 Steam power plant

A steam power plant consists of a boiler, steam turbine and generator, and other auxiliaries. The
boiler generates steam at high pressure and high temperature. The steam turbine converts the heat
energy of steam into mechanical energy. The generator then converts the mechanical energy into
electric power.
Our highly efficient and environmental friendly power plants will contribute to the stable supply of
electrical power and reduction of environmental impact.

 Nuclear power plant

In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart, which releases energy. All nuclear power plants use nuclear
fission, and most nuclear power plants use uranium atoms. During nuclear fission, a neutron collides
with a uranium atom and splits it, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of heat and
radiation. More neutrons are also released when a uranium atom splits. These neutrons continue to
collide with other uranium atoms, and the process repeats itself over and over again. This process is
called a nuclear chain reaction. This reaction is controlled in nuclear power plant reactors to produce
a desired amount of heat.

 Gus turbine power plant

In order to generate electricity, the gas turbine heats a mixture of air and fuel at
very high temperatures, causing the turbine blades to spin. The spinning turbine
drives a generator that converts the energy into electricity.
The gas turbine can be used in combination with a steam turbine—in
combined-cycle power plant—to create power extremely efficiently.
1. Air-fuel mixture ignites:
The gas turbine compresses air and mixes it with fuel that is then burned at
extremely high temperatures, creating a hot gas.
2. Hot gas spins turbine blades:
The hot air-and-fuel mixture moves through blades in the turbine, causing them
to spin quickly.
3. Spinning blades turn the drive shaft:
The fast-spinning turbine blades rotate the turbine drive shaft.
4. Turbine rotation powers the generator:
The spinning turbine is connected to the rod in a generator that turns large
magnet surrounded by coils of copper wire.
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 Hydropower plant : schematic arrangement , advantage & disadvantage

Advantages of Hydropower Plants

Here are a few advantages of hydropower plants :

 Water is available throughout the year

 Operational and maintenance cost is lower than other power plants
 The cost of fuel is nil
 Hydro Plants are made for multiple purposes
 The requirement of working staff is less. The cost of expenses is lower as compared to
other plants

Disadvantages of Hydropower Plants

Listed are a few Disadvantages of Hydropower Plants.

 Embankment construction cost is high

 Land space requirement for set up is large
 Water must be abundant to continue the process
 Aquatic life is effected
 Embankment areas need to be evacuated for flood plains.

 Environmental aspect for selecting location for power plants

The selection of the site for a power plant depends upon many factors such as
cost of transmission of energy, cost of fuel, cost of land and taxes, requirement of
space, availability of site for water power, storage space for fuel, transport
facilities, availability of cooling water, nature of load, degree of reliability,
pollution and noise, interest and depreciation etc.

 Renewable power generation

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate
than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly
being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.

Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable resources that take
hundreds of millions of years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to produce energy, cause
harmful greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide.

Generating renewable energy creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels.
Transitioning from fossil fuels, which currently account for the lion’s share of emissions, to
renewable energy is key to addressing the climate crisis.
 Renewables are now cheaper in most countries, and generate three times more jobs than fossil
fuels.

 Fuel cell

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel
(often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen[1]) into electricity through a pair
of redox reactions.[2] Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous
source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a
battery the chemical energy usually comes from substances that are already present in
the battery.[3] Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and
oxygen are supplied.

 Scope for energy conservation and its benefits Energy conservation Principle-

Energy conservation is the effort to reduce wasteful energy consumption by using

fewer energy services. This can be done by using energy more effectively (using less
energy for continuous service) or changing one's behavior to use less service (for
example, by driving less). Energy conservation can be achieved through efficient energy
use, which has a number of advantages, including a reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions and a smaller carbon footprint, as well as cost, water, and energy savings.
Green engineering practices improve the life cycle of the components of machines which
convert energy from one form into another.
Energy can be conserved by reducing waste and losses, improving efficiency through
technological upgrades, improving operations and maintenance, [1] changing users'
behaviors through user profiling or user activities, monitoring appliances, shifting load
to off-peak hours, and providing energy-saving recommendations. Observing appliance
usage, establishing an energy usage profile, and revealing energy consumption patterns
in circumstances where energy is used poorly, can pinpoint user habits and behaviors in
energy consumption. Appliance energy profiling helps identify inefficient appliances
with high energy consumption and energy load. Seasonal variations also greatly
influence energy load, as more air-conditioning is used in warmer seasons and heating
in colder seasons. Achieving a balance between energy load and user comfort is
complex yet essential for energy preservation. [1] On a large scale, a few factors affect
energy consumption trends, including political issues, technological developments,
economic growth, and environmental concerns. [2]

 Methods and techniques of energy conservation in ventilation and air

conditioners, compressors, pumps, fans and blowers

 1 VENTILATION: Optimize the number, shape and size of intakes

Manage airflow, including considering dual flow ventilation

Stop or reduce ventilation where possible

Use automatic control systems and integrate with centralised technical management
systems

Ensure system is airtight, check joints.

2 AIR CONDITION :

Setting the thermostat as high as you can tolerate

Shut the sun off

Shut the air conditioner when away

Consider room insulation

Check every efficiency

3. FANS AND BLOWERS :

Use electronic regulator in place of conventional regulator.
Use fans at low speed instead of at high speed.
 Adjust direction of ceiling fan so as to air blow downwards.
Turn off fans when not required.
.Maintain, repair, use properly in good condition.
Use the fan which has energy efficient motor.
Use properly designed blade fans.
Use windows to allow natural air circulations.

 Air pollution:
Air Pollution is the release of pollutants such as gases, particles, biological molecules, etc. into the
air that is harmful to human health and the environment.

Source of air pollution :

1. Burning fossil fuels
2. Automobile
3. Agriculture activities
4. Factories and industries
5. Mining activities
6. Domestics sources

Effects :
1. Diseases
2. Global warming
3. Acid rain
4. Ozone layer depletion

Control measures :
1. Avoid using vehicles
2. Energy conservation
3. Use of clean energy resources

: In the simplest terms, particulate air

Particulate emission ( air pollution )
pollution is anything solid or liquid suspended in the air. It includes
smoke, fumes, soot, and other combustion byproducts, but also
natural particles such as windblown dust, sea salt, pollen, and
spores.
 WATER POLLUTION :
 Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water bodies. Water pollution is caused when
water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater and aquifers get contaminated with industrial
and agricultural effluents.

When water gets polluted, it adversely affects all lifeforms that directly or indirectly depend on this
source. The effects of water contamination can be felt for years to come..

Source of water pollution :

 Urbanization.
 Deforestation.
 Industrial effluents.
 Social and Religious Practices.
 Use of Detergents and Fertilizers.
 Agricultural run-offs- Use of insecticides and pesticides.

Effects of water pollution :

1. Destruction of biodiversity
2. Contamination of food chain
3. Lack of portable water
4. Disease
5. Infant mortality

Control measures for water pollution :

 Prevent groundwater contamination, Reduce nonpoint runoff, Reuse treated

wastewater for drinking and irrigation Find substitutes for toxic pollutants, Work
with nature to treat sewage, Practice the three R's of resource use (reduce, reuse,
recycle), reduce poverty, slow Population growth

 NOISE POLLUTION : Noise pollution is an invisible danger. It cannot be

seen, but it is present nonetheless, both on land and under the
sea. Noise pollution is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing
sound that affects the health and well-being of humans and other
organisms.

Source of noise pollution :

  Unnecessary usage of horns
 Using loudspeakers either for religious functions or for political purposes
 Unnecessary usage of fireworks
 Industrial noise
 Construction noise
 Noise from transportation such as railway and aircraft

Effect of noise pollution :

1. Hypertension
2. Hearing loss
3. Sleeping disorder
4. Cardio vascular issues

Control measures for noise pollution :

 Honking in public places like teaching institutes, hospitals, etc. should be banned.
 In commercial, hospital, and industrial buildings, adequate soundproof systems should be installed.
 Musical instruments’ sound should be controlled to desirable limits.
 Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution prevention.
 Explosives should not be used in forest, mountainous and mining areas.