Non Metallic and Polymers

Submitted by : Hemant Pokhra

Roll no. :19EMBME011
Submitted to : Mukesh Tilwani
(Department of Mechanical Engineering)
M.L.V.T.E.C
07/08/2020
Engineering Materials
Engineering materials refers to the group of materials that are used in the construction of manmade structures
and components.
The primary function of an engineering material is to withstand applied loading without breaking and without
exhibiting excessive deflection.
The major classifications of engineering materials include metals, non metals (polymers, ceramics, and
composites).

NON METALS
Non-metals are generally organic substances that do not conduct heat or electricity, and are structurally brittle
(cannot be easily rolled, molded, extruded or pressed).

The nonmetals are in a minority on the periodic table, mostly located on the right-hand side of the
periodic table.
The exception is hydrogen, which behaves as a nonmetal at room temperature and pressure and is found on the upper
left corner of the periodic table.
Under conditions of high pressure, hydrogen is predicted to behave as an alkali metal.
Ex- formation of halide and sulphide; HCl , H2S

So compounds which are formed by non metals are known as NON METALLIC MATERIAL

EXAMPLE-
1. POLYMERS
2. CERAMICS
3. COMPOSITES
Summary of Common Properties

• Poor thermal conductors

• Poor electrical conductors

• Brittle solids—not malleable or ductile

• Little or no metallic luster

• Dull, not metallic-shiny, although they may be colorful

• Lower melting points and boiling point than the metals

POLYMERS

POLYMER = POLY + MER

Poly means many and mer means unit.

So, Polymer means a collection of many units.

The process of making a polymer is known as polymerisation and the basic units are knowns as monomers.

POLYMERS are materials that consist of molecules formed by long chains of repeating units.
They may be natural or synthetic.
Many useful engineering materials are polymers, such as plastics, rubbers, fibers, adhesives, and coatings.
 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS :
(On the basis of molecular forces)
Polymers are classified as thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers (thermosets), and elastomers.

Thermoplastic Polymers
The classification of thermoplastics and thermosets is based on their response to heat. If heat is applied to a
thermoplastic, it will soften and melt. Once it is cooled, it will return to solid form. Thermoplastics do not experience any
chemical change through repeated heating and cooling (unless the temperature is high enough to break the molecular
bonds). They are therefore very well suited to injection moulding. Ex – PolyVinylChloride(PVC), Polyethylene in shampoo
bottles etc.
Thermosetting Polymers
Thermosets are typically heated during initial processing, after which they become permanently hard. Thermosets
will not melt upon reheating. If the applied heat becomes extreme however, the thermoset will degrade due to
breaking of the molecular bonds. Thermosets typically have greater hardness and strength than thermoplastics. They
also typically have better dimensional stability than thermoplastics, meaning that they are better at maintaining their
original dimensions when subjected to temperature and moisture changes.ex- epoxy, polyurethane in kettles, laptop
chargers etc.

Elastomers
Elastomers are highly elastic polymers with mechanical properties similar to rubber. Elastomers are commonly used for
seals, adhesives, hoses, belts, and other flexible parts. The strength and stiffness of rubber can be increased through a
process called vulcanization, which involves adding sulfur and subjecting the material to high temperature and pressure.
This process causes cross-links to form between the polymer chains. ex- rubber for tyres,belts etc.

Fibres
Fibres are thread forming solids which posses high tensile strength and high modulud. These chracteristics can
be atrributed to the strong hydrogen bonding. These strong forces also lead to close packing of chains and thus
impart crystalline natur. Ex- nylon 6,6
VULCANIZATION

Vulcanization is a chemical process in which the rubber is heated with sulphur, accelerator and
activator at 140–160°C. The process involves the formation of cross-links between long rubber
molecules so as to achieve improved elasticity, resilience, tensile strength, viscosity, hardness
and weather resistance.

Cross-link adjacent polyisoprene strands to form a netlike structure in the rubber.

This cross-linking strengthens the polyisoprene to make it harder, flexible and more
durable.
Presentation Outcome

Now, we have idea about different types of engineering materials. We know the meaning of
non metallic materials, their properties.
We learned about polymers and its types with their uses in our daily lives and the importance
of vulcanization of rubber by sulphur.
Any Questions ?
Thank you