. Droughts
3. Volcanic eruption 3. Used for making paper 3. Floods
4. Lightning 4. Overgrazing of cattles 4. Soil erosion
5. Need for agricultural land 5. Decrease in the level of
groundwater
6. Loss of natural habitat

1. 2012
2. Decreasing
3. Amazon rainforest is called the 'lungs' of our planet because they are responsible for the
production of about 20% of the earth's oxygen. They remove a large amount of carbon
dioxide from the air and give out oxygen.
4. The probable causes of reduction in area under forest cover are increased levels of urbanisation
and deforestation.
5. Yes, forest fires are a cause of concern. These impact the climate of the earth by releasing
excess carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with the fires emissions. This further affects the
biodiversity of the Amazon, and poses a threat to the indigenous tribes that live in the forest.
Exercises
Stop and Reflect (Page 108 and 109)
A. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)
B. 1. True
2. False (Poaching is illegal in protected areas.)
3. False (Endemic species are found only in particular regions of the world.)
39
4. False (Red Data Book has a list of endangered species.)
5. True
C. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (b)
D. 1. Neem, sandalwood
2. Tiger, leopard
3. Indian rhinoceros, Asiatic lions
4. Dodo, dinosaur
5. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Sunderbans
E. 1. White-throated kingfisher, Black stork 2. Royal Bengal Tiger, Swamp deer
3. Asiatic lions, Sambar 4. Striped hyena, Sloth bear
5. Elephant, India antelope
A. 1. The variety of life forms on earth is called biodiversity. It includes all the species of plants,
animals and microorganisms.
2. The cutting down of trees and clearing of forests which is later utilised for commercial
purposes is known as deforestation.
3. Planting trees in areas where forests have been destroyed is called reforestation.
4. The interdependence of living and non-living components of an area forms an ecosystem.
5. The naturally occurring plants found in a region are called the flora of the region whereas the
animals found in that region are called its fauna.
B. 1. The part of the earth that is inhabited by life forms including plants, animals and
microorganisms is the biosphere. All life forms interact with each other and with their non-
living natural surroundings which include air, water and soil. This interdependence of living
and non-living components of an area forms a natural ecosystem. For example, desert and
rainforest.
2. Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India in 1973 to protect the tigers in our
country as their population was slowly decreasing.
3. A book which gives a record of all the endangered species of plants and animals that is
published by the World Conservation Union (WCU) is the Red Data Book.
4. Following are the three types of protected areas that help in the protection of flora and fauna.
• National park
• Wildlife sanctuary
• Biosphere reserve
5. Wood pulp is the main raw material used in the manufacturing of paper. Therefore, we should
save paper to prevent deforestation which negatively impacts the environment.
1. Deforestation is the major cause for loss of biodiversity because trees and forests are home to
many different species of plants and animals. Destruction of plant cover leads to the loss of their
natural habitats which further results in loss of wildlife.
40
2. Roots of trees bind the soil particles together and prevent soil erosion. Cutting down of trees
leads to the erosion of topsoil which reduces the fertility of the soil as the lower layers contain less
humus. The increased soil erosion can convert a fertile land into a desert leading to desertification.
3. Under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Government of India has created areas to protect
the flora and fauna, and their habitats. The protected areas include national parks, wildlife
sanctuaries and biosphere reserves. Hunting of wild animals, encroachment and/or destruction
of habitat, construction of tourist lodges and other such activities are prohibited in protected
areas.
4. Many species move from one region to another during different times of the year to escape harsh
weather conditions and due to less availability of food and water. This process is called migration.
Many species cover long distances to reach different destinations in search of warmth, food and
safe place to breed, or reproduce at different times of the year. Greater flamingo is an example of
a migratory bird that migrates to India from the northern regions of Asia during winters.
5. Following are the steps that can be taken to reduce deforestation.
• Afforestation
• Prevent illegal cutting down of trees
• Encourage reuse and recycle of products
41
8. The Cell
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Living and Non-living Things (Page 110)
S. No. Stones Tree
1. No movement Shows movement in some parts
2. Do not reproduce Reproduction takes place
3. Do not grow Shows growth
Require sunlight, water and minerals to
4. Do not require anything for survival
survive
5. Do not show respiration Shows respiration
Tree is made up of cells, because it is a living thing and cell is the smallest unit of a living being.
RBCs are disc-shaped as this shape increases the surface area for the diffusion of gases. Also, this shape
allows the cells to flow smoothly through the narrowest blood vessels.
Blood Cells (Page 113)
S. No. White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells
They are colourless due to lack of They are red in colour due to presence of
1.
haemoglobin. haemoglobin.
2. They fight off infections. They supply oxygen throughout the body.
3. They are amoeboid in shape. They are disc–shaped.

1. cork 2. Cell 3. Yeast and amoeba
4. tissue 5. Nerve
Plant cells need an additional layer of cell wall as it protects against variations in moisture, wind and
temperature.
1. Ribosome 2. Mitochondria 3. Lysosome 4. Chloroplast 5. Vacuole
1. Nucleus controls the functioning of all other parts.
2. Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
42
3. Eukaryotic cells are the cells that have a well-defined nucleus and a nuclear membrane.
4. Bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotes.
5. Animal cell is an example of eukaryotic cell because it has a well-defined nucleus and nuclear
membrane.
Apply Your Learning

A. Amoeba—A Unicellular Organism (Page 119)
1. Amoeba is a unicellular organism because all the important functions like nutrition,
respiration, growth, movement and reproduction are performed by the single cell.
2. It does not have a definite shape.
3. When viewed under a microscope, amoeba appears like a transparent jelly which moves very
slowly by changing its shape.
4. It is a temporary arm-like projection of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell that is developed in
the direction of movement. It helps in locomotion and in the uptake of food particles.
B. The Plant Cell (Page 119)
(Students have to circle amyloplast, chloroplast and cell wall).
Cell wall
Amyloplast Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplast Mitochondria
(plastids)
Vacuole
Golgi apparatus
1. Cell wall is the additional protective layer of the plant cell.

2. It provides protection against variation of temperature, moisture and wind.
3. Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
4. Following are the three major differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
• Plant cell possesses a cell wall whereas animal cell does not have a cell wall.
• Plant cells have plastids whereas animal cells do not have plastids.
• Plant cells have a large central vacuole whereas in animal cells, vacuoles are small in size.
1. Chromosomes
2. genes
3. They are present in chromosomes, which are present inside the nucleus.
4. Students will do it on their own. (They can list eye colour, hair colour and texture, and skin
tone.)
43
1. Life of a human being begins from a single cell called zygote. Zygote divides and forms the
embryo. The cells in an embryo carry out specific functions and group together to form
tissues. Tissues combine to form organs, which further combine to form an organ system.
2. Mitochondria are the power houses of the cells. Muscle cells require a high amount of energy
for movement. So, there are more mitochondria in the muscle cells than in skin cells.
3. We can differentiate between an animal cell and a plant cell on a slide with the help of the
following table.
Structure Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall Present Absent
Plastids Present Absent
Vacuole A large central vacuole present Absent, smaller in size if present
4. If the plasma membrane of a cell is destroyed, the cell ruptures, loses its shape and dies.
5. Different cells have different shapes as they perform different functions. Each cell type has
different functions to perform and their shapes allow them to carry out these functions
properly.
1. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek; 1674 3. Rudolf Virchow; 1858
2. Robert Brown; 1831 4. Rudolf Albert von Kolliker; 1857
Parts of a Cell
Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
Thin outer covering

of the cell, which Jelly-like fluid
allows movement of present between Control centre of the
substances in and out cell membrane and cell
of the cell. nucleus
Components: Components:
Mitochondria, ribosomes, Nuclear membrane,
endoplasmic reticulum, nucleoplasm, nucleolus
vacuole and golgi and chromosomes
apparatus

44
1. X; it has cell wall, plastids and nuclear membrane.
2. Y; animal cells do not have cell wall and plastids.
3. The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. It is porous and thus
allows the movement of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
4. Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined nucleus.
5. Cell Y may or may not contain vacuole as it is an animal cell.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)
B. 1. False (A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.)
2. True
3. False (Chloroplasts are only present in a plant cell.)
4. False (A bacterial cell does not have well-defined membrane-bound organelles.)
5. False (The plant cell has a large central vacuole.)
C. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (b)
D. 1. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll which is necessary for photosynthesis.
2. Nucleus controls all the functions of the cell.
3. Lysosome is the cell's suicide bag which helps in digesting excess or worn out organelles,
engulfed bacteria and other germs.
4. Mitochondria provides energy to the cell.
5. Vacuole stores excess water, useful materials, pigments and waste products.
E. 1. Nerve cell 2. Red blood cells
3. Protoplasm 4. Nucleolus
5. Chromoplasts
A. 1. The organisms that are made of a single cell are called unicellular organisms.
2. The organisms that are made of more than one cell are called multicellular organisms.
3. The cells that do not contain a well-defined nucleus or nuclear membrane are called
prokaryotic cells.
4. The cells that have a well-defined nucleus and a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotic
cells.
5. The small spherical structure generally present in the centre of the cell is the nucleus. It is an
important component of the cell and is known as the control centre of the cell.
B. 1. Amoeba changes its shape as it forms pseudopodia, which helps it to move and catch food.
2. Cell membrane is said to be porous because it allows the movement of some substances
both in and out of the cell.
45
3. Plant cells have an additional layer or covering around the cell membrane called the cell wall.
The cell wall provides protection against variations in temperature, moisture and wind.
4. The nucleus controls all of the cell organelles, like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes and cytoplasm. If the nucleus was removed, all the functions of the cell organelles
would be affected and the cell would die.
5. Mitochondria are cell organelles which release energy from the food i.e. they provide energy
to the cell. Hence, they are called powerhouse of the cell.
1. Cells were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke, an English physicist. He observed a thin slice
of cork under a microscope. He saw that cork was made of tiny compartments that appeared like
a honeycomb. Each compartment was well separated by the other with a wall. He named these
compartments as cells.
2. The functions performed by nucleus are as follows.
• The chromosomes in nucleus transfer hereditary characters from parents to their children.
• It controls cell division.
• It controls all the activities that take place inside a cell.
3. Golgi body is responsible for sorting and packaging of materials before their secretion.
Lysosomes, which are present in animal cells, are the cell's suicide bags that help in digesting
excess or worn out organelles, engulfed bacteria and other germs.
4. There are three types of plastids found in a plant cell. They are as follows.
• Chloroplasts or green plastids contain chlorophyll which is necessary for photosynthesis.
• Chromoplasts are coloured plastids that provide colour to fruits and flowers.
• Leucoplasts are colourless plastids that store food in roots.
5. The cells that do not contain a well-defined nucleus or nuclear membrane are called prokaryotic
cells. Such organisms are called prokaryotes. Bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotes.
The cells that have a well-defined nucleus and a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotic cells
and the organisms are called eukaryotes. Most plants and animals are eukaryotes.
46
9. Reproduction in Animals
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Name Their Young Ones (Page 124)
S. No. Animal Young One Lay eggs/Give birth directly
1. Hen Chick Lay eggs
2. Frog Tadpole Lay eggs
3. Tiger Cub Give birth
4. Lion Cub Give birth
5. Kangaroo Joey Give birth
6. Fish Fry Lay eggs
Young ones resemble their parents because of the hereditary material (DNA) which is transferred from
parent to offsprings during reproduction.
1. Sexual and asexual reproduction are the two modes of reproduction in living organisms.
2. A starfish reproduces by asexual reproduction.
3. Amoeba reproduces by binary fission (asexual reproduction).
4. Hydra reproduces by budding.
Mitochondria are located in the centre of a sperm. It is necessary to supply the sperm with the energy
to move.
Picture Study (Page 128)
1. Fertilisation
2. The process of fusion of the sperm and the egg in the oviduct to form the zygote is called
fertilisation.
3. Oviduct
4. Zygote
5. No, because in asexual reproduction, a single parent produces a new individual.
1. sperms 2. ovaries 3. oviduct 4. foetus 5. Viviparous
1. The drastic changes that occur in an organism as it develops from a young one into an adult is
called metamorphosis.
47
2. Frog, silkworm
3. Tadpole
4. Caterpillar
Apply Your Learning

A. Reproduction in Amoeba (Page 132)
1. Asexual
2. Binary fission
3. Yes, it is necessary. The process 'A' shows division of nucleus. It is important because each
new cell requires a nucleus to grow and function properly.
4. Daughter amoeba
5. 8 new cells will be formed if four parent amoeba undergo reproduction simultaneously.
B. Development of a Baby (Page 132)
1. A: Zygote
B: Embryo
C: Foetus
D: Baby
2. A zygote develops into an embryo in 8 weeks.
3. Gestation period is the time period for the development of a fully-grown baby.
4. The development of the baby takes place inside the uterus of the mother.
1. The given animals reproduce sexually.
2. In goats, horses and cows, fertilisation takes place in the female.
3. Birds are oviparous animals.
4. Gestation period of the given animals are as follows.
• Birds: 10-32 days
• Goat: 150 days
• Horse: 320-362 days
• Cow: 283 days
5. No, the young ones of these animals look like their parents.
6. We can take care of these animals by providing them food, shelter, water and safety from
predators.
1. It happens when the female body releases multiple eggs and more than one egg is fertilised.
2. No, we cannot call this process metamorphosis because the young ones of the human have
the same body parts and structure as the adult.
3. A baby gets nutrition inside the mother's body through placenta, which is a special disc-like
organ that is formed in the fourth week of pregnancy.
48
4. A cow gives birth to one calf because only one egg is fertilised at a time. On the other hand,
female dogs produce multiple eggs at a time and these get fertilised. Due to this reason, they
give birth to many puppies.
5. The testes are located outside the body because a lower temperature is required for sperm
production to take place. Testes, which is located outside the body, provides a slighly lower
temperature than the body temperature for sperm production.
1. Hans Driesch; 1885; sea urchin
2. John Bertrand Gurdon; 1962
3. 1997; John Ely; Richard Stouffer; Don Wolf
Sexual Male gamete: Fertilisation
reproduction in sperm Female occurs internally
humans gamete: ovum (at oviduct).
Zygote develops
Foetus is formed
into embryo (in Zygote is formed.
within 8 weeks.
uterus).
Foetus develops
into a baby after
36 weeks.

1. The time period in which the zygote divides to form a fully-grown baby is known as gestation
period.
2. elephant; 634
3. hamster; 15 to 17
4. The length of the gestation period varies in different animals. Large animals tend to have
longer gestation periods as the size of the offspring is also large. Also, more developed
infants will require a longer gestation period.
5. No, they are all viviparous animals.
Exercises
A. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
B. 1. True
2. False (The testes produce sperms/The ovaries produce ova or eggs.)
49
3. False (Fertilisation of the egg and the sperm occurs in the oviduct.)
4. True
5. True
C. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (c)
D. 1. Testes produce the male gametes i.e. sperms.
2. The sperms leave the testes through sperm ducts.
3. The testes are situated in a sac called scrotum which lies outside the abdominal cavity.
4. Penis injects semen and also allows the excretion of urine.
E. 1. Amoeba, yeast
2. Dogs, cats
3. Frog, lizard
4. Cow, goat
5. Fish, frog
A. 1. The life process by which living beings produce young ones of their own kind is called
reproduction.
2. Gamete is a reproductive cell produced by sexually reproducing organisms.
3. Zygote is a new cell formed by the fusion of male and female gametes.
4. Foetus is the stage of the embryo after 8 weeks at which all the major organs like hands, legs,
head, eyes and ears are formed.
5. The drastic changes that occur in an organism as it develops from a young one into an adult
is called metamorphosis.
B. 1. The ovaries produce the female gametes, i.e.
eggs or the ova.
2. The process of fusion of sperm and egg in the
early tadpole
oviduct to form zygote is called fertilisation.
eggs
3. The zygote formed after fertilisation moves
through the oviduct to reach the uterus. As it
moves, it divides repeatedly by the process of late tadpole
cell division and forms a ball of cells that gets
embedded on the wall of the uterus for further
development. This developing structure is
frog
called an embryo.
4. Animals that lay eggs are called oviparous Life cycle of a frog
animals. Birds and frogs are oriparous animals.
5. The young one of the frog is known as tadpole.
1. Hydra reproduces by the process of budding. In this
process, an outgrowth or a bud on the parent body
grows and separates to form a new individual. First, a
bud
bulb-like projection is formed on the body of the parent
50
called a bud. The bud grows in size and finally detaches itself from the parent body and grows
into a new adult.
2. Unicellular organisms like amoeba reproduce by binary fission. In this method, the parent cell
divides into two new cells. The nucleus of the parent cell first divides into two nuclei followed
by the division of the cytoplasm. Thus, each new cell receives a nucleus. This is followed by the
complete division of the parent amoeba into two daughter amoebae, each of which grows into
a full-sized amoeba.
On the other hand, humans reproduce by sexual reproduction. In this type of reproduction, two
parent organisms produce a new organism. The male parent produces male gametes called
sperms, while the female parent produces female gametes called ova or eggs. A new cell called
zygote is formed by the fusion of the male and female gametes. The zygote divides and develops
into a new organism.
3. The process of fusion of sperm and egg to form zygote is called fertilisation. Fertilisation is of two
types depending on the site of fertilisation—internal and external.
• I nternal fertilisation: Fertilisation in animals like birds, cows, dog and humans occurs inside
the female body. This type of fertilisation is called internal fertilisation.
• External fertilisation: Fertilisation in animals like fish, starfish and frog occur by the fusion
of a male and a female gamete outside the body of the female. This type of fertilisation is
called external fertilisation.
4. When the sperms enter the female reproductive system, they swim through the uterus to reach
the oviduct. If an egg is present inside the oviduct, one of the sperms will fuse with it to form a
zygote. The nuclei of the sperm and the ovum fuse to form a single nucleus. The fertilised egg
or zygote formed after fertilisation is the first cell of the new organism. The zygote formed after
fertilisation moves through the oviduct to reach the uterus. As it moves, it divides repeatedly by
the process of cell division. Through this process of successive cell division and development of
organs and organ systems, the multicellular organism is formed.
5. Humans undergo internal fertilisation. When the sperms enter the female reproductive system,
they swim through the uterus to reach the oviduct. If an egg is present inside the oviduct, one of
the sperms will fuse with it to form a zygote. The zygote formed after fertilisation moves through
the oviduct to reach the uterus. As it moves, it divides repeatedly by the process of cell division
and forms a ball of cells that gets embedded on the wall of the uterus for further development.
This developing structure is called an embryo. The cells in the embryo form groups which develop
into different tissues and organs of the body. The stage of the embryo after 8 weeks at which all
the major organs like hands, legs, head, eyes and ears are formed is called a foetus. After about
36 weeks, the development of the foetus is complete and the mother gives birth to the baby.
51
10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence
Answer Key
In-text Questions
My Growth Journal (Page 138)
Students will do it on their own. Changes such as heigh, length of hair and other physical features can
be mentioned.
It is because everybody hits puberty at different ages. It varies from one person to another.
1. The four stages of growth in humans are infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
2. Adolescence lasts for 6 to 7 years.
3. Puberty is the period when the sexual organs of a child start developing, that is, girls and boys
become capable of reproduction. It ends when an adolescent reaches reproductive maturity.
4. The most visible change during adolescence is the sudden increase in height. This results from
the elongation of bones in both arms and legs.
5. Mood swings become common in teenagers due to an increase in hormonal levels. One moment
an adolescent may feel happy and the next moment sad.
Role of Hormones (Page 142)
1. pituitary; testosterone; oestrogen
2. bloodstream; target
Ovum or egg is large in size as it needs to accumulate enough nutrients in order to support the growth
of an embryo after fertilisation.
Deficiency Disease (Page 144)
1. goitre
2. thyroxine
3. Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine.
4. Less intake of iodine leads to the deficiency of thyroxine hormone.
5. Thyroxine hormone stimulates metabolism and growth rate.
6. Thyroid gland is present in the neck.
1. menarche 2. XX, XY
3. insulin 4. pituitary
5. insect
52
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
Apply Your Learning

A. Reproductive Phase in Females (Page 147)
1. Only one egg is released every month from the ovaries.
2. The reproductive phase in females begins at puberty (11 to 12 years) and lasts till 45 to 50
years.
3. The uterus prepares itself for receiving the developing embryo.
4. In case the egg is not fertilised, the uterus lining and its blood vessels break down and are
shed off through the vagina resulting in bleeding.
5. If fertilisation occurs, the zygote is formed which begins to divide and develop into an embryo
that gets embedded in the uterus. This results in pregnancy.
B. Endocrine Glands in Humans (Page 147)
Label Name of the Gland Hormone Secreted
Several hormones including growth hormones
A Pituitary
and thyroid–stimulating hormone
B Thyroid Thyroxine
C Pancreas Insulin
D Adrenal Adrenaline
E Ovaries Oestrogen
F Testes Testosterone
1. Gland A is called master gland because it secretes several hormones including growth
hormone and thyroxine hormone, and controls the activities of other glands.
2. Growth hormone regulates the growth in children. It plays a major role in the metabolism in
humans and also helps to maintain the normal body structure.
3. Thyroxine hormone regulates metamorphosis in frogs.
4. The hormone secreted by gland D is adrenaline. It is called emergency hormone because it
helps the body to fight stress and emergency situations.
5. Pancreas secretes insulin. Lack of insulin results in diabetes.
1. Sex determination is banned in India to check the decline in the number of females born for
every 1000 males born in the country.
2. Female foeticide is a gender-selective abortion in which a female foetus is terminated illegally
based on the cultural preference of a male.
3. Sex chromosomes are a type of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual.
4. The sex of a baby is determined by the set of sex chromosomes present in the egg and
the sperm. An egg always has one X chromosome, whereas a sperm may have an X or a Y
chromosome. When a sperm containing an X chromosome fuses with an egg containing
X chromosome, the zygote will have XX chromosomes and will develop into a girl. When a
53
sperm carrying a Y chromosome fuses with the egg, the zygote will have XY chromosomes
and will develop into a boy.
X + X = XX girl
When the sperm is carrying the X

chromosome
X + Y = XY boy
When the sperm is carrying the Y chromosome
5. Sex determination in birds is of ZW-ZZ types. The female bird has heteromorphic sex
chromosomes (AA+ZW) and the male bird has homomorphic sex chromosomes (AA+ZZ).
Male birds produce single type of gametes (A+Z) and are homogametic due to the presence
of single type of sex chromosome. The female birds are heterogametic as they produce two
types of eggs (A+Z) and (A+W).
Male bird Female bird
AA + ZZ AA + ZW Parents
A+Z A+Z A+Z A+W Gametes
AA + ZZ AA + ZZ AA + ZW AA + ZW Offspring
Male Male Female Female
Sex determination in birds

1. Girls need to take iron-rich diet during adolescence to make up for the loss of blood during
menstruation.
2. Sex of the baby is determined by the father because the male sex chromosomes contain XY
chromosomes. If sperm with X chromosome fertilises the ovum, then it will be a girl child. If
the sperm with Y chromosome fertilises the ovum, then it will be a boy child. Thus, we can say
that the sex of the child is determined by the father.
3. Adolescents should avoid excess intake of junk food as they lack essential nutrients and are
rich in calories. This can make them obese and prone to many diseases.
4. We use iodised salt at home to prevent the deficiency of iodine in our body. The deficiency of
iodine in the body causes goitre.
Stage Number of Chromosomes

Mother 46
Father 46
Egg 23
54
Sperm 23
Offspring 46
1. 50 per cent
2. 50 per cent
3. Yes
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
In Males In Females
1. Growth of hair on face i.e. beard and 1. Increase in the size of breasts
moustache 2. Development of mammary gland for
2. Growth of hair in armpit and pubic milk production
region 3. Growth of hair in armpit and pubic
3. Deepening of voice region
4. Broadening of shoulders, increase in 4. Broadening of hips and the pelvic
muscle strength and mass bones

Students will do it on their own. (Hint: Students can take into account the ill effects of drugs and
alcohol, and maintaining basic hygiene.
1. Pancreas secrete insulin.
2. After dinner, the insulin level is the highest.
3. directly
4. Less insulin is secreted at night time and in between meals because there is no intake of food
and hence glucose is not released during these times.
5. The amount of insulin increases while having a meal because the sugar in food is absorbed
into the blood as glucose and the pancreas secrete insulin which induces the absorption of
blood sugar for energy.
Exercises
A. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)
B. 1. False (Hormones may or may not be released near their target site.)
2. True
3. False (Fertilisation of the egg and the sperm results into pregnancy.)
55
4. True
5. False (Hormones play an important role in the metamorphosis of insects.)
C. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
D. 1. Testosterone is the male sex hormone which brings about changes in boys during puberty.
2. Oestrogen is the female sex hormone responsible for the changes in girls during puberty.
3. Adrenaline helps the body to fight stress and emergency situations.
4. Growth hormone is necessary for the normal growth of a person. It is secreted by pituitary
gland.
5. Thyroxine stimulates metabolism and growth rate.
E. 1. By using a needle/syringe used by the infected person.
2. By transfusion of blood from an infected person.
3. By having sexual contact with an infected person.
A. 1. The period of growth that begins after childhood, around the age of 11 years and lasts up to
18 to 19 years of age is called adolescence.
2. In females, during the reproductive phase, one of the two ovaries produces an ovum (egg)
that is released after every four weeks. This release of an ovum or egg by an ovary is called
ovulation.
3. The first menstrual flow occurs at puberty and is called menarche.
4. The menstrual cycle stops at the age of 45 to 50 years. This permanent discontinuation of
menstruation at this stage is called menopause.
5. Hormones are chemical substances that are responsible for initiating and controlling the
changes that occur during adolescence.
B. 1. Puberty is the period when the sexual organs of a child start developing, that is, girls and
boys become capable of reproduction. It ends when an adolescent reaches reproductive
maturity.
2. Average age at which puberty begins in boys and girls is around 11 to 12 years.
3. Ovaries are the part of female reproductive system that produce eggs.
4. During puberty, sweating increases due to increase in the secretions from sweat and oil
(sebaceous) glands. Due to this, the skin becomes oily which causes acne and pimples on
the skin.
5. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes AIDS.
1. Primary sexual characteristics include reproductive organs that are present since the time of
birth. In males, these are testes, penis and seminal vesicles whereas in females, these are ovaries,
oviducts and uterus.
The characteristics which develop during puberty and help to distinguish a male from a female
are called secondary sexual characteristics. The following characters are observed in males and
females.
56
The secondary sexual characteristics in males are as follows.
• Growth of hair on the face, i.e. moustache and beard
• Growth of hair in the armpits, on the chest and in the pubic region
• Deepening of voice as a result of enlargement of Adam's apple
• Broadening of shoulders
The secondary sexual characteristics in females are as follows.
• Increase in the size of breasts
• Development of mammary glands in the breasts for milk production
• Growth of hair in the armpits and in the pubic regions
• Broadening of hips and the pelvic bones
2. No, boys and girls grow at different rates. Puberty occurs earlier in girls than in boys. This the
reason why girls are taller than boys during the early adolescent years. After the start of the
menstrual cycle, the growth in girls slows down. The difference in the growth rate of boys and
girls is also due to difference in their metabolic rates.
3. In females, one of the two ovaries produces an ovum (egg) that is released after every four weeks.
This release of an ovum or egg by an ovary is called ovulation. During this period, the walls of the
uterus thicken to receive the fertilised egg. In case the egg is not fertilised, the uterus lining and
its blood vessels break down and are shed off through the vagina resulting in bleeding. This loss
of blood through the vagina is called menstruation. It takes place once in about 28 days and the
menstrual flow lasts for about 4 to 7 days. The changes that take place in the ovaries and uterus
every 28 days or so which are marked by menstrual flow is called the menstrual cycle.
4. In humans, thyroxine stimulates metabolism and growth rate. It is secreted by the thyroid gland.
Lack of thyroxine causes goitre which is characterised by a bulging throat.
Metamorphosis in frogs is controlled by thyroxine hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland. If
there is insufficient amount of iodine in the water in which tadpoles grow, the tadpoles do not
produce enough thyroxine and hence cannot grow into adult frogs.
5. Following are some of the ways to maintain reproductive health.
• We should eat a balanced diet containing the right proportions of essential nutrients, i.e.
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
• We should maintain proper personal hygiene.
• Regular physical exercises like walking, cycling, jogging and swimming must be a part of the
daily routine.
• We should abstain from smoking, alcohol and drugs as they harm the human body in the
long run.
57
11. Force and Pressure
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Push or Pull? (Page 153)
Push Push
Pull Pull
Push
1. Pushing to open a door
2. Moving a cart forward
Pull
1. Cow pulling a cart
2. Pulling a suitcase
Calculate the Force (Page 156)
1. Correct 2. Incorrect; F = 0 N
3. Correct 4. Correct
Try at Home (Page 157)
Activity Push/Pull Tick (3) the Correct Observation
Kick a ball. Push Moves (3)/Stops
Stretch a rubber band. Pull Size (3)/Speed increases
58
Roll the dough into a chapatti. Push Speed/Shape (3) changes
Pedal your bicycle with more force. Push Speed increases (3)/decreases
Stretch a spring. Pull Mass/Size (3) changes

1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
1. Force = 10 N
Area = 400 cm2 (1 cm = 1/100 m)
1
= 400 × m2
100 × 100
= 0.04 m2
Pressure = Force/Area
= 10/0.04
= 250 Pa
2. Force = 50 N
Pressure = 100 Pa
Area = Force/Pressure
= 50/100
= 0.5 m2
It is difficult for us to walk on sand as the particles of sand are loose and it provides less friction.
Yes, a liquid exerts pressure on an object submerged in it. More pressure is exerted on the object when
it goes deeper into the liquid.
Deep-sea divers wear special diving suits while diving into oceans to prevent their bodies from getting
crushed by the intense pressure of water at the bottom of the ocean.
Properties of Liquid Pressure (Page 165)
Image Property of Liquid Pressure
A Liquid exerts lateral pressure, i.e. pressure on the walls of the container.
B Liquid pressure varies with depth.
C Liquids exert equal pressure in all directions at a given depth.
D Liquid pressure increases with the height of the liquid column.
59
Some amount of air is present in a fountain pen filled with ink. The pressure of this air is equal to the
atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth. At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is low.
So, when the pen is taken to higher altitudes, the excess pressure inside the rubber tube pushes the
ink to leak out of the fountain pen.
1. force 2. decrease 3. same
4. atmospheric pressure 5. decreases
Apply Your Learning

A. Atmospheric Pressure (Page 168)
1. decreases
2. decreases
3. Nose bleeding is common among mountaineers at high altitudes. This is because of low
atmospheric pressure at high altitudes. However, the pressure of the blood in their body
remains the same at this altitude. Due to this pressure difference, the blood oozes out of the
nose.
4. Mountaineers experience breathlessness when they go to mountains because atmosphere
becomes thinner with rise in altitude. Due to this, the mountaineers do not get enough
oxygen to breathe.
5. Water boils at 100°C at sea level. The boiling point of water is lowered by approximately 0.5°C
for every 152.4 m increase in elevation. Water boils at 92°C at 2438.4 m elevation.
B. Frictional Force (Page 169)
Pushing force
Motion
Frictional force
1. The force that opposes the motion of an object over another is called frictional force or
friction.
2. opposite
3. The forces are imbalanced as the table is moving forward. This means that the force applied
by the boy is greater than the force of friction.
4. Without friction, the table can be moved to any direction effortlessly.
5. If the force of friction is greater than the force with which the boy is pushing the table, then
the table will not move.
60
1. Ritu
2. Ritu's heel is pointed at the bottom i.e. it has lesser area. Since area is inversely proportional
to pressure, Ritu's heel exerts more pressure making her uncomfortable.
3. The force acting on a unit area of a surface is known as pressure.
4. Flats are more comfortable as they have more surface area thereby, exerting less pressure on
the ground.
5. Porters wear turbans (a round piece of cloth) on their heads on which they carry heavy loads.
This increases the area of contact with the load and hence reduces the pressure exerted on
the head.
1. Both the teams are applying equal amount of force which act in opposite directions. Thus,
the resultant force is zero and the rope doesn't move. Yes, the forces are balanced.
2. A camel has broad feet, so it can walk easily on sand.
3. The foundation of dams are kept wide so that the force of their weight may act on larger
surface area. As a result, less pressure is exerted on the ground which avoids sinking of the
buildings into the earth.
4. The mass of a person is very less and hence, the magnitude of gravitational force exerted is
negligible as compared to that shown by earth. So, gravitational force exists between the
person and the car, however, it is negligible and cannot be felt.
1. 0.0001 Pa
2. 2
3. 0.0729
4. 110
Types of Forces
Contact forces Non-contact forces
Muscular Frictional Magnetic Electrostatic

force force force force
Pulling a Walking on Fridge Gravitational Attraction of

rubber band the road magnets force paper bits to a
charged comb
Falling of fruit
from trees
61
Students will do it on their own. (Hint: They can take help from the Internet to add interactive charts
and tables to make their presentation attractive.)
1. Pressure is inversely proportional to area.
2. The area of contact is least in pose A.
3. The area of contact is maximum in pose B.
4. The pressure is minimum in pose B.
5. The pressure is maximum in pose A.
6. Some applications of pressure are as follows.
• Backpacks and carry bags have broad straps to increase the area of contact and thus
reduce the pressure exerted on hands and shoulders.
• Nails and thumb pins have pointed tips and flat heads. The small area of the tip allows
it to pierce the surface easily due to large pressure on application of force.
• A camel has broad feet so that it can walk easily on sand.
Exercises
A. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
B. 1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False (Atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of blood in our body.)
C. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
D. 1. Muscular force
2. Magnetic force
3. Electrostatic force
4. Gravitational force
5. Friction
A. 1. Force is a push or a pull acting on an object that is capable of changing its state of rest or
state of motion.
2. The forces that come into play when two objects are in physical contact with each other are
called contact forces.
3. The forces that do not require a physical contact between the objects and act through a
distance are called non-contact forces.
4. The force acting on a unit area of a surface is known as pressure.
5. The pressure exerted by the weight of the air column above the earth is called atmospheric
pressure.
62
B. 1. The SI unit of force is Newton (N).
2. Muscular force and frictional force are two examples of contact forces.
3. One Pascal is the amount of pressure applied when force of 1N is exerted on an area of 1 m2.
4. It is easier to cut fruits with a sharp knife because it has a lesser surface area which results in
higher pressure.
5. Trucks have six or eight tyres, instead of four because they carry heavy weights. These tyres
increase the surface area in contact with ground and reduces the pressure on its tyres.
1. The effects of force are as follows.
• Force can produce motion: We can move a stationary object by applying force on it. For
example, in a game of golf, the player hits the ball with his golf stick to move it towards the
hole.
• Force can bring an object to rest: We can stop a moving object by applying a force on it in
the direction opposite to its motion. For example, when the brakes are pressed in a cycle by
applying a force, the cycle stops.
• Force can change the direction of motion: We can change the direction of motion of an
object by applying force in the desired direction. For example, when a player kicks a moving
football with his foot, the direction of the ball changes.
• Force can change the speed of an object: We can increase or decrease the speed of a
moving object by applying force. For example, the goalkeeper stops or slows down the ball
by applying force on it in the opposite direction.
• Force can change the shape and size of an object: We can change the shape and size of an
object by applying force. For example, we can change the shape and size of a rubber band
by stretching it.
2. Contact forces: The forces that come into play when two objects are in physical contact with
each other are called contact forces. Muscular force and frictional force are examples of contact
forces.
Non-contact forces: The forces that do not require a physical contact between the objects and
act through a distance are called non-contact forces. Magnetic force, electrostatic force and
gravitational force are examples of non-contact forces.
3. We can perform the following activity to demonstrate that liquids exert the same pressure at the
same depth in all directions.
We need a plastic bottle and water. First, take the plastic bottle and punch three holes at the
same depth in different directions. Now, pour water into the bottle. It can be observed that water
comes out from all the holes with the same force and falls at the same distance from the bottle.
This shows that liquids exert the same pressure in all directions at a given depth.
4. A large force is needed to remove a rubber sucker from a surface. There is very little air between
the sucker and the surface, and hence the outside atmospheric pressure pushes the sucker firmly
to the surface.
5. A straw works because when we suck the air out of the straw, the air pressure inside it decreases.
Since the atmospheric pressure is greater on the outside of the straw, the liquid is pushed up in
the straw.
63
12. Friction
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Playing with a Ball (Page 174)
1. No
2. B
3. This is because the ball is rolling on a rough surface.
4. Frictional force
5. Frictional force is acting in the direction opposite to the direction of motion.
6. We would prefer to walk on a rough surface because smooth surface has less friction which
makes it slippery.
There are a large number of irregularities on rough surfaces. Frictional force is greater on a rough
surface. This is because friction is caused by interlocking the irregularities of two surfaces that are
in contact with each other. The force of friction increases when the two surfaces are pressed harder
against each other.
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. F
Types of Friction (Page 178)
1. Fluid friction
2. Fluid friction
3. Sliding friction
4. Rolling friction
1. spring balance
2. Static friction
3. less
4. fluid friction
5. streamline
64
It is difficult to walk on ice because it provides very little friction.
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
Apply Your Learning

A. Reducing Friction (Page 182)
1. Ball bearing
2. Ball bearings reduce friction by the use of smooth balls that are lubricated with oil or grease
which rolls between a smooth inner and outer surface freely. The use of ball bearing shows
that objects which roll past each other produce less friction than those objects that slide
against each other.
3. We need to reduce friction between different parts of a machine because friction causes a lot
of wear and tear, and destroys the surfaces of machines.
4. Yes, it is used in everyday machines like ceiling fan, washing machine, skates and bicycles.
B. Ice Skating (Page 182)
1. low
2. No, we cannot walk with flat shoes on ice because they will provide no grip on the surface of
ice which has very less friction.
3. A smooth ice surface is preferred for ice skating because it has less friction which makes ice
skating easier.
4. A very little friction should be there to start the motion of the ice skater. It should also be
there to stop the motion of the ice skater.
5. Sliding friction is involved during ice skating.
1. The juicer got heated up because of continuous use.
2. Friction is responsible for heating up of the juicer.
3. It arises due to the movement of different parts of the juicer.
4. Yes
5. This situation cannot be prevented completely. Some amount of friction will always be there.
However, it can be reduced to some extent by using ball bearings.
1. Swimmers stretch their hands above their head in a pyramid shape while diving into water to
make their body streamlined so as to reduce the resistance due to fluid friction.
2. They can rub soil on their hands to increase friction between their hands and the rope.
3. Soapy water reduces the friction between our feet and the floor. Thus, our feet do not get the
proper grip to walk, and we can slip and fall.
4. We cannot hold a glass with oily hands because oil is a lubricant. It reduces the friction
between our hand and the glass which reduces our grip on the glass.
65
5. The marble will move the shortest distance on the sand because sand granules have a large
degree of irregularities and thereby, provide more friction than the silk cloth and the glass
sheet.
6. Towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, we marble floor.
1. Charles Goodyear 2. Robert William Thomson
3. John Boyd Dunlop 4. Michelin
5. Dunlop Rubber Limited
Ways of Increasing and Decreasing Friction
Ways of Increasing Friction Ways of Decreasing Friction
• Adding grooves to • Polishing the rough

footwears surfaces
• Using vehicles with • Adding lubricants
treaded tyres to moving parts of
• Adding sand and a machine
gravel to slippery • Using rollers or ball
surfaces bearings
1. The resistance offered by fluids is called drag or fluid friction.
2. increases
3. 800 N
4. The drag on an object can be reduced by changing its shape to a streamlined one, that is,
narrow in the front and broad at the back.
5. Yes
Exercises
A. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
B. 1. False (Friction cannot be completely removed.)
2. True
3. True
4. False (Friction is more when two surfaces are pressed together hard.)
5. False (Footballers wear shoes with spikes which increase friction.)
66
C. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (b)
D. 1. Friction between our foot and the ground helps us to walk, run and play.
2. There is friction between the treaded tyres of vehicles and the road which helps them to
move without skidding.
3. We are able to write because of the friction between the pen and the paper.
E. 1. There is wear and tear of the rubbing surfaces with time due to friction.
2. Different parts of rotating machines need a periodic replacement as they get damaged over
time due to the heat produced by friction.
3. There is wastage of energy due to friction.
A. 1. The force which opposes the motion of an object over a surface is known as friction.
2. When two objects are not in motion with respect to each other, a frictional force known as
static friction exists between them. It keeps an object at rest.
3. The force of friction that acts when an object rolls over another object is called rolling friction.
4. The force of friction that acts between the surfaces of two objects when one slides over the
other is called sliding friction.
5. Fluids exert friction on objects moving through them. This resistance offered by fluids is
called drag or fluid friction.
B. 1. When a person steps on a banana peel, the friction between his feet and the surface reduces
and hence the person slips.
2. It is difficult to walk on a polished surface because the surface is smooth and has less friction.
3. Luggage bags come with wheels so that it can be carried easily from one place to another.
The static friction is changed to rolling friction by the wheels, which is relatively less.
4. Lubricants helps in reducing friction by forming a thin layer between the two surfaces in
contact. They fill the irregularities present on these surfaces which reduce friction.
5. Helicopters have a special shape called streamlined shape to reduce the effect of drag or
fluid friction.
1. When the surfaces of various objects like table, chair and glass
are observed under a powerful magnifying lens, we can observe
that they have irregularities like tiny grooves. Friction is caused
by the rubbing of these irregularities when two surfaces are in Interlocking between two surfaces
contact. These irregularities of the interacting surfaces entangle or causes friction.
interlock with each other, thus opposing the motion. This gives rise to friction. When sufficient
force is applied, the interlocking breaks and the object begins to move.
2. Friction can lead to wear and tear of the rubbing surfaces with time. It also leads to wastage of
energy. Hence, we need to reduce friction in some cases. Friction can be reduced by the following
methods.
• Polishing: When a surface is polished, its irregularities are minimised and it becomes smooth
such that the friction decreases.
67
• Lubricating: Friction can be reduced by lubricating the two surfaces in contact. Lubricants
are substances like oil, grease and powdered graphite which form a thin layer between the
two surfaces in contact. They fill the depressions or irregularities present on these surfaces.
This reduces the roughness of the surfaces and thus friction is reduced. Similarly, powder is
sprinkled on the carrom board to reduce friction between its surface and the striker.
• Streamlining: A body moving through a liquid or a gas experiences a drag or fluid friction.
This resistance or friction is minimum if the body has a streamlined shape, i.e. narrow in
the front and broad at the back. Birds and fish have streamlined shape to help them move/
cut through the fluids with minimum resistance. Boats, ships, aeroplanes and rockets are
streamlined to reduce friction.
3. Friction plays an important role in our daily lives. Many of our everyday tasks are done with the
help of friction. Apart from the positive effects, friction also has some negative effects like causing
wear and tear, and wastage of energy and money. Let's discuss its advantages and disadvantages
to understand why 'friction is a necessary evil'.
Advantages of Friction
Some advantages of friction are as follows.
• Friction between our foot and the ground helps us to walk, run and play. We would slip and
fall if there was no friction. It is difficult to walk on a highly polished surface as it offers less
friction.
• There is friction between the treaded tyres of vehicles and the road which helps them to
move without skidding. Vehicles skid easily on greasy or wet roads because of less friction.
Disadvantages of Friction
Friction has a number of disadvantages for which it is considered an evil. Some of them are as
follows.
• There is wear and tear of the rubbing surfaces with time due to friction. It causes wearing out
of the moving parts of a machine, tyres of vehicles and even the soles of our footwear.
• There is wastage of energy due to friction. So extra money is spent on heavy machineries to
overcome this friction and save energy.
4. We can perform the following activity to demonstrate how friction increases with roughness of
the surface. We need a brick, a long string, a mat, a polished wooden plank and a spring balance.
Now, follow the steps given below.
• Take a string and tie its one end around a brick.
• Place it over a rough surface like a mat.
• Take a spring balance and tie the other end of the string to its hook.
• Carefully pull the spring balance to move the brick.
• When the brick just starts to move, note down the reading of the spring balance.
• Now keep the brick on the smooth surface of a polished wooden board and pull the spring
balance to move the brick.
• When the brick just starts to move, note down the reading of the spring balance.
68
• Compare the values of the readings taken.
When we compare the readings, we can observe that the reading taken on the rough surface
is higher than the one taken on the smooth surface. This proves that friction increases with the
increase in the roughness of the two surfaces in contact.
5. Following are the ways to increase friction.
• The soles of footwear are grooved to increase friction and provide better grip. This prevents
the person wearing them from slipping. The spikes on the soles of the shoes worn by
athletes and trekkers helps increase the friction and improve their grip on the ground.
• The tyres of cars and buses are treaded or grooved on their surfaces to increase friction and
reduce the risk of skidding on the road.
• Sand and gravel are spread on a slippery ground after rain to increase friction.
• The handle covers of two wheelers are made of either spiked/treaded rubber or towelled
cloth to provide a good grip of the handle.
69
13. Sound
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Musical Instruments (Page 187)
A. Guitar A. Drum A. Flute

B. Strings B. Membrane B. Air column
Yes, we will be able to identify them by just hearing the sound produced.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. F
5. T
How Sound Travels (Page 191)
Disturbance in air
Object vibrates and Surrounding air molecules
molecules constitutes
transfers energy to the start vibrating.
sound waves which
surrounding.
transfer energy.
Eardrum starts vibrating

Vibrations reach brain
on receiving these
via the auditory nerve.
sound waves.
Vocal Cords (Page 192)

1. The two flexible bands of muscle tissues that sit at the entrance to the windpipe are called vocal
cords.
70
2. Vocal cords vibrate to produce sound.
3. Vocal cords are stretched across the voice box, which is present at the front of the neck.
4. When the vocal cords open up, they are stretched to leave a narrow slit (opening) in between
them for the passage of air. When we speak, air passes through the slit and the vocal cords vibrate
producing sound.
5. Sound is produced in the open position.
6. When a person eats food, the epiglottis covers the entrance of the larynx so that food and liquid
do not enter the windpipe and lungs.
1. The rapid to and fro movement of an object about its mean position is called a vibration.
2. When a tuning fork is struck on a rubber pad, its prongs start vibrating. As the tuning fork vibrates,
it produces sound.
3. No, vacuum doesn't contain air molecules.
4. The vocal cords produce sound in humans.
5. The voices of men, women and children differ from each other because they have vocal cords of
different sizes.
The ear pinna is funnel-shaped because this shape allows the collection of sound waves from different
directions efficiently, and converges them into the ear canal.
The small hair and earwax that coats the skin lining of the ear canal carries dirt and other debris out of
the canal. It protects the eardrum from injuries.
We cannot hear the sound of every vibrating body because human ears can hear sounds of frequencies
ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz only.
We can hear the ticking sound of the clock easily at night because during that time there is no noise in
our surroundings.
Hearing Impairment (Page 199)
1. We can help people with hearing impairment by providing them proper care and hearing aid
devices.
2. They communicate with people through sign language.
3. Prolonged exposure to noise pollution adversely affects the ability to hear. So, by reducing noise
pollution, the loss of hearing can be prevented to some extent.
1. frequency 2. decibel 3. Cochlea
4. percussion instruments 5. noise
71
Apply Your Learning
A. Pitch and Loudness of Sound (Page 200)
1 second 1 second
Low amplitude—Loud sound Low frequency—Low pitch—Shrill sound

Low amplitude—Low sound High frequency—High pitch—Shrill sound
1. Amplitude of sound wave refers to the maximum distance covered by the vibrating particles
of the medium on either side of their respective mean positions.
2. Loudness is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of vibrations producing
sound. This means that if the amplitude of a sound wave becomes thrice, the measure of its
loudness will increase by nine times.
3. Pitch is the measure of frequency of sound. The pitch of sound is a characteristic of sound
which differentiates between a shrill sound from a flat sound.
4. A high frequency sound wave has a high pitch and a low frequency sound wave has a low
pitch.
5. A girl's voice has high pitch.
B. A Bat and its Prey (Page 200)
1. Ultrasonic waves are sound waves of frequencies above 20,000 Hz. They are inaudible to
human ears.
2. Bats search out for prey at night by emitting ultrasonic waves. The high-pitched ultrasonic
squeaks of the bat are reflected back from the obstacles or prey to the bat's ear. The nature
of reflections tells the bat about the position of obstacle or prey and what it is like.
3. Echolocation is the process in which the location of a distant or invisible object (such as prey)
can be known by the sound waves that are reflected back to the emitter (such as a bat) from
the objects (or prey).
4. No, we cannot hear the squeak of the bat as its frequency is above 20,000 Hz.
5. Ultrasonic waves are used for imaging human organs.
1. Kunal is unable to concentrate because of the noise coming from the party.
2. Curtains can help him by absorbing the sounds coming from his neighbourhood.
3. The sound that is pleasant to our ears and helps to relax our mind is known as music. On the
other hand, a sound that is loud or unpleasant to hear is called noise.
4. The neighbours can use sound absorbing materials like curtains and cushions. They can also
host the party away from residential areas.
5. 'B' represents noise because in this figure the wave is abrupt and has high frequency and
amplitude.
72
1. It is because if all the children speak together, the teacher will not be able to understand
what they are saying. All the sounds will mix together resulting in noise.
2. We cannot hear the sounds produced by our body movements and muscles because they do
not lie in our hearing range. These sounds have frequencies lower than 20 Hz.
3. Astronauts use radio sets to communicate on the moon as there is no atmosphere on the
moon which means that sound waves do not have a medium to propagate.
4. The purpose of this directive is to reduce noise pollution created by loud speakers. This is
because these noises cause lack of sleep, anxiety, high blood pressure and headache.
5. Trees planted on the roadside reduce noise pollution by absorbing the sounds of traffic and
horns.
6. Sound is produced by the vibration of vocal cords. When larynx is pressed hard, the supply of
air is cut off due to which vocal cords are unable to vibrate to produce sound. Thus, a person
is unable to speak when her/his larynx is pressed hard.
1. Frequency = 50 Hz
Oscillations = 110
Frequency = Number of vibrations/ Time
Time = Number of vibrations/Frequency
= 110/50
= 2.2 seconds
2. Time Period = 12 seconds
Frequency = 1/Time period
= 1/12
= 0.83 Hz
3. Frequency = Number of vibrations/Time
= 21/1
= 21 Hz
Time period = 1/Frequency
= 1/21
= 0.047 seconds
4. Time period = 1.5 seconds
= 1/1.5
= 0.67 Hz
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Human Ear
Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
Ear canal Ossicles Auditory

nerve
Semicircular
Pinna Ear drum Cochlea
canals
Amplifies Sends vibrations Sends signal

sound to inner ear to brain
Collect Sends vibrations Changes It contains

sound waves to middle ear vibrations into receptors for
signals balance
1. It refers to how soft or loud a sound is.
2. amplitude
3. 0 dB
4. Jet engine and fireworks
5. 50-60 dB
6. Hairdryer
7. Hearing high decibel sounds for long durations can cause hearing impairment.
8. Our ears may pain when we are on a plane because the air pressure in the middle ear and
that of the environment do not match. This prevents the eardrum from vibrating normally.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
B. 1. False (Prolonged exposure to noise may lead to hearing impairment.)
2. True
3. False (The size of vocal cords in men and women is different.)
4. False (Humans cannot hear sounds of frequency below 20 Hz.)
5. True
C. 1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
74
D. 1. Harmonium, mouth organ
2. Flute, trumpet
3. Guitar, violin
4. Tabla, drum
5. Manjira, kartal
E. 1. Ear pinna collects sound waves that further travel down a passage called the ear canal.
2. Cochlea changes the vibrations into signals which are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
3. Eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates when the sound waves
coming from the ear canal strike it.
4. Auditory nerves is a bundle of nerve fibres that carries hearing information from the cochlea
to the brain.
5. Middle ear consists of three tiny delicate bones which start vibrating when sound waves
strike them. These small bones amplify (magnify) the vibrations and send them to the inner
ear.
A. 1. The number of oscillations completed by medium particles in one second is called the
frequency of a wave.
2. The maximum distance covered by the particles of the medium on either side of their
respective mean positions is known as amplitude of the wave.
3. The time taken by the particles to complete one vibration is called its time period.
4. The pitch of sound is a characteristic of sound which distinguishes a shrill sound from a flat
sound.
5. Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound is.
B. 1. Time period is inversely proportional to the frequency of the sound.
2. Muscles attached to the vocal cords can make them tight or loose. The voice is of different
quality when the vocal cords are tight and thin than when they are loose and thick.
3. A high frequency sound wave has a high pitch and hence shrill sound is produced. Similarly,
a low frequency sound wave has a low pitch and hence a flat sound is produced.
4. Inaudible sounds are the sounds which cannot be heard by humans i.e. sounds of frequencies
below 20 Hz and above 20,000 Hz.
5. We must never put sharp, pointed objects such as pen and pencil into our ears. It can damage
the eardrum and cause hearing impairment since the eardrum is a thin and stretched
membrane.
1. Sound is produced by the voice box or the larynx in humans. Two vocal cords are stretched across
the voice box. When we speak, air passes through the voice box and the vocal words vibrate
producing sound. When the vocal cords are tight and thin, the type or quality of voice is different
from that when they are loose and thick.
75
2. The sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sounds or infrasound and the sounds
of frequencies above 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic sounds or ultrasound.
Animals like whales and elephants use infrasonic sounds to communicate in their groups. Animals
like dog, monkey and deer can hear ultrasonic sounds. The whistles used by police to instruct
dogs produce high frequency sounds. Ultrasonic waves are used for imaging human organs and
for relieving pain in body parts like joints and muscles.
3. We hear sound through our ears. Our ear is divided into three parts—outer ear, middle ear and
inner ear.
Outer Ear
The funnel-shaped outermost part of the ear is the ear pinna. It collects sound waves that further
travel down a passage called the ear canal. At the end of the ear canal is a tightly stretched
thin membrane called the eardrum. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear. The eardrum
vibrates when the sound waves coming from the ear canal strike it.
Middle Ear
Middle ear consists of three tiny delicate bones which start vibrating when sound waves strike
them. These small bones amplify (magnify) the vibrations and send them to the inner ear.
Inner Ear
Inner ear consists of a coiled organ of hearing known as cochlea, semicircular canals and the
auditory nerve. The cochlea changes the vibrations into signals which are sent to the brain via
the auditory nerve. In this way, we can hear the sound and recognise it.
The following flow chart explains the working of human ear.
Sound Outer ear

Vibrations Ear canal Eardrum Middle ear
waves (Pinna)
Auditory
Brain Cochlea Inner ear
nerve
4. The following activity will help us to understand the propagation of sound through various
mediums. We need an alarm clock, glass bell jar and vacuum pump. Then we will follow the steps
given below.
• Set an alarm in an alarm clock.
• Now keep it inside a bell jar. Observe it from outside. You will hear the alarm ring on the set
time.
• Now set the alarm again and attach a vacuum pump with the jar.
• Remove the air present inside the jar slowly with the help of the vacuum pump.
• Observe what happens as the clock starts ringing.
We can observe that the alarm sound starts to fade and no sound is heard at all when the air is
removed from the jar gradually. This happens because the molecules of air are removed by the
vacuum pump. When molecules of air are not available, the sound is not able to propagate and
reach our ears.
5. Major sources of noise pollution are road traffic, air and rail traffic, noise from construction sites
and industries, domestic noise like TV, kitchen appliances and many others. Following are the
harmful effects of noise pollution.
76
• Prolonged exposure to loud noise leads to gradual loss of hearing.
• Lack of sleep
• Causes anxiety
• Causes high blood pressure and headache
• Lack of concentration
We can adopt the following measures to reduce noise pollution.
• Installing silencing devices in transport vehicles, aircraft engines, industrial machines and
home appliances.
• Using noisy appliances like amplifiers or loudspeakers away from residential areas and
hospitals.
• Minimising use of automobile horns.
• Playing TV, radio and music systems at low volumes.
• Setting factories away from residential areas.
• Using sound absorbing materials like curtains and cushions in the house.
• Planting trees along the roadside.
77
14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Electric Symbols (Page 206)
Wire
Electric bulb
Closed switch
Cell
Open switch
Battery
1. A continuous and closed path of electric current is called an electric circuit. It consists of a source
of electricity, electric devices and wires that are connected with the help of a switch.
2. (In the given reference image, change the symbol of a battery with that of a cell)
Bulb
– +
Cell
Switch
3. No, the bulb does not glow when the switch is open because the circuit is incomplete.
4. No, the bulb will not glow because wood is not a conductor of electricity.
Metals are good conductors of electricity because they contain free electrons which move in a network
of the metal atom. The free electrons allow current to flow through them easily.
Distilled water is pure water which does not contain any impurity (salt/electrolyte) making it an
insulator of electricity. On the other hand, tap water contains many salts and minerals which makes
tap water a conductor of electricity. Distilled water is prepared by the evaporation and condensation
of water.
78
1. Iron, aluminium
2. Light Emitting Diode
3. Magnetic compass
4. The liquids that allow electric current to pass through them are known as electrolytes.
5. No, pure water is not an electrolyte.
As opposite charges attract each other, negative ions are attracted to the anode (positive electrode)
and positive ions are attracted to the cathode (negative electrode) during electrolysis.
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
Electroplating an Iron Spoon (Page 214)
cathode
anode
electrolyte
1. silver strip
2. iron spoon
3. We will use silver chloride solution because in electroplating, a soluble salt of the metal to be
deposited is taken as the electrolyte.
Apply Your Learning

A. Electrolysis of Water (Page 215)
1. Electrode is a conductor of electricity that transfers electrons and carries electric current to a
poor conductor.
2. Oxygen gas
3. Hydrogen gas
4. If we use distilled water then current will not flow because distilled water is an insulator of
electricity.
5. We can say that a reaction is taking place in the given apparatus due to the emission of
oxygen and hydrogen gases.
B. Purification of Copper (Page 215)
1. Electrolytic refining
2. impure; pure
79
3. Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
4. When current is passed through the electrolyte (CuSO4), the impure copper electrode (anode)
dissolves into the electrolyte, and same amount of copper is deposited from the electrolyte
on the cathode. The thickness of the cathode increases as pure copper gets deposited on it.
5. cathode
6. The insoluble impurities settle down below the anode and is called anode mud.
1. In gold-plated jewellery, a thin layer of gold is plated on some other cheaper metal.
2. Gold-plated jewellery is different from gold jewellery as in the former, gold is plated on a
metal and the latter is made up majorly of gold (gold is mixed with some other elements to
change its properties).
3. Gold-plated jewellery is cheaper because it only has a thin layer of expensive metal on it.
4. They prefer gold-plated jewellery as it is less expensive and easily affordable.
5. Gold jewellery will last for a longer time.
1. Bathroom taps and bicycle handles are electroplated with chromium because it does not
corrode easily, it is scratch-resistant and has a shiny appearance. They are not made of pure
chromium as it is expensive.
2. If we interchange the electrodes in electroplating, the reaction will get reversed and the
original anode will become thicker due to deposition of metal.
3. Electroplated jewellery are in demand because they are resistant to rusting and is cheaper
than the original precious metal.
4. No, it is not possible to electroplate plastic over an iron spoon because plastic is not a
conductor of electricity.
1. CFL stands for Compact Fluorescent Lamps.
2. CFL bulbs generate light by passing an electrical discharge through an ionised gas. On the
other hand, incandescent bulbs heat the filament present in the bulb and emit light.
3. The advantages of using CFLs are as follows.
• They are much more efficient than incandescent lamps.
• They have a long life.
• Power consumption is low.
• They produce less heat while working.
4. The proper disposal of CFL is a concern because it contains mercury, whose intake can damage
our organs like brain and reproductive system. It can also cause behavioural problems.
5. The helical CFL were first manufactured in 1976.
80
Electrolysis
Anode Cathode Electrolyte
Electrode connected to Electrode connected to Liquid which conducts

the positive terminal of a the negative terminal of a electricity and undergoes
battery battery decomposition

1. The deflection in magnetic needle was observed only when the liquid was a conductor of
electricity.
2. The compass needle deflects due to the magnetic effect of electric current.
3. Any salt like NaCl or CuSO4 can be added to distilled water to make it conducting.
4. We can use liquids such as honey, copper sulphate solution, milk and calcium carbonate
solution.
5. Glucose doesn't conduct electricity because it is not an electrolyte. It doesn't dissociate into
ions when dissolved in water.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a)
B. 1. False (All liquids do not conduct electricity.)
2. True
3. True
4. False (Water taps are electroplated with chromium to make them shiny.)
5. False (During electrolysis, negative ions at collected at anode.)
C. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (b)
D. 1. Copper 2. Zinc 3. ZnSO4
A. 1. The liquids that allow electric current to pass through them are known as electrolytes.
2. When electric current is passed through an electrolyte, the decomposition of the solution
into ions occurs. This process is called electrolysis.
3. An atom or a molecule that carries an electric charge formed by losing or gaining one or
more electrons is called an ion.
81
4. The process in which a thin layer of a desired metal is deposited on another material by
electrolysis is known as electroplating.
5. The process of depositing a layer of zinc metal on iron objects is called galvanisation.
B. 1. Fire caused by electric short circuits should not be extinguished with water because water
is an electrolyte and thus it conducts electricity. This will make the situation worse as people
who are trying to extinguish such a fire can get electric shock.
2. Distilled water doesn't contain any impurity and hence it is an insulator of electricity. It can
be made a conductor of electricity by adding electrolytes like NaCl and CuSO4.
3. When electricity is passed through an electrolyte, it decomposes into positive and negative
ions. Negative ions called anions are formed by gaining electrons and positive ions called
cations are formed by losing electrons.
4. The applications of electrolysis are as follows.
• It is used for the purification of metals.
• It is used to extract metals from their ores.
5. Bicycle handle bars are coated with chromium as it does not corrode easily. Also, it is scratch-
resistant and has a shiny appearance.
1. We can make a tester at home for identifying conductors and
insulators. For this, we need a cell, an electric bulb and three
pieces of insulated copper wire. Now, take a cell and connect it to
a bulb using a piece of copper wire. Take another piece of wire and
connect it with the free end of the cell. Lastly, take the remaining
piece of wire and connect it with the bulb leaving the other end
free. The bulb will glow when the two free ends of the wire are
touched.
Different substances/things can be tested by connecting them
between the two free ends of the wire. If the bulb glows, the substance is a conductor, otherwise
it is an insulator.
2. To prove that a magnetic field is generated when current flows through a circuit, we need to make
a simple electric circuit consisting of copper wires, a cell, a switch, a bulb and a magnetic compass.
We will connect them as shown in the diagram and place the compass near the uninsulated part
of the wire. On closing the switch, the circuit gets completed and the bulb glows along with
simultaneous deflection of the magnetic needle of the compass. Thus, we can say that magnetic
field is generated when current flows through a circuit.
bulb
cell
insulated
copper uninsulated
wire copper wire
compass
82
3. When electric current is passed through an electrolyte, the decomposition of the solution into
ions occurs. This process is called electrolysis. This is a result of the chemical effects produced
by electric current. Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolytic cell. It consists of an anode, a
cathode, an electrolyte inside a glass vessel (beaker) and a source of electricity. The electrolytic
cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy. When electric current is passed through an
electrolyte, the decomposition of the electrolytic solution into negative and positive ions occurs.
Negative ions called anions are formed by gaining electrons and positive ions called cations are
formed by losing electrons. Negative ions are attracted to the positive electrode (anode) and
positive ions are attracted to the negative electrode (cathode).
4. To electroplate an iron key with copper, we need copper strip, iron key, copper sulphate solution,
connecting wires, battery and beaker. Now, we will set the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
Here, the cathode is the iron key and anode is the copper strip. We will put them into the beaker
containing copper sulphate solution. Now, we will pass the electric current till a uniform coating
of copper is formed on the iron key.
+ –
battery
+ –
copper strip iron key
(anode) (cathode)
copper sulphate
solution
(electrolyte)
5. Electroplating is done to coat a costly metal, over a cheap metal, like coating of gold on silver
ornaments, to make them more attractive. It is also done to protect certain metals from corrosion.
Following are a few applications of electroplating.
• Objects such as kitchen gas burners, bath taps and bicycle handle bars are coated with
chromium as chromium does not corrode easily.
• Tin is electroplated on iron to make tin cans used for storing food. This is done because iron
reacts with food and the food gets spoilt.
• Iron is electroplated with zinc to protect it from corrosion and prevent rust formation.
83
15. Some Natural Phenomena
Answer Key
In-text Questions
A Disaster (Page 220)
1. natural
2. tornado
3. spiral
4. Tornado is a violently rotating, dark column of air that extends from the sky to the surface of the
earth. It can lift vehicles, trees, houses and other large structures.
5. Water spout is a tornado that forms over the sea.
6. The various safety measures that can be taken to be safe from a tornado are as follows.
• A tornado shelter can be built underground or in the interior of a building with no windows.
• An emergency kit with basic necessities should be packed to meet the needs of a family for
a few days.
• If caught in the open, bow down on your knees and cover your head with your hands to
protect yourself from flying debris.
Television screen or computer monitor have static charges accumulated on them. When we touch
them with our hands, which are uncharged, the charges transfer from the screen to our hands and we
see a spark.
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
The electroscope will not work if the aluminium strips are replaced by plastic strips because plastic
strips are insulators which restrict free flow of charges.
Charging an Electroscope (Page 226)
1. The metal strips of the electroscope can be charged by conduction if a charged body is touched
to its metal disc. The strips repel each other and open up. We can detect whether an object is
charged or not in this manner.
2. When a positively charged object is placed near the disc of the electroscope, the electrons get
attracted to the terminal and protons get accumulated in each leaf, and hence the leaves of the
electroscope repel.
3. To charge a gold-leaf electroscope by induction, a charged object is brought near to the
electroscope without touching it. The charged object above the plate of the gold-leaf electroscope
induces electrons within the electroscope which moves according to the charge on the object.
For example, if the object is negatively charged then electrons are repelled by the charged object
and negative charge will be induced on the gold leaves.
84
4. When a positively charged object is brought close to the disc of the electroscope, electrons
are attracted towards the charged object. This induces a positive charge on the leaves of the
electroscope.
When charged clouds pass over a tree, it can induce an opposite charge on the tree due to which a
lightning can strike it. Hence, we should not take shelter under a tall tree during lightning.
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
Protection During an Earthquake (Page 232)
The pictures of incorrect safety measures, which are to be circled are given below.
1 2 3
Panic and run here Turn on gas and Use elevators

and there. electricity. instead of stairs.
4 5 6
Ignore rocks Stay near buildings/ Do not help

falling. trees/power lines. neighbours.
1. Do not panic, stay calm and find a way out.

2. Turn off gas and electricity.
3. Use stairs instead of elevators.
4. Beware of the falling rocks.
5. Stay away from buildings/trees/power lines.
6. Help your neighbours.
1. The natural phenomenon in which there is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth for a short
while is called an earthquake.
2. The earth is made of three layers—crust, mantle and core. The innermost layer of the earth, that
is, the core is divided into two sub-layers—inner core and outer core.
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3. An earthquake may be caused due to the following.
• Volcanic eruption
• Underground nuclear explosion
• Movement of tectonic plates
4. Richter scale
5. An instrument called a seismograph is used to detect and record seismic waves. The record of the
seismograph on the graph paper is called seismogram.
Apply Your Learning

A. During a Thunderstorm (Page 234)
1. In image B, the person is less likely to be struck by the lightning. It is because the person
is standing away from the metal pole which is a conductor of electricity and can attract
lightning.
2. If a person is in an open area, she/he must stay away from trees and poles, and squat low on
the ground.
3. It is safe to sit in a car because lightning will travel around the surface of the car and then
move to the ground. Being a good conductor, the metallic frame of the car directs the current
around it and discharges it safely to the ground while protecting the objects inside the car.
4. It is advised to squat low in an open area instead of lying flat on the ground because this
reduces the chances of being hit by a lightning strike.
5. Following are some other safety measures that must be kept in mind while we are outside
during a thunderstorm.
• Avoid being near water bodies like swimming pools as water is a good conductor of
electricity.
• Do not open an umbrella during thunderstorms.
B. Charging an Object (Page 234)
+
+
+ –
+ –
–
–
ground
Charging by conduction Charging by induction
1. Charging an object means making an electronically neutral object charged by friction/

rubbing, induction or conduction.
2. In charging an object by conduction, the charged object touches the uncharged object
whereas in charging by induction, there is no physical contact between the charged and the
uncharged object.
3. We can observe charging with friction when a balloon is rubbed on dry hairs and when a
plastic scale gets charged by rubbing with cloth.
4. When two objects are rubbed with each other, a force of friction develops between them
which causes transfer of electrons from one object to another. While rubbing, charges which
are equal in magnitude but opposite in nature are acquired by the objects.
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5. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth, it acquires positive charge and when a plastic
straw is rubbed with wool, it acquires negative charge. So, when both of these objects are
brought close to each other, they attract because unlike charges attract each other.
1. The roof is made of wood so as to make it light. This will help to minimise the damage caused
if the building collapses.
2. The cupboards and shelves in Ankit's house must be fixed securely to the walls, so that they
do not fall down.
3. Items present in the safety kit can be flashlight, first aid, water bottle, Swiss knife, whistle,
blanket and food items.
4. He can protect himself during earthquake in the following ways.
• Use a heavy table or a cot to take shelter and staying there till shaking stops.
• Stay away from tall and heavy objects that may fall on you.
• If in bed, stay there. Place a pillow over your head to protect it.
• Do not use a lift during an earthquake.
1. Metals are good conductors of electricity and cannot hold static charges. These charges flow
through them, our body and then ultimately down to the earth. On the other hand, a plastic
comb is an insulator which can hold static charges.
2. The lightning conductors have spikes to attract the current produced during lightning. If the
lightning conductor rod is bent, then it will not be able to attract the current easily.
3. No, bodies do not get charged by rubbing during rainy season. It is because during rainy
season, air becomes humid and conducting. Therefore, the static charges on the objects
leaks off to the air.
4. Petrol tankers have hanging metal chains that touch the ground. Electric charges are
produced due to the movement of vehicles on the road and hence sparks can be produced
due to rubbing of tyres. Metal chains that drag along the roads absorb these electric charges
produced by the vehicle's tyres.
5. In hilly areas, clouds are comparatively closer to the ground than in the plains. Therefore,
lightning strikes are more frequent in hilly areas.
E. Link and Learn (Geography) (Page 236)
Students can mark the areas on the maps on their own.
1. Japan, China, Turkey and Indonesia are some of the countries that experience a large number
of earthquakes in a year.
2. Jammu and Kashmir, Assam and Gujarat are some of the states of India which lie in the
seismic zone.
3. Students will do it on their own.
(Hint: For Q3 and Q4, students can take help from the Internet and check for updates related to
earthquakes on official websites like www.seismo.gov.in)
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Earthquakes
Precautions Safety measures
• 'Drop, cover and hold' method • Use a heavy table or a cot to take shelter.
should be practised. • Stay away from tall and heavy objects.
• Ceiling fans and air conditioners • Do not use lift during an earthquake.
should be firmly fixed. • If outdoors, stay in clear field away from
• Cracks in the walls or ceilings must buildings, trees and electric poles.
be repaired.
• Firefighting equipments must be
kept handy.

(Hint: Students can take help from official government websites like www.seismo.gov.in and
www.gsi.gov.in)
1. China experienced the highest number of earthquakes.
2. Mexico, Greece, India and Afghanistan experienced the lowest number of earthquakes.
3. Turkey experienced 77 earthquakes.
4. This is because earthquakes cause shaking of the ground due to which buildings and
bridges collapse, electricity and telephone services get disrupted, and sometimes landslides,
avalanches, and tsunami also get triggered.
5. We cannot prevent earthquakes from occurring because they are natural disasters.
6. A smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area of the main shock,
caused as the displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock is called an aftershock.
Exercises
A. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)
B. 1. True
2. False (When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, it acquires a positive charge as electrons
are stripped away from it.)
3. False (A copper plate is buried inside the earth in a lightning conductor.)
4. False (It is not safe to use an umbrella during a thunderstorm.)
5. False (Richter scale is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake.)
C. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (a)
D. 1. The science which deals with the study of earthquakes is called seismology.
88
2. Seismic waves are the high energy shock waves that spread in all direction on collision of the
tectonic plates.
3. The point on the earth's surface just vertically above the seismic focus is called epicentre.
4. The point or place near the boundaries of the tectonic plates from where the earthquake
originates is called the seismic focus.
5. A seismograph is an instrument that is used to detect and record seismic waves.
A. 1. Static electricity refers to the imbalance between positive and negative charges on a body.
2. During thunderstorm, charged clouds induce opposite charge by induction on uncharged
clouds and the two clouds attract. Their combination produces a large amount of heat, light
and sound. This is also known as lightning.
3. The process of transfer of charge from a charged object to the ground is called earthing.
4. The process of flow of electric charge from one body to another body is known as electric
discharge.
5. The natural phenomenon in which there is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth for a
short while is called an earthquake.
B. 1. When a scale is rubbed with dry hair, it gets charged due to the friction produced on rubbing.
2. In static electricity, the charges are at rest and accumulate on the surface of the object.
Current electricity in a conductor is caused due to the movement of the electrons inside it.
3. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together form the lithosphere. The lithosphere is
composed of many fragments and does not exist in one piece.
4. Following are the measures that should be taken by a person who is outdoors during a
thunderstorm.
• Do not stand under or near a tree.
• Stay away from tall trees, metallic objects and poles.
5. Gas pipes and cylinders may burst due to the strong vibrations caused by an earthquake
which may lead to fire in houses, mines and factories.
1. Following are the methods to charge an object.
• Charging by friction: When two objects are rubbed with each other, a force of friction
develops between them which causes transfer of electrons from one object to another.
While rubbing, charges which are equal in magnitude but opposite in nature are acquired
by the objects. Thus, the process by which an object is electrically charged when rubbed
against a surface is called charging by friction. For example, a balloon gets charged when it
is rubbed on dry hair.
• Charging by conduction: An electrically neutral object can be charged by touching it with
a charged object. When an object is charged by conduction, there is a transfer of charge
from the electrically charged object to an electrically neutral or uncharged object by
touching them. This is also known as charging by contact. In this method, the uncharged
object acquires same nature of charge as that on the charged object.
• Charging by induction: An object can also be charged without making any physical
contact with the charged object. When an uncharged object is brought in close vicinity of
89
a charged object, without making any physical contact with the uncharged object, then it
is called charging by induction. In this method, the uncharged object acquires a charge of
opposite nature as that on the charged object.
2. Electroscope is a device used to detect and test the nature of an electric charge. It often consists of
a metal rod which has a knob on the top. A pair of metal leaves are connected at the bottom. The
metal rod is inserted into a one-hole rubber stopper which is further fitted into a flask. The flask
now contains the metal leaves. When no charge is present on the electroscope, the metal leaves
hang straight down. When a charged object is brought near the electroscope, the electric charge
travels down through the rod and the leaves spread apart. This spreading of leaves indicates the
presence of an electric charge.
3. When a thunderstorm develops, the air currents move upwards while the water droplets move
downwards. This vigorous movement results in the separation of positive and negative charges
from each other. Positive charges accumulate near the upper regions of the clouds whereas
negative charges accumulate near the lower regions. Due to this, the positive charges also
accumulate on the ground because of the process of induction. Air being an insulator, is unable
to resist the flow of charge when the magnitude of charges increases. The negative charges meet
the positive charges on the ground producing a bright flash of light along with sound. This flash
of bright light is known as lightning and the process is called an electric discharge. An electric
discharge can occur between two clouds with unlike charges or between clouds and the ground.
4. The Richter scale is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake. It has markings from 0 to
9. Earthquakes are classified in the following ways depending on their reading on the scale.
• 0 – 2: Unnoticed
• 2 – 4: Felt but not damaging
• 4 – 6: Moderate (Prone to structural damages)
• 6 – 8: Severe
• 8 – 9: Very severe
Some hazards caused by earthquakes are as follows.
• Earthquakes cause a lot of damage to buildings, bridges, roads and rails.
• Earthquakes deform the ground surface and thus change the landscape of a place.
• Landslides occur when tremors are caused in mountainous regions.
• An earthquake that occurs under an ocean causes tsunamis. A tsunami is a series of waves
in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally from an
ocean.
5. Tectonic plates, while moving, collide and sometimes get interlocked with each other, preventing
further movement. Over the years, high pressure builds up due to the forces pushing the two
plates from beneath. This high pressure causes the two plates to rip apart, sending shock waves
of high energy in all directions. These waves are called seismic waves.
The point or place near the boundaries of the tectonic plates from where the earthquake
originates is called the seismic focus. The point on the earth's surface just vertically above the
seismic focus is called the epicentre.
The places which lie above the boundaries of the tectonic plates are high-risk areas where
earthquakes are more likely to occur. These are known as seismic or fault zones.
90
6. Lightning conductor is used to protect a tall building from the damaging effects of lightning.
It consists of a metal rod with spikes at the top and a copper plate attached at the lower end
that is buried under the ground. The metal rod is a little taller than the building. So if lightning
strikes, the electric discharge flows directly to the earth through the metal rod without causing
any damage to the building. The metal rod thus provides an easy path for the flow of charges into
the ground.
thunder cloud
spikes
metal rod
tall building
copper
plate
ground
A lightning conductor
91
16. Light
Answer Key
In-text Questions
A Visit to the Taj Mahal (Page 240)
1. This phenomenon is called reflection.
2. Virtual image is formed in this case.
3. Virtual images are erect and they cannot be obtained on a screen.
4. mirror
The angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray will be 90°. It is because according to the laws
of reflection, angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
A Periscope (Page 247)
1. Plane mirrors are used in periscope.
2. Commonly, two mirrors are used in a periscope.
3. The mirrors are placed parallel with respect to each other and at 45° with respect to the sides of
the tubes.
4. The applications of a periscope are as follows.
• It is used in submarines to determine the distance of a torpedo.
• It is used to observe the chemical reactions in nuclear reactors.
5. Two mirrors are used in a simple periscope which are inclined at an angle of 45° with respect to
the sides of the tubes. When light falls on one mirror, it gets reflected and falls on the second
mirror which further gets reflected to the observer's eyes.
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F
Violet colour has the shortest wavelength and red colour has the longest wavelength. Due to this
reason, violet colour deviates the most and red colour deviates the least.
The Bird in a Cage (Page 250)
1. We observe that the bird is now in the cage.
2. The reason behind this is persistence of vision.
3. Yes, it is an optical illusion.
92
1. Spectrum of white light
2. Cones
3. Iris is a dark–coloured muscular structure that controls the size of the pupil.
4. Cataract can be treated surgically through laser by replacing the eye lens with a new artificial
lens.
5. Vitamin A, C and E
Apply Your Learning

A. Observing Colourful Patterns (Page 253)
1. Kaleidoscope
2. This device works on the principle of multiple reflections.
3. Three mirrors are present in this device.
4. These mirrors are arranged at an angle of 60°.
5. We are able to see many patterns in this device due to the symmetrical design formed by
multiple reflections from the mirrors.
6. Yes
B. The Human Eye (Page 253)
ciliary muscle
sclera vitreous humour

iris cornea
retina vitreous humour
optic nerve
pupil iris
cornea pupil
eye lens
1. Iris
2. Cornea
3. Eye lens
4. Retina
5. Optic nerve
1. Yes
2. The first thing he should do when he enters his house is to wash his eyes with water.
3. He should not rub his eyes because it can cause more damage as on rubbing, the particle can
scratch the cornea.
93
4. If the irritation persists even after sometime, then he should go to the doctor.
5. It is advised to wash our eyes with clean water if something falls into our eyes.
1. The possible reason is that she/he may have myopia. She/He should consult a doctor and get
her/his eyesight checked.
2. We will see our face more clearly in a new stainless steel plate. It is because the surface of the
new plate is smooth and polished, thereby resulting in regular reflection which gives a sharp
and clear image. A used stainless steel plate does not have a polished and smooth surface
and hence diffused reflection occurs.
3. In the case of a plane mirror, the size of image does not depend on the size of the mirror used.
This is because the size of image is same as the size of object in a plane mirror.
4. The image will be formed 2 m behind the mirror. If we walk towards the mirror, the distance
of the image formed by the mirror decreases.
5. Retina of night birds is different from that in day birds as night birds have a large cornea and
a large pupil which allows the entry of the light into its eyes. Also, their retina consists of a
large number of rods and fewer cones due to which they can see easily at night.
6. The vision impairment in which a person is unable to see objects clearly in dim light is called
night blindness. It is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin A in our diet.
7. The image formed on the retina is real and inverted. However, we are able to see everything
just the way it is because the cells present on the retina send signals to the brain in the form
of electrical impulses through the optic nerve. The brain then interprets these impulses and
converts them into erect images that we see with our eyes.
The relation that is used for calculating the number of images formed is given below.
360
n= –1
θ
Here, n is the number of images formed and θ is the angle between the mirrors.
1. n = 360/θ – 1
2. n = 9
9 = 360/θ – 1
θ = 360/10
= 36°
The two mirrors should be kept at an angle of 36° to obtain 9 images.
3. θ = 90°
n = 360/θ – 1
= 360/90 –1
= 4 – 1 = 3
Three images are formed when mirror are placed at an angle of 90°.
4. θ = 45°
n = 360/θ – 1
= 360/45 – 1
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= 8 – 1 = 7
If the mirrors are placed at an angle of 45°, seven images will be formed.
5. n = 35
n = 360/θ – 1
θ = 360/36
θ = 10°
The two mirrors should be kept at an angle of 10° to obtain 35 images.
Defects of Human Eye
Myopia Hypermetropia Cataract
Lens in the eye

Short-sightedness Long-sightedness become
cloudy/opaque
Caused when the Caused when the

eye is oval–shaped eyeball is shorter than Occurs at old age
instead of round the normal size
Corrected by
Corrected by Corrected by
replacing eye lens
concave lenses convex lenses
with artificial lens
(Hint: Students can take help from the Internet and can also read autobiographies of these
personalities.)
1. Beans are a rich source of zinc.
2. Zinc helps to bring vitamin A from the liver to the retina for the production of melanin. Zinc
also helps in night vision.
3. Sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits like orange and lemon.
4. Vitamin C is important because it can reduce the risk of developing macular degeneration
and cataracts.
95
5. Carrots contain beta-carotene which is a type of vitamin A that helps to promote good
eyesight.
6. Nuts are a good source of vitamin E.
7. We should eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins A, C and E. Eating a balanced diet helps us to
grow and prevent illness. Raw carrots, broccoli, green vegetables, liver oil, eggs, milk and milk
products, and fruits like mango and papaya are rich sources of vitamin A. Vitamin A can also
prevent night blindness.
Exercises
A. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)
B. 1. False (Planets are non-luminous objects.)
2. True
3. False (The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.)
4. False (We should not rub our eyes when something falls in them.)
5. False (The iris controls the size of the pupil.)
C. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (b)
D. 1. Iris controls the size of the pupil.
2. Pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye.
3. Eye lens focuses light to form a real and inverted image on the retina.
4. Retina is a light-sensitive membrane that captures light entering the eyes and sends signals
to the brain.
5. Optic nerve carries visual messages to the brain from the retina in the form of electrical
impulses.
A. 1. The phenomenon of bouncing back of light from the surface of an object in the same medium
is called reflection of light.
2. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion of
light.
3. The band of seven colours obtained after dispersion of light is called the spectrum of white
light.
4. An image of an object formed on the retina stays for about one-sixteenth (1/16th) of a second.
This is called persistence of vision.
5. Blind spot is the part on the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye ball and which does
not have any rods or cones. Consequently, images formed on this spot cannot be seen.
B. 1. Sun and stars are examples of luminous objects while moon and planets are examples of
non-luminous objects.
2. When an object is placed in front of two parallel mirrors, infinite number of images are
formed.
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3. The different colours of light bend by different amounts as they travel with different speeds
in a prism and this causes the dispersion of light.
4. A converging lens i.e. a convex lens is present in the human eye.
5. The person has hypermetropia which can be corrected by using spectacles made of convex
lenses.
1. Louis Braille invented the Braille System in 1932. He was himself visually challenged. The Braille
System comprises 63 symbols or characters, each consisting of raised dots which represent letters
and numerals. Each Braille cell is made of 6 dots arranged in a rectangle of 2 vertical rows of 3 dots
each. A visually challenged person can feel these raised dots with the fingers and recognise the
letters. The text printed in Braille can thus be read by hand or by using machines like computers
or typewriter.
2. Regular reflection: When parallel light rays fall on a smooth and polished surface, then the
reflected rays are also parallel to each other. This is called regular reflection. In this case, we get a
sharp and clear image.
parallel parallel
incident rays reflected rays
polished surface
Regular reflection
Diffused reflection: When parallel light rays fall on a rough surface, they get reflected back in

different directions and this is called diffused or irregular reflection. In this case, the reflected
rays are not parallel to each other. The image formed is not sharp or clear and this can be seen in
scratched mirrors or ripples of water.
parallel unparallel
incident rays reflected rays
rough surface
Diffused reflection
3. When we look at an object, the light rays coming from that object enter into our eyes and pass
through the pupil. The iris controls the size of the pupil, which in turn controls the amount of light
entering the eye. These light rays fall on the eye lens which converges them. A real and inverted
image of the object is formed on the retina. This activates the light-sensitive cells on the retina,
i.e. rods and cones which generate electrical signals. These electrical signals are transmitted to
the brain via the optic nerve. The brain then interprets these electrical signals into images that
we see.
4. The defects of vision of the human eye are as follows.
• Myopia or short-sightedness: A person suffering from myopia can see nearby objects
clearly but cannot see far off objects clearly. It can be corrected using spectacles made of
concave lenses.
97
• Hypermetropia or long-sightedness: A person suffering from long-sightedness can see far
off objects clearly, but cannot see nearby objects clearly. It is common during old age and
can be corrected using spectacles made of convex lens.
• Cataract: It generally occurs at old age. In this defect, the vision becomes blurry as the eye
lens becomes cloudy or opaque. It can be treated surgically through laser by replacing the
eye lens with a new artificial lens.
5. Following are some ways in which we can take care of our eyes.
• Wash eyes with clean water frequently in a day.
• If something falls in the eye, do not rub them. Immediately wash them with water and
consult a doctor if the problem persists.
• Do not read in dim or very bright light and in moving vehicles.
• Do not look at a very bright light or the sun directly.
• Keep blinking your eyes while reading, using computers or watching television.
98
17. Our Solar System and the Stars
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Observe in the Sky (Page 258)
Moon Stars Sun

1. Sun and stars
2. Sun
3. Moon and stars
4. No, they do not disappear. We are not able to see them because of the bright light coming from
the sun.
Venus is the brightest planet in the solar system because its thick clouds reflect almost 70% of the
sunlight that reaches it back into space.
Earth spins on its axis as it revolves around the sun. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle. Due to this
reason, seasons occur. It is summer in the hemisphere that is leaning towards the sun, while it is winter
in the other hemisphere, that is leaning away from the sun.
1. Sun and earth
2. A celestial body that revolves around a planet is called its moon or natural satellite.
3. Mars
4. Venus
5. Ganymede
A comet's tail gets longer as it gets closer to the sun because it gets hotter and releases materials more
rapidly, producing a larger tail.
99
1. Stars
2. Alpha Centauri
3. galaxy
4. light years
5. Meteors
Locating a Star (Page 267)
1. Pole star
2. Ursa Major
3. The imaginary line joining the last two bright stars of Ursa Major is extended. This leads to a star
which is not too bright. This is the Pole star.
4. Sirius
5. Orion
6. When a straight line is drawn through the belt of Orion in the east, it leads to location of the star
Sirius.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
As the moon revolves around the earth, the sun lights up different parts of it, making it appear as if the
moon changes its shape every day.
India's Mission to Mars (Page 269)
1. Mars Orbiter Mission
2. Mangalyaan
3. The scientific objective of Mangalyaan is to develop technologies that are required to design,
plan, manage and operate the interplanetary mission, and to explore the features, mineralogy,
morphology and atmosphere of Mars using scientific instruments.
4. Yes, it is still active.
5. The term 'interplanetary' means travelling between planets.
6. Yes
1. Earth has only one natural satellite.
2. Waxing of the moon means that the visible part of the moon increases in size.
3. During new moon, the moon is between the earth and the sun.
4. The man-made satellites that are launched from the earth and made to revolve around celestial
bodies are called artificial satellites.
5. Aryabhata and INSAT are two Indian artificial satellites.
100
Apply Your Learning
A. Moons of a Planet (271)
1. Jupiter
2. Ganymede
3. Yes
4. Jupiter has 92 moons.
B. Meteor Showers (Page 271)
1. A meteor is a meteoroid that burns when it enters the earth's atmosphere. Consequently, a
meteor does not reach the earth's surface.
2. Meteor burns when they enter the earth's surface while meteorites are unburnt meteoroids
that reach the earth's surface.
3. In a meteor shower, many meteors are observed to originate from a point in the night sky.
4. Meteors are called shooting stars due to the bright tail of light they create as they pass
through the sky.
5. When earth passes through the path of a comet, the comet debris create streaks of light on
burning up in the earth's atmosphere. This appears as meteor shower in the night sky.
1. Revolution is the movement of a planet around the sun in a fixed path called orbit. On the
other hand, rotation is the movement of a planet on its own axis.
2. Period of revolution of a planet is the time taken by that planet to complete one revolution
around the sun.
3. Different planets have different periods of revolution because of their distances from the
sun. The planet which is closer to the sun has the least period of revolution and the planet
that is farthest from the sun has the highest period of revolution.
4. Mercury has the shortest period of revolution and Neptune has the longest period of
revolution.
5. The length of the day is different on different planets because the time taken by the planets
to complete one rotation differs from one planet to another.
6. Revolution causes changes in seasons on earth.
1. The earth would have revolved 16 times around the sun.
2. No, moon will not show phases if it was luminous. The phases of the moon occur when
different intensities of light from the sun falls on the moon due to its revolution around the
earth.
3. 1 light year = 9.46 × 1012 km
8.5 light years = 8.5 × 9.46 × 1012 km
= 8.042 × 1013 km
101
4. Saturn is the least dense of all the planets. Its density is even lesser than water. Therefore, it
will float in a pool full of water.
5. Pole Star lies in line with the North Pole and hence it is not visible from the southern
hemisphere. It lies exactly overhead on observing from the North Pole of the earth.
6. We always see the same side of the moon because the period of revolution of the moon
around the earth is same as the period of rotation of the moon on its axis. As a result, the
same side of the moon is visible to us.
1. Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space.
2. He went to space on April 12, 1961.
3. The first woman to travel to space is Valentina Tereshkova.
4. Project Apollo was a NASA program in the 1960s and '70s that landed the first humans on the
moon.
5. Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite.
6. It was launched on 4 October, 1957.
Planets of the Solar System
Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus
Venus Mars Saturn Neptune
1. Closest to sun 1. Largest planet

1. Blue planet 1. Third largest planet
2. No moon 2. Heaviest planet
2. Only planet that 2. Second least dense planet
3. Smallest planet supports life 3. Has a bright red spot
3. Rotates from east to west
3. One moon
1. Brightest planet 1. Red planet 1. Coldest planet

also called morning/ 1. Second largest planet 2. Outermost planet in the
2. Second smallest planet
evening star 2. Least dense planet solar system
3. Visible to naked eyes
2. No moon 3. Has rings 3. Four times larger than
3. Rotates from east to Earth
west

1. A small object (like a moon or a machine) that revolves around a large object (like a star or a
planet) is called a satellite.
2. True
3. Moon is a natural satellite of a planet.
4. Saturn has the highest number of moons.
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5. Saturn's largest moon is Titan.
6. Uranus has 27 moons.
7. The largest moon of Uranus is Titania.
8. Earth has least number of moons i.e. one.
9. Mercury and Venus do not have moons.
10. The outer planets have more moons because of the gravity and their distance from the sun.
The bigger the planet, the more gravity it has. Larger gravitational pull is able to control more
moons revolving around a planet.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c)
4. (c) 5. (c)
B. 1. True
2. False (The earth takes 365.25 days to complete one revolution around the sun.)
3. False (Pole star can be located with the help of Ursa Major.)
4. False (The size of the tail of a comet increases as it approaches the Sun.)
5. True
C. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a)
4. (e) 5. (b)
D. 1. Sun
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Ursa Minor
5. Pluto
A. 1. The distance travelled by light in one year is called a light year.
2. All the heavenly bodies like sun, moon, stars, planets and other objects in the sky are called
celestial bodies.
3. A natural or man-made object that revolves around a planet or a star is called a satellite.
4. Galaxy is a huge group of stars.
5. Groups of stars that form a recognisable pattern are called constellations.
B. 1. Sun appears bigger than other stars because it is the nearest star to the earth.
2. Various environmental factors are responsible for the existence of life on earth. These include
the right distance from the sun due to which it has the right temperature range, a suitable
atmosphere, the presence of water and the blanket of ozone that protects the life forms from
the harmful ultraviolet radiations.
3. Pole star appears stationary because it lies close to the axis of rotation of the earth.
4. 1 light year = 9.46 × 1012 km
103
1 km = 1/(9.46 × 1012)
2 km = 2 × 1/(9.46 × 1012)
= 2.11 × 10–13 light years
5. Asteroids are the large rocks revolving around the sun in between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter. This region is called the asteroid belt. They have an irregular shape and are much
smaller than planets.
1. Light year is the bigger unit. It is the distance travelled by light in one year.
One light year can be converted into metres (m) or kilometres (km) in the following manner.
One light year = speed of light in ms–1 × number of seconds in a year
= 3 × 108 ms–1 × (365 × 24 × 60 × 60) s
= 9.46 × 1015 m
One light year = 9.46 × 1012 km
And, one kilometre = 1/9.46 × 1012 light year
2. Following are the major differences between stars and planets.
Stars Planets
They are made of hot gases. They are made up of rocks.
They do not have light of their own. They reflect the
They have light of their own.
light falling on them.
They twinkle. They do not twinkle.
They show no visible change in The position of planets change as they move around
position. the sun.
3. The various applications of artificial satellites are as follows.
• They are used for weather forecasting.
• They help in communicating through various channels.
• They are used for transmitting radio and telecommunication signals.
• They are used in remote sensing (collecting information from a distance).
• They help in conducting scientific experiments and studying celestial bodies.
• They are used for navigating ships and aeroplanes and for Global Positioning System
(GPS).
4. Pole star is a star that lies close to the axis of rotation of the earth. It appears stationary from
the earth. We can locate the pole star using the Ursa Major constellation, by extending an
imaginary line connecting the last two bright stars of Ursa Major.
5. The different shapes of the bright part of the moon that we see during a month are known
as phases of the moon. The different phases of the moon are as follows.
• New moon: The moon is not visible to us when it is in between the earth and the sun.
It is called new moon (Amavasya).
• Waxing crescent moon: As the moon starts moving away from the sun, its visible part
increases in size. This is the waxing phase of the moon. Two-three days after the new
moon, a small portion of the moon is visible. This is called the waxing crescent moon.
• First quarter or half-moon: When half of the moon is visible, it is called first quarter or
half-moon.
104
• Waxing gibbous moon: When more than half the moon is visible, it is called waxing
gibbous moon.
• Full moon: When the entire illuminated portion of the moon is visible, it appears as
a full disc. This is called full moon (Purnima). This happens when the moon is farthest
from the sun.
• Waning gibbous moon: After the full moon, the size of the illuminated part of the
moon starts decreasing. This is the waning phase. The decreasing phase of the moon
when more than half of it is visible is called waning gibbous moon.
• Third quarter: When half of the waning moon is visible, it is called third quarter. It is
also a half moon.
Waning crescent moon: When the waning moon reduces to a small illuminated
•
portion, it is called the waning crescent moon. It is waning towards the new moon. The
period of waxing (new moon to full moon) or the period of waning (full moon to new
moon) of the moon is about 15 days. The period between one full moon and the next
is about 29 days.
105
18. Pollution of Air and Water
Answer Key
In-text Questions
Contamination of Water (Page 276)
1. The image shows water being contaminated due to plastic wastes thrown in it.
2. No, plastics bottles are non-biodegradable.
3. No, this water is not safe for drinking.
Greenhouse effect is essential for survival on earth as it is crucial for keeping our planet at a suitable
temperature for existence of life. In the absence of natural greenhouse effect, the heat emitted by
the earth would radiate from the earth's surface into space and the average temperature of the earth
would reach about –20°C.
Due to global warming, glaciers and polar ice caps have melted, which has led to the loss of habitat for
polar animals.
The Ozone Hole (Page 280)
1. O3 is the chemical formula of ozone.
2. The major causes of ozone layer depletion are chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
carbon tetrachloride and oxides of nitrogen.
3. They reach the upper layers of the atmosphere and are broken down by UV radiations to release
atoms which react with ozone.
4. Ozole hole is the reduction in the thickness of ozone layer over an area. It was first discovered
over Antarctica in 1985.
5. The depletion of ozone layer is harmful for humans as it puts us to an increased exposure to UV
radiation which can cause damage to the eyes and skin, including skin cancer.
6. To reduce ozone depletion, several steps have been taken like ban on the use of CFCs and
encouraging the use of public transport. Using eco-friendly products and minimising pollution
can also reduce ozone depletion.
1. air pollutants
2. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour
3. greenhouse gases
4. sulphuric acid
5. coal
106
Untreated sewage contains dissolved and suspended impurities. It is important to treat sewage before
disposing it in a water body in order to remove its impurities and prevent its harmful effects on humans
and aquatic animals.
Pure Water (Page 284)
1. Glass A is fit for drinking because it has been purified through various filters.
2. We can distinguish between pure and impure water by observing its colour as pure water is
colourless while impure water is not colourless.
3. Water that is suitable for drinking is called potable water.
4. We can purify water at home by boiling or by using water filters.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
Apply Your Learning

A. Effects of Air Pollution (Page 286)
1. Greenhouse effect
2. The phenomenon of trapping of the sun's heat by atmospheric gases is called greenhouse
effect.
3. Yes, greenhouse effect is necessary for our survival as it keeps our planet at a suitable
temperature. Without the natural greenhouse effect, the heat emitted by the earth would
simply radiate outwards from its surface into space and the earth would have an average
temperature of about –20°C.
4. Gases like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour cause this effect and are known as
greenhouse gases.
5. This phenomenon leads to global warming which is the increase in global average
temperature of the earth's atmosphere.
B. Industrial Pollution (Page 286)
1. In the given image, industries are causing air and water pollution.
2. Industries release smoke, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, as well as oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen in the air.
3. Inhalation of these substances cause various health problems like asthma and other
respiratory diseases.
4. Industries like textile factories and oil refineries discharge harmful chemicals containing lead,
mercury, asbestos, arsenic and fluorides into the water bodies.
5. The toxicity of these substances can be reduced by treating the wastewater in a water
treatment plant before releasing them into the water bodies.
107
6. Addition of hot water reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water bodies which
poses a threat to the lives of aquatic species.
1. World Water Day is celebrated on 22 March every year.
2. World Water Day is celebrated every year to spread awareness about the importance of
conservation of water.
3. We can conserve water in the following ways.
• Using a bucket and a mug instead of a shower for bathing.
• Repairing leaking pipes and taps.
• Closing the tap while brushing teeth or shaving.
4. We should follow the 3Rs principle for conserving water. It can be done in the following
manner.
• Reuse: Rainwater can be collected and used to wash verandas and cars. The water that
is filtered out by ROs can be used for washing floors.
• Reduce: We should use bucket and mug instead of a shower for bathing. Also, we
should close the tap while brushing our teeth.
• Recycle: Purification of wastewater should be done.
5. Sustainable water management means utilising water in a manner that meets the ecological,
social and economic requirements of people without compromising the ability to meet those
needs in the future.
1. Global warming leads to increase in the temperature of the earth's surface. This causes
changes in rain patterns and rise in sea level which leads to flooding of low-lying coastal
areas.
2. Surface water contains significant amounts of contaminants like chemical pollutants, run-off
fertilisers and pesticides. Groundwater is formed by the seepage of rainwater through many
layers of sand and rocks, that is, natural filtration occurs in the case of groundwater. So, out of
groundwater and surface water, the former is comparatively safer for consumption as many
impurities get filtered through natural filtration.
3. The available water can be made fit for drinking by boiling.
4. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. When it is present in higher concentration in the
atmosphere, it leads to an increase in the global average temperature of the earth's surface
which results in corresponding climate change called global warming.
5. Solar energy is an eco-friendly source of energy because it is a renewable inexhaustible
source of energy. Also, consumption of solar energy doesn't result in harmful by-products.
Students can mark the places where gas leak accidents occurred in India on their own.
1. Bhopal gas tragedy happened on 3 December 1984.
2. In the Bhopal gas tragedy, about 45 tons of methyl isocyanate gas escaped from an
insecticide plant. This led to the death of thousands of people. It also led to blindness and
severe respiratory problems in the survivors.
108
3. Students can write a short note about the fire that broke out due to a gas leakage in
Chamanganj, Kanpur.
Environmental Pollution
Air Pollution Water Pollution
Causes Effects Causes Effects

1. Burning of fossil fuel 1. Global warming 1. Industrial wastes 1. Eutrophication
2. Emissions from 2. Acid rain 2. Sewage discharged into 2. Destroys aquatic life
industries 3. Depletion of ozone layer water bodies 3. Causes waterborne
3. Use of CFCs 4. Leads to respiratory 3. Oil leakage diseases
4. Deforestation issues
Ways of Prevention Ways of Prevention

1. Using clean fuels 1. Treatment of wastewater
2. Judicious use of energy 2. Proper disposal of garbage
resources 3. Minimum use of fertilisers
3. Use of public transport and pesticides
4. Afforestation 4. Using biodegradable
detergents

1. Tiny particles that are suspended in air during dust storms, burning of fuels and volcanic
eruptions are called particulate matter.
2. 6 November
3. 27 October
4. During October and November, the pollution increases due to seasonal factors like dust
storms, crop fires and burning of crackers during Diwali and Dussehra.
5. Following are some of the probable causes of air pollution.
• Burning of fossil fuels
• Emissions from industries and power plants
• Use of CFCs
6. The Delhi government has taken the following measures to control air pollution.
• The government imposed a ban on firecrackers.
• Water sprinklers and anti-smog guns have been set up.
• PUCC (Pollution Under Control Certificates) have been made mandatory at filling
stations.
Along with this, the government also initiated the Odd-even scheme and held a month long
anti-open burning campaign as a part of its summer action plan to control air pollution.
109
7. We can contribute in the following ways to control air pollution.
• Using public transport.
• Switching off the lights when not in use.
• Reusing and recycling products to control the emission of industrial pollutants.
• Avoiding burning of garbage.
• Avoiding the use of firecrackers.
Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)
B. 1. True
2. False (The yellowing of Taj Mahal is due to acid rain.)
3. False (Water from water bodies is not safe for drinking purposes.)
4. True
5. True
C. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
D. 1. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas which causes air pollution.
2. Oxides of sulphur combine with water droplets in the air to make sulphuric acid, which is
part of acid rain.
3. Oxides of nitrogen combine with other pollutants to form smog.
4. Smoke releases particulate matter and toxic chemicals into the air.
5. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which leads to global warming.
A. 1. The increase in the amount of harmful substances in the environment is known as pollution.
2. An increase in the global average temperature of the earth's atmosphere which leads to
corresponding climatic changes is called global warming.
3. The process of excessive growth of algae due to chemical run-off which deteriorates the
quality of water is called eutrophication.
4. The phenomenon of trapping of the sun's heat by atmospheric gases is called greenhouse
effect.
5. Water that is suitable for drinking is called potable water. The water that we drink should be
colourless, odourless and transparent.
B. 1. Smoke containing nitrogen oxides combines with other air pollutants and fog to form smog
which leads to air pollution.
2. The incomplete combustion of fuels releases carbon monoxide (CO) which is a poisonous
gas. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, leading to headache, drowsiness and
nausea. Very high levels of CO in the blood may cause coma and even death.
3. Chlorine is added in the form of chlorine tablets or bleaching powder to water. This kills the
germs present in water. This process is called chlorination.
110
4. Cholera and dysentery are the diseases caused by the consumption of contaminated water.
5. Industrial emissions and exhaust from vehicles are some of the sources of air pollution.
1. The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur released during combustion of fossil fuels react with water
vapour to form nitric acid and sulphuric acid. These acids come down with the rain making the
rainwater acidic. Such rain is known as acid rain.
Following are the harmful effects of acid rain.
• It corrodes metal structures and buildings, and damages structures made of marble,
limestone and cement.
• It makes the soil acidic. This reduces the fertility of the soil and destroys vegetation.
• It makes water in lakes and ponds acidic, and affects the survival of aquatic plants and
animals.
• It causes irritation in the eyes and affects the lungs.
2. When the sun's radiation falls on the earth, a part of it is absorbed and a part of it is reflected
back. Gases like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour trap the heat of the sun in the
atmosphere. This further heats up the earth. The phenomenon of trapping of the sun's heat by
these atmospheric gases is called greenhouse effect. The gases which cause greenhouse effect
are called greenhouse gases. When the amount of greenhouse gases increases in the atmosphere,
more heat gets trapped in the atmosphere. This causes an increase in the temperature of the
earth leading to global warming. An increase in the global average temperature of the earth's
atmosphere which leads to corresponding climatic changes is called global warming.
3. Oil spills and agricultural run-off cause water pollution in the following ways.
Oil spills: The leakage of oil may occur during drilling and shipping operations. Since oil is
insoluble in water, it forms a layer on the water surface. This reduces the amount of oxygen in
water and leads to water pollution.
Agricultural run-off: Farmers use various chemicals like fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides
to increase crop yield. Water containing these chemicals enters the nearby water bodies and
groundwater, thus polluting them.
4. We can purify water at home by the following ways.
• Water can be boiled for 15 to 20 minutes.
• Filtration, adsorption and disinfection by water purifiers is carried out nowadays. The
main components of such a purifier is a candle (filter), layer of activated charcoal (adsorbs
impurities) and UV radiation (disinfectant).
• Chlorine tablets or bleaching powder can be added to water for purification. This water
cannot be used for drinking purposes.
5. Ganga is an important river that sustains the northern, central and eastern Indian population.
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the level of water pollution in Ganga has
increased. This is because there are several industries located near the river which include
fertiliser, detergent, leather and paint industries. Moreover, the nearby cities and towns
dispose large amounts of untreated sewage, and other toxic substances into the river. Ganga
at Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh is extremely polluted.
111
A number of initiatives have been taken by the government to reduce pollution in Ganga,
like the Ganga Action Plan which was launched in 1985. After this, a series of steps have
been taken like National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA) in 2009, Government Clean-
up Campaign in 2010 and Namami Gange Programme in 2014.
112
Test Paper 1
(Chapters 1 to 9)
(Answer Key)
Choose the correct answer.
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
Fill in the blanks.
1. lysosomes 2. endangered 3. outermost
4. caterpillar 5. biodiversity 6. Natural gas
7. Sodium/Potassium 8. mosquitoes 9. sprinkler
10. Melamine
State whether the given statements are True or False.
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True
6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. True
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Manures are better than fertilisers as they do not cause pollution and also provide humus to
the soil.
2. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi help in cleaning the environment as they decompose
the dead and decaying matter into simpler substances that can be absorbed by the soil.
3. Plastics adversely affect the animals as they may choke to death if they accidentally swallow
polythene bags while trying to eat waste food thrown in it.
4. When there is an electrical fire, water should not be used. This is because water is a good
conductor of electricity and can cause electrocution.
5. Metals react with oxygen present in air to form metal oxides.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
For example, 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
6. The process of heating coal at a very high temperature (about 1000°C) in the absence of oxygen
to yield useful products is called destructive distillation of coal. Coke, coal tar and coal gas are
the products of destructive distillation of coal.
7. The species of plants and animals that have disappeared from the earth are called extinct
species. This means that an extinct animal or plant is not found anywhere in the world. Calamites
and Lepidodendron are examples of plants that have become extinct.
8. Petroleum refining is required to separate useful products from petroleum such as liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), petrol, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oil. Crude oil also has many
impurities which need to be removed.
9. Endoplasmic reticulum: It is responsible for synthesis, storage and transport of materials like
lipids and proteins.
113
Golgi bodies: It is responsible for sorting and packaging of materials before their secretion.
10. Unicellular organisms like amoeba reproduce by binary fission. In this method, the parent cell
divides into two new cells. The nucleus of the parent cell first divides into two nuclei followed
by the division of the cytoplasm. Thus, each new cell receives a nucleus. This is followed by
the complete division of the parent amoeba into two daughter amoebae, each of which grows
into a full-sized amoeba.
Think carefully and answer the following questions.
1. The unwanted plants that grow along with the crop are called weeds. It is necessary to remove
them as they compete with the crop plants for sunlight, water, minerals and space.
2. Milk is treated before packing to prevent its spoilage and increase its shelf life. It is done by
pasteurisation. In this method, milk is heated to about 70°C for 15 to 25 seconds, and then it
is quickly cooled and stored. This method kills the bacteria present in milk and prevents the
growth of the remaining bacteria, if any.
3. Synthetic fibres are not good for the environment because their disposal is an issue. They are
non-biodegradable and pollute the environment.
4. Metals like silver, gold and platinum do not react with water, not even with steam, and are
called noble metals.
5. Fractional distillation of petroleum works on the principle that different components boil at
different temperatures, i.e. on the basis of their boiling points.
6. Fossil fuels on burning, release carbon dioxide in the environment. As carbon dioxide is a
greenhouse gas, it causes global warming. Hence, fossil fuels harm the environment.
7. Trees and forests are home to many different species of plants and animals. Deforestation leads
to the loss of their natural habitats which further results in a loss of biodiversity.
8. The thin outer covering of a cell is the cell membrane. It separates the cell from the other cells
and also from its surrounding medium. The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the
cell membrane. On the other hand, cell wall is an additional layer or covering around the cell
membrane. It is made up of cellulose. It provides protection against variations in temperature,
moisture and wind.
9. After fertilisation, the zygote divides repeatedly to form an embryo. The stage of the embryo
after 8 weeks at which all the major organs like hands, legs, head, eyes and ears are formed
is called a foetus.
10. Some animals directly give birth to their young ones. Such animals are known as viviparous
animals. Human beings, goats, cats and dogs are viviparous animals. On the other hand,
some animals lay eggs. Such animals are called oviparous animals. Birds, lizards and frogs are
oviparous animals.
114
Test Paper 2
(Chapters 10 to 18)
(Answer Key)
Choose the correct answer.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
Fill in the blanks.
1. audible 2. primary 3. seismograph 4. multiple reflection
5. Comets 6. waxing crescent 7. Smog 8. Non-contact
9. roughness 10. cochlea
State whether the given statements are True or False.
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False
6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Menstruation happens in females after ovulation. In case the egg is not fertilised, the uterus
lining and its blood vessels break down and are shed off through the vagina resulting in
bleeding. This loss of blood through the vagina is called menstruation.
2. When forces on an object are applied in the same direction, the resultant force is the sum of all
the forces applied. But when forces on an object are applied in the opposite directions, these
oppose each other and the object moves in the direction of the larger force. The resultant
force (net force) acting on the object is the difference between the two forces.
3. Friction plays an important role in our daily lives. Many of our everyday tasks like walking,
writing and lighting a matchstick are done with the help of friction. Along with playing an
important role, friction also has some negative effects like causing wear and tear, and wastage
of energy and money. Therefore, friction is called a necessary evil.
4. The major difference between gravitational force and gravity is that gravitational force exists
between two objects. On the other hand, the force of gravity acts between the earth's surface
and any object. The gravitational force acting between two objects is quite weaker as compared
to the force of gravity.
5. Sound is produced by a vibrating body. The vibrating object transfers its energy to the
surroundings. When the air molecules surrounding the object receive this energy, they also start
vibrating about their mean positions and in turn transfer their energies to the neighbouring
molecules. This disturbance in the air molecules constitutes the sound waves which carry the
energy from one molecule to another without actually moving them from their places.
6. The following are the chemical effects of electric current.
• Bubbles of a gas may be formed on the electrodes
• Deposits of metal may be seen on electrodes
• Changes of colour of solutions may occur
115
7. A rainbow is formed in the sky due to dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets suspended
in air. These droplets act as tiny prisms which split sunlight into seven colours. A rainbow is
always formed in the direction opposite to that of the sun.
8. The lithosphere is composed of many fragments and does not exist in one piece. These
fragments are called tectonic plates, which are continuously moving. A disturbance is caused
in the earth's crust when these plates brush past one another or collide with each other. This
results in earthquakes.
9. The sun is also a star. It is the nearest star to the earth. There are stars that are bigger and
brighter than the sun. However, due to the close proximity of the sun to the earth, it appears
bigger than the other stars.
10. Following are the effects of acid rain.
• It corrodes metal structures and buildings, and damages structures made of marble,
limestone and cement.
• It makes the soil acidic. This reduces the fertility of the soil and destroys vegetation.
• It makes water in lakes and ponds acidic, and affects the survival of aquatic plants and
animals.
• It causes irritation in the eyes and affects the lungs.
Think carefully and answer the following questions.
1. Metamorphosis in frogs is controlled by thyroxine hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland. The
presence of iodine in water is required for the production of thyroxine. If there are insufficient
amounts of iodine in the water in which tadpoles grow, the tadpoles do not produce enough
thyroxine and hence cannot grow into adult frogs.
2. Pitch depends upon frequency. If a sound has higher frequency, then it has higher pitch and
vice versa. Hertz is the unit of measurement of frequency. Thereby, pitch of a sound can also
be measured in hertz.
3. Porters wear a round piece of cloth (turban) on their heads on which they carry heavy loads.
This increases the area of contact with the load and in turn reduces the pressure exerted on
the head.
4. A heavy box filled with clothes exerts pressure on the surface which increases the friction
acting on it. Thus, it is difficult to pull a box filled with clothes than an empty one.
5. The sound produced is controlled by two vocal cords which are the ligaments that are stretched
across the voice box. The vocal cords are stretched leaving a narrow slit (opening) in between
them for the passage of air. When we speak, air passes through the slit and the vocal cords
vibrate producing sound.
6. The electrolytic cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy through the process called
electrolysis. When electric current is passed through an electrolyte, the decomposition of the
electrolytic solution into negative and positive ions occurs. This is a result of the chemical
effects produced by electric current.
7. The moon is a non-luminous object, i.e. it does not have its own light. It reflects the sunlight
falling on it and thus becomes visible to us. We see different shapes of the moon almost every
night because different shapes of the bright part of the moon are visible to us.
116
8. An electroscope of known charge is used to test whether the charged object has a positive or
a negative charge. An electroscope can be charged by the process of conduction or induction.
The charged object to be tested is touched on the clip of negatively charged electroscope.
If divergence in the aluminium strips in the electroscope increases, it means that test object
carries charge of the same nature, i.e. the object being tested is negatively charged. This
happens because the magnitude of negative charge on the strips increases, which increases
the repulsion. But if the strips come closer or collapse, then the object is carrying the charge
of opposite nature, i.e. it is positively charged. In this case, the negative charge on the strips
decreases, which reduces the repulsion between them. The same test can be performed using
a positively charged electroscope.
9. Ciliary muscles are a set of muscles which holds the lens in position. They undergo contraction
and expansion to help in seeing nearby and far away objects with ease.
10. Factory wastes contain acids which if untreated and discharged into water bodies will cause
harm to fish and other aquatic organisms living in water bodies. Therefore, they should first
be treated with basic substances to neutralise them and then discharged into water bodies.
117

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Start Up Science

S. No. Chapter Name Page No.

3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 12

4. Metals and Non-metals 18

5. Coal and Petroleum 24

6. Combustion and Flame 30

10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence 52

11. Force and Pressure 58

14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current 78

15. Some Natural Phenomena 84

17. Our Solar System and the Stars 99

18. Pollution of Air and Water 106

Test Paper-I (Chapters 1 to 9) 113

Test Paper-II (Chapters 10 to 18) 115

Think and Answer (Page 2)

Quick Check (Page 4)

Think and Answer (Page 12)

Apply Your Learning

Ploughing or Tilling Levelling

G. Integrating ICT (Page 17)

Think and Answer (Page 23)

Think and Answer (Page 26)

Protect Yourself (Page 29)

Apply Your Learning

Bacteria Fungi Algae Protozoa Virus

Examples: Rod and Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples:

G. Integrating ICT (Page 36)

Quick Check (Page 43)

Apply Your Learning

Thermoplastics Thermosetting plastics

1. Melt or become soft on heating 1. Can be moulded only once

G. Integrating ICT (Page 49)

Carbon dioxide Carbon and oxygen Both are non-metals.

Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen and chlorine Both are non-metals.

Potassium chloride Potassium and chlorine Potassium is metal and chlorine is a

Apply Your Learning

Reaction with Reaction with Reaction with Reaction with

Metal oxide Oxides/Hydroxides + H2 Salt + H2 Salt + H2

G. Integrating ICT (Page 65)

Apply Your Learning

Name of Fraction Uses

Petroleum gas Domestic fuel—Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Petrol Fuel in automobiles, solvent in dry cleaning

Kerosene Domestic fuel

Lubricating oil Lubricant in machines

Paraffin wax Candles, shoe polish, vaseline

Bitumen Paints, metalling the roads

Formed when very low grade metamorphism takes place in

Bituminous (70–85% carbon) Formed by accumulation of buried dead plant material

Formed by partial decomposition of plants due to increased

Formed by incomplete decomposition of dead remains of

G. Integrating ICT (Page 78)

Cross the boxes for these images.

Do and Learn (Page 82)

Think and Answer (Page 85)

Think and Answer (Page 87)

Black in colour Yellow in colour Blue in colour

Think and Answer (Page 89)

Apply Your Learning

Substance catches fire Substance suddenly bursts Sudden reaction with

Example: LPG, Example: Bursting of

G. Integrating ICT (Page 93)

Think and Answer (Page 100)

1. Brightest planet 1. Red planet 1. Coldest planet