العنف الأسري والعدوان وتوكيد الذات لدى الأبناء

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎء‬

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@ @ñŠì—ä¾a@òÈßbu@M@òîÇìäÛa@òîiÛa@tì¢@òÜª
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‫א א‪!-‬وא‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪.$/‬א‪ , -‬‬
‫‪١٤٠‬‬
‫‪23 4‬אא – ‪$‬د‪٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‬‬

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‫א‪;$#$‬א‪2IA‬א‪QDR$P%C‬א ‪N0O P‬א‪KL;M!*H‬لא‪$‬אوא‪$#T@ ،8 I‬‬
‫ ‪!%V‬א‪]D4Y !^G%E U , -‬وא@‪$‬و\[‪XP YZ%‬א‪K/DW‬‬
‫و‪$d%‬א‪$‬א‪/‬نא‪f-‬א ‪bA‬א‪$GbY%e%‬אא‪8‬א‪^à;#U%bM!cd‬‬
‫א‪, -‬و‪; P e%‬א @א ‪i#T@،+‬א>‪+Z‬ن ‪$0‬א‪$ bh%@#‬د;א‪/g+‬‬
‫א` ‪،M!-‬وא‪،$‬وא!‪X‬ق‪،‬وא‪lA‬א‪ P‬و‪K*jk‬و‪8H#;U‬א‪+‬قא‪N0*?;.!-‬‬
‫א‪oًg/g+‬א !دوא‪ Km^n‬‬
‫و‪s‬ولא‪$‬אא‪r‬א‪qjce%;QGI‬א ;‪$@8Ag‬אא‪;#$‬و ‪DP‬‬
‫‪b‬א‪Y M! -‬د ‪$‬وא‪ Z‬א‪; )% , -‬א‪$ G‬وא‪،Mt‬و ع ;א ‪،‬و‬
‫‪V e‬و@‪,L]R!^ $‬א‪; )% ;#!Lw‬א ‪b‬א‪v0،M!-‬א‪;QGI‬‬
‫א‪!D‬א‪#‬א|‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪;U{T@،/‬ن‪yQGz‬א‪0*, -‬אא ‪P‬م;‪KL‬لא‪$‬وאن‪K‬‬
‫و;‪KL‬لא‪f-‬א‪K#+‬و‪B#!$g‬א‪$‬א ‪VK';A'٢٨٥;BZU% Y‬‬
‫א!@ א א ‪$ yA 0‬אس‪ #$‬א ‪# G P Q A'،‬א א‪،! -‬‬
‫وא‪$‬وאن‪،‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪/‬א‪*$ C‬א‪T@A‬א!‪K‬و‪$g‬א‪BPZ‬א‪$‬א\‪ W #‬‬
‫‪!X$% K١‬وقذא‪/‬د‪/?^@\E‬د‪ /‬א‪$‬אوאא !‪UX،‬ن‬
‫אא ! ‪\j #Y‬א ضدא א‪.$$‬א‪ KVK‬‬
‫‪/gK $%E K٢‬دא\@^?د‪/‬د‪G‬א وא‪$‬وאن‪K‬‬
‫‪/gK $%E K٣‬دא\@^?د‪/‬د‪G‬א وא‪$‬وאن‪ K‬‬
‫‪? 8 $#E K٤‬د‪G‬א‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪\j #/‬א‪KDPKG‬‬
‫*ذ א א א–א‬

‫** ذ א אא א‬
‫***ذ *)و'!ق‪#$%‬א "א!א‪ $ +‬א–א‬
‫‪١٤١‬‬
‫ ‬
, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
Family Violence, Aggression and Self-Affirmation for Sons

Abstract:
Family violence is one of the social phenomena and issues which
receives the attention of most researchers who try to deeply analyze and
understand its dimensions. This attention lies with a wider context of the
global challenge of child education with all its various aspects related to- for
example - family, school, peer, professional environment, etc., But
the family aspect remains a very exclusivity and privacy, it is the first and
most powerful influential figure in the Son personality, both in the short
term or long term and may result in either normal or delinquent son.
The present study attempts to verify the impact of parents violence
on the level of children aggression. It also attempts reasoning the aggressive
behavior in terms of tradition, simulation, or catharsis; or just accidental
mistake; or a form of self- affirmation. The sample of the study included
285 middle schoolboys with some schools a- at Taif who responded to a
checklist of domestic for violence, aggression, and self-
affirmation prepared by the principal investigator.
The obtained results showed that:
1. There are significant differences between the means of scores of the
study sample and those of the highest normal average, indicating low
degree of violence perception among the study sample.
2. There are no statistically significant relationships between the
degrees of the dimensions of violence and aggression.
3. There is no statistically significant relationships between the degrees
of the dimensions of violence and aggression.
4. There is no common factor between the dimensions of aggression and
self - affirmation indicating their independence.
١٤٢
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4

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:‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
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; P X‫"!ن‬#‫و‬،l %‫ و‬f; P‫ن‬U +#, -‫א‬Y ‫אن‬$‫!אא‬cd#
fA-#+‫א‬#!-‫א‬lA , -‫אنא‬$GX‫و‬K gKL‫ و‬#‫ د‬g‫و‬، $ ‫א‬g‫و‬،j#
، DE‫وא‬،+ ‫א‬/‫א‬D‫;א‬j=U‫ونא‬$G # P P8‫א‬b ‫א‬DD
M!-‫א‬b‫س‬DKE٢٠٠١،8 \F;#$‫;אא‬PG %‫ن;א !وض‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬$‫وא‬
K, DE‫א‬/gK‫\'א‬b DE‫א‬8 ‫אعא‬Z‫ول‬F#
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K;#$ ‫אא‬8 Ag; ‫@אم‬E‫وא‬،‫ م‬D*E‫وא‬،+ ‫ نא‬K P‫ >دא‬Gً X‫و‬v ‫وذ‬, + ‫א‬
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Kh%‫ذא‬QGsY M$G‫مא‬$ ‫و‬،Rn‫وא‬،$#$P
0‫;א‬EX،, -‫א‬M@b$A‫وא‬،f#!G‫א‬.$‫א‬Y ,‫א‬ojce%#$‫אא‬M,‫و‬
/‫א‬$‫א‬BI‫و‬T@‫ ً؛‬L،A lU،# ،Gً g،Ak ،ً A^#$gM,‫!ض‬#
yP?‫لو‬D*>‫وא‬، ZE‫وא‬،D+‫א‬#$‫אא‬M,‫دא?א!ض‬/'A%‫ودא‬
(Carlson, 2000; Bragg, 2003; Doorways for Women and Families, , + ‫א‬/KU ‫א‬
2004; Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2009).
/KU ‫ ;א‬OD*\‫و‬،-‫א‬, -‫א‬/@A %‫م‬$ ‫و‬،#$‫אא‬M,>‫ א‬U $%‫و‬
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‫א `^\ن‬b!cd%#$‫אא‬M,>‫نא‬E١٦٨W٢٠٠٥F ‫و‬i#‫دو‬j #D/‫א‬$‫א‬$d%‫و‬
Y M,>‫א‬v %‫ل‬Ua‫{س‬h $g‫و‬، `‫ א‬DE‫א‬h%gK bK ‫!دא‬X;E‫א‬A^#
‫*ذ א א א–א‬

‫** ذ א אא א‬
‫ א–א‬$ +‫א "א!א‬#$%‫***ذ *)و'!ق‬
١٤٣

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
mL‫و‬،, -‫א‬Y -‫!א‬n‫(\نא‬Walton, 2005)‫وאن‬j #‫و‬KKAG+h '

K‫و‬-‫!א‬D‫א‬8@‫!א‬b!-‫א!ض א‬Z$a!‫א‬b?Z‫وא‬$ ‫א‬IA^#‫*ن‬0‫א‬
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KP A%‫א‬cw‫א‬b c
:‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
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KjA‫א‬b#+‫א‬f-‫لא‬KL;‫و‬
W‫א‬/E¡+‫א‬Y >‫وא‬¢br‫אא‬$‫ א‬U £` %‫و‬
‫א ل؟‬bhZ ##0‫!א‬-‫א א‬.+ ‫א‬VK'‫\دא‬.+ K١
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‫ ؟‬P#$Z‫وא‬$‫א‬
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١٤٤
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
:‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
W\r‫א‬TIA‫א‬R$P#
KM!-‫א‬b‫س‬D‫ א‬, -‫\دאא‬.+Y R!‫א‬ J١
K, -‫א‬Z‫وא‬$ $M!-‫;א‬$‫א א‬gK $#$s J٢
K, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%$M!-‫;א‬$‫א א‬gK $#$s J٣
NE‫א‬bhs‫و‬h|‫!אא‬D‫;א‬QGI /‫א‬0‫א‬$ ‫;א‬#U‫א‬$#$s J٤
K¦ +‫א‬
:‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
W\TIA‫א‬D* +G %
Zòí‹ÄäÛa@òîàçþa@Mc
K, -‫`^א‬aY MjLc;‫אאع‬0O!-‫אعو*א א‬D* K١
‫(\ن‬Terr, 1991)j%j #‫و‬KM!UA‫א‬G*‫!@ א!א‬Y*‫و‬DP#!D @!h‫ و‬% K٢
MÂ +‫א‬/ +‫ ;א‬jA‫א‬Y M$g!= ‫א!@ א;א‬VK'
KH
‫ א ;א!و‬+‫א‬8 ‫א‬y n)‫אد!א‬$ \‫ ول‬%.!L2IA‫ل‬W‫א‬X K٣
K, -‫א‬.$‫א ل‬b /‫§<א‬
@ZòîÔîjĐnÛa@òîàçþa@Ml
c; ` /m‫א‬y #$G%;U{)Z;TIA‫א‬h ! +,b
v‫وذ‬,Ä ‫ א<א)א‬#$G%\h‫א‬v0‫و‬K P ],w‫א‬h{0‫א א‬
KQX‫אא‬Y P%$gM‫د‬#, -‫وא‬،A ‫אא‬f\ PP
:‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
DP ‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@8Ag;$^#!U‫و‬$D8D ‫ و‬W!-‫ א א‬J١
‫و‬،Z$,‫!א‬F‫وא‬.‫ذ‬-‫ع;א‬Z2‫א‬$@\bfA+#‫و‬، P©‫و‬, -‫א‬$@N
W‫دא‬-‫;א‬DF#‫و‬KhD*\Y@‫و‬،+ Z
‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@8Ag;, -‫א‬ªh!aA$+!8WD+‫א‬M,>‫ א‬J
‫אم‬2‫א‬$@\‫و‬،y‫وא‬،?$G8!‫وא‬، U ‫وא‬،<‫א‬V!F‫ א‬DF،DP
K/$U‫وא‬
‫;و‬#$ ‫אא‬$ @8 Ag; , h # 8 \j %‫و‬W '‫א‬M, >‫ א‬JV
،yX! ‫א‬8 = mM$ 0 `#‫و‬، O+ ‫!א‬F ‫א‬2‫א‬$ @\bfA+ #‫ و‬DP
;‫!ن‬r‫وא‬، *$GZ‫و‬،‫ن‬e ‫;א‬8 G‫وא‬jGI‫وא‬،VM!#‫وא‬،#!`+‫وא‬
K, -‫?א‬D‫وא‬،$‫ אא‬+‫وא‬،M‫א' وאد‬
١٤٥

‫א א‪!-‬وא‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪.$/‬א‪ , -‬‬
‫ج‪ J‬א>*‪D‬ل‪W‬و‪ \j #‬و‪$ @8 X‬אא ‪;#$‬و ‪$ b DP‬א‪! , -‬‬
‫א‪،fr‬و*‪8‬א‪f‬א‪!F‬و‪، O#‬و‪£GZ‬و ‪$‬مא‪D*E‬م‪ K P‬‬
‫‪ J٢‬א‪$‬وאن‪G# W‬م‪h‬א !دو‪hR$P+#‬ذ‪!X.‬د‪،!L‬א‪,‬نذ‪H v‬و‪Z$‬‬
‫وא ‪$‬א‪Y ,‬א‪،,a-‬وא‪r‬א‪،/Z‬و‪0*;DF#‬אא ‪P‬مא‪-‬دא‪ W%w‬‬
‫‪ J‬א ‪$‬وאنא‪WZ$ A‬و‪ g; < #‬مא !د ‪yA‬א ‪;DF %/ +‬א‪-‬ذ‪.‬א‪Z$ A‬‬
‫¨‪،;#!L‬وא‪Mmb!PH#0‬א‪،V!F‬وא!‪،8‬و\‪,G‬א‪$,a-‬א‪،‬وא>'@‬
‫‪R$PP‬א‪ Kj$‬‬
‫‪ JV‬א ‪$‬وאنא ‪W H‬و‪#!` b8 =D#‬א !د ;‪!g‬א‪،h Z‬و‪، *$ #$P%‬و ‪، PA‬وא ‪$ G‬‬
‫א‪، OG‬وא‪ K PZea;jGI‬‬
‫ج‪/ lP J‬א ‪$‬وאن‪W‬و= ‪8‬אא ‪8‬א ‪$ M!+‬وאن= ‪$ W8‬مא ‪،‬وא !ض‬
‫@‪A‬ط‪،‬وא‪،V G‬و ‪$‬مא=‪،;#!Lw G‬وود[ ذج ‪$‬وאن‪،‬و ! א" ‪،fF‬‬
‫وא‪ A‬א‪D+‬א‪،#G‬ودوא‪K L.!L]X‬‬
‫‪$% J٣‬א‪0‬א‪ D4?W/‬א‪/E‬א>|א‪Gc; <%C‬א !د‪b‬ذא‪،h%‬و‪h%$G‬‬
‫‪Y‬א‪; jA‬א !א‪،A‬وא‪A‬د‪bM‬א‪/E^%E‬א‪K DE‬و‪0*;DF#‬אא ‪P‬م‬
‫א‪-‬دא‪ W‬‬
‫‪ J‬א=‪0 G‬א‪ D4W/‬א ‪/ +‬א‪$‬א ‪Y‬א!‪$ \b Ak‬א‪,‬א ! ^!א@‪،‬‬
‫وא‪]2$I‬א‪،,K‬وא!‪!U%bAk‬אא‪t‬و‪،‬و ‪$‬مא‪;Rn‬אא‪ KP‬‬
‫‪ JV‬א‪; jA‬א !א‪ D4W A‬א‪/ +‬א‪$‬א ‪P\Y‬א !د !‬
‫א‪ -‬وאد‪$ ;#!L¨M‬א‪، P8‬وא@אمא‪G‬א ‪$‬وא‪G‬א‪،?Z‬و ‪$‬مא>‪M,‬‬
‫ !א‪،;#!Lw‬وא‪Y M$G‬א‪GZE‬ل;א‪-‬دوאא‪G‬د‪#‬دوאא‪ KM$Z+‬‬
‫ج‪ J‬א‪A‬د‪bM‬א‪/E^%E‬א‪ D4W DE‬א‪/ +‬א‪$‬א ‪M$GY‬א !د ‪Y‬‬
‫\‪g‬א‪r‬א]א‪،;#!Lw‬وא`‪$‬אم ‪A‬א‪/‬א ‪،!U‬وא‪0 E‬א‪،‬وא‪0lE‬אن ‪$‬א‪،r‬‬
‫و‪M$ +‬א‪ K;#!Lw‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻱ‬
‫@‪H‬عא>‪M,‬אא‪D*, #$‬م‪/ A0 jA‬א‪!G‬نא‪PZU‬‬
‫ ‪ U‬א‪$P% D‬دنوא‪!G‬אو‪v‬א‪،M!-‬و‪OKHYG %‬א‪Y AlU‬א‪،N!e]DW‬‬
‫‪N0* P @b |q‬א‪KM!*H‬و‪$G‬و‪Ym‬א‪hZIA‬و‪%‬א‪،,w, -‬و‪#‬ص‬
‫א‪hZIAhZY U#, -,w‬و‪¯;%‬و@‪V gb, f‬א‪K,w‬و‪d+Xv0‬אل‬
‫א * ‪I#W‬لא‪,w‬وא‪ @l;/P-‬و@‪HX‬و ‪'l\h‬د‪M‬و‪$P‬د‪M‬‬
‫و !‪M‬؟‪$A F‬א‪$Dr‬و ‪$A‬א ‪ KE١٠٤W١٩٩٩،‬‬
‫‪١٤٦‬‬
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
‫ م‬P ‫\ن‬E٢٠٠٣F]#^ ‫א‬j # D #‫وא‬+ ‫ وא‬A‫א‬/‫א‬$‫א‬j %‫و‬
K %MXbM$+‫ א‬DE‫א‬/*E‫ وא‬Gً‫א‬jAً'A%‫א‬A%!#8 ‫\א‬M,>‫א‬
G ‫א‬/‫א‬j"‫א‬N0* *‫و‬،/‫א‬j"‫د;א‬$ * ‫;א‬Njk8=]FL‫م‬P ‫אא‬0*‫ون‬
8،‫אن‬$#!#h‫ن‬K #h#$‫א‬v 8 ‫منא‬P ;ً|$%£ `%/$/DW‫*نא‬
KP‫אم‬E‫وא‬،P‫א@א‬f|‫قو‬G@h8 ‫\دאنא‬
K/DW‫א‬8b ZE‫ وאא‬U OD*\‫' لو‬-‫ א‬M,\ U $%‫و‬
IA^#‫;ن‬U{ D‫وא‬#‫^د‬g‫ א‬L;‫و‬،;#‫ود‬، ‫و‬،!D b8 X
,+Mj=‫*!א‬H‫א‬Y ,F‫א‬YG %$*‫א‬a‫م‬K >‫א‬8‫مو‬$G%‫و‬K‫ل‬D*>‫א وא‬M,>
‫! ن‬#E '‫و‬،h# ‫وא‬،A r‫وא‬،8 G ‫! ن‬#E ';DF % O D*\‫' لو‬-‫א‬
،+ ‫א א‬M,>‫!ن‬#$‫!א‬D b‫' ل‬v0‫و‬، *¡ P Y `#‫و‬،V!F
‫א‬M,\ U ‫ن‬E\،#IF‫א‬,Ed*]h '%‫אو‬NAZ‫א‬V02‫א‬$@-‫א‬N0*‫ ن‬k‫و‬
‫د‬$ ‫!א>@^\ن‬#G‫א‬j %T@MjL-‫א‬/‫ א‬+‫א‬bً‫א‬$G%!= U BIAm$g
KE٢٠٠٢،‫א‬Fً# 8 '‫ قא ن‬# P\,+‫' لא‬-‫א‬
0‫;א‬EX،, -‫א‬M@b$A‫وא‬f#!G‫א‬.$‫א‬Y ,‫א‬ojce%#$‫אא‬M,‫و‬
M$#$ /‫دא‬BI‫و‬T@‫ ً؛‬L،AlU،# ،ًG g،Ak ،ً A^#$gM,‫!ض‬#
، D+ ‫ א‬#$‫אא‬M, ‫دא ?א !ض‬/ 'A%‫و دא‬E٣٩٩W٢٠٠٥F! A‫א‬j # D
K, + ‫א‬/KU ‫א‬yP?‫و‬، ZE‫وא‬
XP YZ%[\‫و‬$@‫]وא‬D4Y !^G%E U , -‫!א‬%V $#‫و‬
! ‫لא‬KL F‫א‬b 0LM,?!‫' لא‬-‫دא‬$ ‫ن‬Y /‫א‬,^@>‫لא‬$%‫و‬K/DW‫א‬
‫ אא‬X،(Takei; Yamashita, & Yoshida, 2006:204)M!٢٠‫@א‬MjL-‫א‬/‫ א‬
(SunnyKids annual report ‫' ل‬-‫!;א‬-‫א א‬#I;٪٧٥‫ن‬X‫א=ل‬8AY
2010).
bM!cd‫א‬8‫אא‬$GbY%e%#$‫אא‬lA‫א‬K‫ن‬Y + ‫א‬/‫א‬$‫א‬$d%‫و‬
,‫;א‬E‫`^א‬ab!cd.g#!-‫א‬lAXK+ ‫ א‬PK?e%‫و‬،, -‫`^א‬a;#U%
KZ‫\א;و‬P ) #$g‫و‬$A‫وא‬f#!G‫א‬.$‫א‬Y
@ @Zòí‡ÛaìÛa@ñõb⁄a@âìèÐß
;‫؛‬, -‫א‬O‫!ض‬#/DW‫א‬8bM! !M!*#$‫אא‬M,>‫א‬$%
، #$‫אא‬M,jAU‫ א‬ZE‫אא‬0*YX‫و‬،"‫و‬،;#‫ود‬،K‫و‬8meA%!%E‫و‬،?+ ‫א‬
cw‫دא‬$%‫و‬،M,>‫[طא‬RKL‫א‬v0‫و‬،, -‫;א‬#IF‫א‬/E$bI‫אא‬M‫د‬#‫وא‬
K#$‫אא‬M,8a‫دو‬$¢#!%]‫و‬m\.‫د‬v‫ذ‬8،P ‫א‬A +‫א‬
M,‫د‬$¢#!%]‫و‬f^#hZX‫א‬/DW‫א‬XGcRKLEZhZD
jk <#$g]D4b, -‫ א‬b# <#‫ن‬-،, #$‫אא‬
١٤٧

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
، b
G=‫وא א‬، DE‫ لא‬AG‫وא‬،R! ‫ م‬P ‫אא‬0 *A%! #T @،! L] D4b
M,>‫مא‬P ‫ط‬A%E‫!א‬HZ‫و‬KE٩W٢٠٠١،o#^‫א‬F/DD ZU‫وא‬، ‫ودא‬$rv0‫و‬
hZY 8 ‫א‬h$#DX،²@K‫وא‬IF‫وא‬،8 ‫א‬fZ;h+ Z +‫دאא‬#$‫אא‬
DP ‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@‫م‬GX،v0²@K‫وא‬IF‫א‬N‫!א‬#E$g D‫لא‬AG
h!$D%; #$+‫א‬h #G n‫لא‬D -‫א‬Y K=;E‫א‬$#%‫و‬f#$
KDP ‫و‬D*$@fZ; VA-hA#0%‫و‬
+‫ ) ;א‬#$GX،, -‫א‬Y M,>‫)א‬Zb8=D%.!L U *‫ن‬D
ch+ Z +‫ ) ;א‬#$g‫و‬،D+‫ و‬+ Z/‫وא!א‬،/* %‫و‬،g \;#-‫א^د;א‬
K G=‫?א‬+s‫و‬،/‫א‬0‫مא‬P D %‫و‬،$+‫א‬#G, -‫`^א‬ab|\
;E‫[א‬g \hZea;8WPZY #$‫אא‬M,>‫א" א‬$A ‫م‬K+‫א‬$A R!#‫و‬
;DF#‫و‬،hl %!Y ?DG‫א‬8Ag;M$Djk‫و‬M$DM^‫ن‬,‫א‬،KU‫[א‬
q‫و‬،M!UA‫א‬D‫وא‬Z$A‫א‬,‫א‬0#>Wh!aA!‫ع‬G#\h f%#8D‫ن‬%>‫א‬v‫ذ‬
+ ‫وא‬، #‫ ;א‬E‫א‬/ @‫ع‬A a\‫ لدون‬s‫ن‬PZe a; /‫א‬,‫وא ذ\ !א‬،/
KE٤١٠W١٩٩٧، "‫א‬$A FD ‫[א‬ND A ‫!ص‬XjX%‫و‬، DE‫وא‬، ZE‫א‬
$D8D ‫ و‬hZe#$‫אא‬M,>‫مא‬P E٤٩W٢٠٠٥F‫لد‬Mj R!%‫و‬
، P©‫و‬, -‫א‬$@N?t‫;א‬#!Lw‫وא‬DP ‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@8Ag;$^#!U‫و‬
Kh + ‫و‬،+ Z‫و‬،Z$,‫!א‬F‫وא‬.‫ذ‬-‫ع;א‬Z2‫א‬$@\bfA+#‫و‬
[hZ\E٣٤W٢٠٠٦،$¯F$¯‫©ل‬+#.$#$‫אא‬M,>‫مא‬P j #‫و‬
،Z$A‫א‬G‫אمא‬$`‫א‬b =DM!-‫א‬8L‫;دא‬EPgK ‫ل‬KL‫م‬-‫א‬fZ;³+‫א‬8‫א‬
‫و‬،#!`+‫لא‬KL;‫و‬،V!FZ $A‫א‬VG‫א‬Q#!'; v‫نذ‬,‫א‬،M!U‫א‬+ ‫وא‬
،I^ ‫א‬h %@jX %‫م‬$ ‫و‬،h # !!D+ ‫ لא‬D*>‫لא‬K L; ‫و‬،; KM!D+ ‫ א‬Z*>‫א‬
Y U #q،mL ^D ‫א‬h%@‫عא‬Aa\‫م‬$ ‫و‬، ^-‫א‬D+‫وא‬
K‫ م‬hh% Y ‫و‬h‫دא‬Y !cdX;E‫א‬
@ @Zòí‡ÛaìÛa@ñõb⁄a@ÞbØ’c
Xj #D8D %/X‫;אאد‬$#$‫א‬# É‫א "א‬b!-‫ א‬
family violence, Domestic violence, domestic (Markowitz, 2000: 297-303)
EUaP©;DF%‫و‬abuse, spousal abuse, and intimate partner violence (IPV)
hUae PZ!-‫א א‬R!Z$ X‫א‬0O‫و‬،DP ‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@8Ag;l
،] ^ ‫وא‬،$ G‫وא‬،Ey ‫א‬F]+ ‫وא‬،]X$ ‫وא‬،X! ‫وא‬،V!F ‫א‬F‫وאن‬$ ‫;א‬DF %C ‫א‬M$ #$‫א‬
،#`‫وא‬،‫אد‬$AE‫وא‬M!+‫وא‬، '‫א‬M,>‫א‬W8D %/‫א‬$#$P%‫و‬،E,a-R0G‫وא‬،‫ل‬D*>‫وא‬
‫وא !ض‬،‫ ^د‬gE‫! نא‬r‫وא‬E‫ ل‬D*>‫א‬8 =F n‫وא‬M!* H‫א‬M, >‫وא‬،EG#F ‫א‬F G@K‫وא‬
K+ ‫א‬
١٤٨
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
،+ ‫وא‬،D+‫א‬WM,>‫;א‬DF# ‫(\نא א‬Terr, 1991)j%j #‫و‬
‫;ن‬U{‫و‬،Mr‫א‬$#$P%‫>دא‬Mg ‫א!ض‬A ‫;א‬U{‫و‬K -‫א‬/Z‫א‬r‫وא‬،/U D‫وא‬
M, >‫א‬Q %‫و‬Kf !‫س‬+ @>‫ א‬X!‫א‬/Er‫א‬b‫و‬،F ‫وא‬، ‫س‬+ @>‫د\א‬d #
!'`‫;א‬DF%‫و‬£à +$MG ‫^د‬G‫אمא‬$È‫;א‬DF# Y D+‫א‬
،Q n‫وא‬،] ^ ‫وא‬،V!F ‫وא‬،]X$ ‫א‬#$+ ‫א‬M, >‫;א‬DF %‫و‬K-‫وא‬L‫!و‬F ‫وא‬.‫ذ‬-‫א‬2‫א‬$ @\
‫ل‬KL;‫אم‬E‫ل\א‬m‫وא‬K k!jkM‫عد‬K‫א‬Y A>‫ وא‬،V!F /‫אمدوא‬$`‫وא‬
‫ل[ذج‬KL;$#$P‫وא‬،#jGs/D + ‫א‬M,>‫;א‬DF%‫و‬،D+‫א‬MG$#$P‫א‬
K '‫א‬M,>‫وא‬،‫^د‬gE‫א‬$#$P‫وא‬،‫;א‬DF%v0‫و‬،8Ag;‫ !د‬I8={
R+‫אع‬ZcKc‫ ;ود‬k!‫א‬Y hZE٥٩W٢٠٠٥F‫لد‬Mj !0%‫و‬
.‫د‬d‫لא‬D*>‫\א‬X>+ ‫وא‬،+ ‫وא‬،$+‫א‬,‫א‬0#>‫א‬Y*‫و‬،, -‫א‬,‫א‬0#>‫ل‬UaeP
U ?DP‫א?وא‬$‫?א‬,‫א‬0#>‫אعא‬Z ^%bXKL‫ن* א‬E\،.‫ذ‬-;E‫א‬m>
‫ ل‬D*>‫وא‬، ' ‫ لא‬D*>‫א‬W8 =K^ %! =8U ? ‫א‬$‫א‬y P mT @‫ ل‬D*>‫א‬
,‫א‬0#‫!ض‬#$g8 ‫نא‬T3P DX8L‫א‬$%,‫א‬0#>‫אعא‬Z‫\ن‬F#/a‫و‬KD ‫א‬
KAm‫א` !א‬/‫א‬,>‫?א‬8^ ‫א‬8|q ¶/g‫و‬b‫و‬،$@‫نوא‬b‫'!ق‬M$
،#$+ ‫א‬W * #$‫אא‬M, ‫ل‬U a *‫ن‬.j XE١٩W٢٠٠٨F + ‫ א‬
;U{hZX،/‫א و‬M$#$a/m^L‫و‬8 sP 8U‫ ن‬k‫و‬K+ ‫وא‬،‫ل‬D*>‫وא‬،+ ‫وא‬
‫ل‬X-mn‫ א‬DE‫א‬M!H ‫א‬U%[‫ ^!و‬8;D !m $#$s
‫و‬$+‫א‬.‫ذ‬-‫!א‬LBs, -‫]א‬F%PZT@،AGjk‫و‬A jk$%C‫;א‬#$‫אא‬
K '‫א‬
kmbP M‫ د‬K #D `‫א‬M,>‫אعא‬Z!*H$#$s;U{QAq
K ‫سא‬G/‫ !دא‬
Physical abuse#$+‫א‬M,>‫א‬WE‫و‬
D+‫א‬.‫ذ‬-‫وא‬،.!L#$+MZ‫و‬،‫وא!و‬،-‫وא‬2‫א‬$@$^G‫א‬W;DF%‫و‬
; ! L [‫و‬،]X$‫وא‬،Q n‫وא‬،] ^ ‫وא‬،V!F ‫א‬W#$+ ‫א‬M, >‫;א‬DF %‫و‬K ^
‫م‬D*E‫مא‬$ / #$+‫א‬M,>‫;א‬DF% ‫;ن‬U{‫و‬K#$+‫!و‬h ) #‫^ل‬%E‫א‬
‫و‬،MI ‫!!و‬L,a‫و‬،‫!ن;א م‬r‫وא‬،v0@b‫ن‬U#$ A'8
(U.S Department IF + ‫א‬.‫ذ‬-‫א‬bfA+ ;#!Lw‫وא‬، -‫א‬/Z‫א‬r.‫ذ‬-‫عא‬G#\
.‫ذ‬-‫عא‬G#\‫ون‬،#$+‫א‬M,>‫ ;א‬8G+$‫ل‬D*>‫نא‬T@A‫א‬.!#‫و‬Kof Justice, 2007)
K#$+B+‫ و‬Z‫א‬M,\/Z‫א‬r
Emotional abuse '‫א‬M,>‫א‬WZc
psychological abuse or mental G‫وא‬+ ‫א‬M,>‫א‬F#P Q #‫و‬
f@‫و‬،‫א !د‬h#‫د‬d#ELh#‫د‬d#‫;ن‬U{DX UI‫وא‬، ‫و‬،‫ص‬L8U ‫ل‬E‫;א>ذ‬DF%‫و‬Kabuse
١٤٩

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
N‫وאאز‬،hg$m; h ‫و‬،£G ‫وא‬،‫!ج‬r! #;E‫א‬8,a8X$D%‫و‬،h / ‫א‬

; h ‫و‬،KG ‫وא‬،M‫@ د‬b‫ ن‬U#$ ;#!Lw .‫ذ‬-‫ عא‬G#\‫ل‬K L; D
K(Follingstad & DeHart, 2000).!L-‫א‬-‫א‬/r‫وא^دوא‬،‫אل‬Y ‫^ل‬r‫א‬
،!D+ ‫א‬$ G ‫وא‬،‫ل‬E‫وא>ذ‬،‫!وא !و‬F ‫א‬2‫א‬$ @$ #$P‫א‬F # '‫א‬M, >‫;א‬DF %‫و‬
M $‫وא‬8،AGjk,eh% ‫ود‬،/‫א‬0‫!א‬#$G%‫مא@אمو‬$ \j %C‫א‬/‫א‬A‫אمא‬$`‫وא‬
'‫א‬RKE‫א‬j #‫و‬KM+GN‫د‬GZ‫ א‬PD ‫ ' !د‬M,>;#!L¨‫@ن‬-‫א‬yb
‫(\ن‬National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2010) ‫א א‬$
‫س‬+@>‫وא‬V‫!א‬E‫א‬2‫א‬$@\R$PDD^‫ل‬D ‫و‬/‫א‬A ;DF% '‫א‬M,>‫א‬
]bh |0‫א‬fA+‫ ;א‬h+ Z‫ل‬e+#‫د !د\ن‬d%$g/ +‫א‬N0*‫و‬K‫ن‬-‫مא‬$
Kh\,+‫א‬
،hg$m]8m‫;אא‬h ‫و‬،‫لא !د‬MjAU‫دא‬P‫א' א‬M,>‫;א‬DF%‫و‬
h U{C‫א^دא‬8 G%‫و‬،h%$ +‫و‬¢;8 G‫وא‬،] ‫و‬¢*v‫;ذ‬$^G‫وא‬
\‫د‬d#، L‫א‬$‫א‬h%G‫سא !د‬+@\bjA.‫ ) ;א ذ‬#‫و‬KP ‫د‬D E‫א‬
P\,+#;#0‫!אدא‬X-‫وא‬K r‫א‬N0*;V!O‫א‬Y M$G‫مא‬$ ‫و‬،helpless ‫א‬
D، P M! O;#!Lw‫ونא‬، P+ Z‫ن‬U {E PZe‫ !ون‬#Ak '
K8-‫א‬/‫وא!א‬،IZE‫وא‬¢;$#‫!א‬Lb PF#،Vl‫ن;א‬Z#
‫ل‬D*>‫א‬W=c
،‫م‬D*E‫وא‬fr‫ !א‬, -‫א‬$bDP ‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@8 X‫و‬، \j #‫و‬
KD %‫و‬،A'‫و‬،D+ P‫م‬D*E‫مא‬$ ‫و‬، O#‫!و‬F‫א‬f‫א‬8*‫و‬
،£àm\;DF#،M,>‫نא א [;[طא‬T@A‫א‬.!#QAq
8={‫و‬K ‫א‬b!L‫!د‬X‫و‬،8 ‫وא‬،M$‫وאא‬،$‫نאא‬U#‫;ن‬U{‫و‬،‫א‬$A#!g‫ن‬U#M‫د‬
;#IF‫א‬Z#‫;ن‬U{‫و‬،/m>‫א‬2‫و‬$r] ‫א‬fA+‫א‬8={‫و‬،MjL U ‫א א‬
#IF‫א‬Z#$g، '‫و;א @א‬K‫م‬H‫!א‬+Y@‫و‬،/$U‫א‬8=،D+ ‫א‬/m>‫א‬
K DE‫وאא‬،Q G‫وא‬،VlE‫;א‬
@ @Zð‹þa@ÑäÈÛa@lbjc
،+ ‫א‬/#!H ‫א‬y‫ل‬KL;!-‫א א‬VAj+ ?=@A‫א‬y‫م‬g
/#!H ‫א‬،,¨ G‫א‬£^n‫وא‬،^` ‫א‬/D++ ‫א‬/#!H ‫ א‬P%‫و‬K DE‫وא‬
‫وא‬،‫"ط‬F‫وא‬،M!-‫א‬f!%8=،,w‫א‬lbn‫א‬8‫ א‬P%PZX DE‫א‬
;U{$@‫وא‬8L$$#EZ+Z>‫א‬/‫<א‬n‫ وא‬DE‫א*!א‬H‫ل]א‬r‫*א‬D‫و‬K DE‫א‬
R!^#‫א !د‬8C‫א‬VA- P%C‫א‬/#!H ‫;א‬$#$ ‫و* א‬KVA-‫ ول©]א‬#‫ن‬
Kh ‫!אد‬XNM+G
١٥٠
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
@ @@ZòîÐäÛa@pbí‹ÄäÛa
;DF%‫و‬K,+D G‫א‬£^n‫وא‬،^` ‫א‬/Y + ‫א‬/#!H ‫!א‬%
‫و‬sudden bursts of angerfF"‫;א‬l /‫א‬c‫و‬،/‫א‬0‫!א‬#$G%£^n‫א‬
،^ ` ‫א‬/‫א !א‬8 =.! L£^ L‫¶ \ن‬/ #!HZj %‫و‬،‫ع‬X$ ZE‫א‬b UI ‫א‬
‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@P!C‫א‬M,>‫א‬/‫<א‬L\X>،F#8‫ א‬8=،+ ‫وא!ضא‬
j %‫و‬K;#$a‫!א‬Z‫وא‬$ !=‫א‬ZU#‫\ن‬yA‫د‬d%‫;ن‬U{T@، ‫א‬bDP
(Hamberger & Hastings, 1986; K?l+‫?א‬+ ‫ א!ضא‬Z‫\א‬/‫א‬$‫;א‬j=
1991; Hart; Dutton & Newloves, 1993 )
‫ن;א!ض‬Z#!-‫;אא א‬#0‫;א!لא‬٪٨٠‫ن‬/‫א‬$‫א‬N0*G%‫و‬
Y PZ$‫]אمو‬DW‫א‬b^` ‫א‬/‫!א!א‬#$G%$ ‫و‬K^` ‫א‬/‫وא!א‬،+ ‫א‬
b! Z‫א‬$GX+ ‫א!ضא‬،h%gK bMZ!=A^#Z‫وא‬$ £` ‫و‬،٪٢٠ J١٥;
,EdO+ ‫א‬8X‫نא<و‬XEDutton, 1994)‫ن‬%‫دو‬j #D‫و‬K٪١٠٠A+ ‫א!ل‬,Ed*
‫ن‬yA‫א‬G#‫و‬K‫!א‬UA/%borderline personalities */^à\j #‫א!ل‬
+ ‫א‬8X‫وא<و‬Q %/Er‫;א‬8g‫و‬GX٪١٠‫ون‬،P%‫א‬j+ %bM‫ود‬$¢+ ‫א‬/#!H ‫א‬
+ ‫ وא‬G‫وא!ضא‬،^` ‫א‬/D ،DP DE‫א‬8‫!وننאא‬#‫و‬،G‫א‬
KP%‫א‬j+ %blesser factorsM‫ود‬$¢8‫א‬
@ @Zòî×ìÜÛa@pbí‹ÄäÛa
-‫د¸א‬A‫مא‬$`+% +‫א‬8 sQA‫و‬، +‫א‬8 sY /#!H ‫א‬N0*‫م‬G%
Y PD*‫!א‬%!-‫ א‬mn‫ א‬+‫א‬/#!H ‫وא‬K +‫א‬j" ‫א‬/#!H
‫ج‬K \)‫א <א‬N0 *‫د‬d %‫و‬K٪٠\ ‫א‬2‫ אل@ אد‬L‫א‬R$ P ‫ א‬G‫אمא‬$` ‫א‬
? ‫`صא‬a-‫ א‬%;U{hZX ‫لא‬X-f%‫وא‬/#‫و‬-‫א‬$#$s]Ak‫و‬K +‫א‬
(Shorey; ‫ א‬+ ‫و ]א‬، #g‫א‬Y jA !% *=#$ @‫و‬K ‫א‬A
Cornelius & Bell, 2008; Bonem; Stanely- Kime & Corbin, 2008).
@ @Resource theory@ZH†Šì¾aI@ñë‹rÛa@òí‹Äã
Y /‫א‬$D‫א‬,+ ‫\نא‬j #PX‫(و‬Goode, 1971)‫ومد‬#!H ‫א‬N0*g‫وא‬
/‫وذوא‬،unemployed/K'‫وא‬،housewives/A‫א‬/F#‫^د‬gE‫;;א @א‬P‫زوא‬
K;P‫!;زوא‬%‫א\ذא‬,A -‫א‬M‫د‬#‫ن;ز‬X ،‫و' ل‬-‫א‬# !‫א‬/$G;*‫و‬Eg >‫א‬
j"%‫و‬،] P M$ + g‫و^د‬M‫ود‬$¢/‫א‬L;P#$‫ن‬% *EA‫א‬F#‫د‬D E‫وא‬
K P‫ زوא‬
$ ‫و‬،‫א^!אع‬2‫@אد‬8G%‫א ل‬b,‫א‬$@Y +‫א‬b‫ אون‬#$ ‫و‬
gK‫א‬bMg‫و‬،M!!=‫ن‬U#‫אو?ن‬$@‫و\ذאאدא‬K 8^#‫ن‬8DzKX‫א^!אع‬e #
، '‫א‬M,>‫وא‬،#`‫وא‬،$#$P‫وא‬، A>‫;א‬DF#‫;ن‬U{‫א‬0*‫و‬KM,>‫\א‬e #$ghZX
١٥١

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
; ‫א‬$ *0Le$#$P‫א‬F‫' ل‬-‫אمא‬$`‫وא‬،!Lw‫א‬R!‫ومא‬،‫وא‬،#‫^د‬gE‫א‬M,>‫وא‬

KE!Lw‫א‬R!‫א‬
@ @@HAneshensel, 1992)@ZòîÇbànuüa@ÂìÌ›Ûa
]!% DE‫"طא‬F‫وא‬KM$#‫"طא‬F، b‫א !د‬i#$ ‫"ط‬F‫دאدא‬%
Z ‫وא‬K!%‫;א‬$#%$g ‫א‬b.!L/KU ‫و‬،‫^د‬gE‫א‬dXU‫مא‬$ \
!-‫و!א‬K‫"ط‬F yA‫א‬Pf+#C‫א!قא‬$@ ‫نא‬U#;U‫و‬،‫"ط‬F D‫دא‬
‫@ل‬/ ‫وא^!א‬،‫"ط‬F‫א‬M‫د‬#‫!]\ز‬#0‫وא‬،!-‫א א‬M<§-‫א‬Y !G ‫@א‬b
M!U i‫א‬Y ‫א!ل‬M$gQ#‫و‬$G #$g!G ‫نא‬eyA‫;א‬D ‫و‬K.!L8‫و א‬8#D‫א‬
K‫@אم‬E‫وא‬،honorh‫א‬,‫אن‬$GX;‫ن‬X ‫א‬0‫و‬،successful manhoodI ‫א!א‬
$g،h%!Y ²Xz‫و‬،h‫د زو‬Y #‫^د‬g‫دא‬gjk8!‫نא‬U#$ hZ#!H ‫א‬G%‫و‬
K,+ ‫א‬N!‫و‬،/‫א‬$`‫'א‬%‫و‬،{!‫ل\א‬I#
@ @@Social learning theory@ZïÇbànuüa@áÜÈnÛa@òí‹Äã
+0D ‫وא‬H@K‫لא‬KL;‫ن‬D #‫ نא س‬DE‫א א‬#!HZG%
-‫א‬Y hZX ‫!אد א‬X-‫א‬$@²@E‫و\ذא‬K +‫!א‬D+#f‫ א‬$‫و]א‬،;#!Lw‫א‬
‫ن‬X،E‫م‬K+E‫وא‬، IF‫א‬8AG%W8=F + A /A%$%‫و\ذא‬KN$ G‫م‬G
K#‫دو‬M^!Lw8; ‫א‬8G # Ak‫و‬K!D+ +‫אא‬0*
@ @(Twohey, 2009)@Power and control@Zñ‹ĐîÛaë@ñìÔÛa
8U ،M!+‫وא‬MG‫>دאא‬r‫ ;א‬DE‫א‬/gK‫א‬yb ‫א‬e #
!#$G%‫\א ض‬v#! ‫א‬Y M!+ N‫د‬P,+‫א‬f+ #‫و‬KM, D‫ א‬%‫و‬،V*
،,+ ‫א‬ª‫א‬$‫وא‬،!G ‫و"طא‬، ¢jk '/ ‫!א‬m‫و‬،M, U‫مא‬$ ‫وא‬،/‫א‬0‫א‬
/ ‫א‬$‫ ;א‬j= j %‫و‬، D‫ وא‬XGc/‫א‬jce %‫و‬، c‫و لوא‬،^ ` ‫א‬/‫وא !א‬
K ¶/$،M‫د‬$8‫); א‬#; ) %M,>‫م‬G%C‫א‬/^` ‫\نא‬/lO‫وא‬
UI‫!אא‬DE‫^ل‬I %‫!=\א‬-‫ א‬A causalistAA+‫!א‬H ‫א‬P‫وو‬
cost-benefitEM‫ د‬E‫ א‬FBX‫!و‬UZh%]!H ‫;א‬P‫א‬N0*Q %‫و‬KIF‫א‬b
KhX‫א‬$*Y MG‫א‬qY f#$%'+APX،.!Le‫و‬G#!P G MeXUM,>X
h U‫و‬،h%‫ذא‬Y M!+‫א‬Y ‫د‬g,+‫نא‬U#/Er‫;א‬j=bhZ،v‫ذ‬Y 8$‫وא‬
، ‫ ;א‬e %M,>‫\نא‬j % #$A‫!א‬H ‫א‬P‫وو‬K ¶VA-v0‫م‬G‫مא‬$
Y f#$‫وא‬¢‫و‬powerlessness and externalizing/projecting‫ط‬G>‫א‬L! #<‫وא‬
$ Y@h U‫و‬،IF‫א‬Y M!+‫وא‬MG‫א‬Y ‫^ل‬I ‫و‬¢ X،IF‫א‬b UI‫א‬
،‫]دن‬X$%$g/ +‫א‬N0*8=‫و‬KN‫د‬G%C‫ אא‬U 8@;;UD#Ev0‫م‬G#
/‫א‬$‫א‬8 khZG#‫ذج‬D ‫אא‬0*$GZ‫و‬KM,>‫وא‬، ‫א‬M!‫دא‬b‫ل‬L$‫د\א‬d% c;‫و‬
K/‫א‬$`‫'א‬%‫و‬،+ ‫א‬/KU !-‫!א א‬%C‫א‬
١٥٢
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
RKLE،M‫د‬$¢VAb*!^@f^‫و;א‬،M‫د‬$ ‫א‬VA‫ن‬QAqF#
K!Lwg;‫و‬8،!Lw‫!د‬X;،hX‫دوא‬
@ @Zòí‡ÛaìÛa@ñõb⁄a@óÜÇ@òjm¾a@ŠbqŁa
;$A‫وא‬f#!G‫א‬.$‫ א‬,‫א‬ojce%M, ‫\ن‬E٢٠٠٨FZD +‫א‬8j %
،ً# ‫و‬،ًG g،ًAk ‫و‬،ً A^#$gh 'bM,‫!ض‬#0‫א‬8 X،8 ‫א‬M@
،D+‫א‬M,‫دא?א!ض‬/'A%‫ودא‬M$#$ /‫دא‬B T @،ً L‫و‬،ً AlU
،/‫א‬0‫א‬,‫א‬0#\‫و‬،Q G‫وא‬،VlE+ ‫א‬/KU ‫א‬yP? ‫و‬، ‫א‬b ZE‫وא‬
W, -‫א‬Y ‫א א‬cyA‫ !ض‬#DX‫و‬K] O‫א‬/‫وא!א‬، ‫وא‬
W#$+‫א‬cw‫ א‬J١
0‫ א‬#$+‫א‬cw‫\ن;א‬EJones & Horan, 1997)‫و*אن‬Zj #
،‫و!وא!س‬،Bruises/$U‫وא‬،‫م‬H‫!א‬+W, -‫א‬Y DP ‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@h{
‫ج‬K ‫وא‬، A‫ א‬# !‫ א‬cw‫א‬N0 *8 =f %$ g‫و‬،internal bleeding L‫א‬$ ‫א‬R ‫وא‬
8m ‫א‬/P‫!א‬-‫א א‬#IP Z#C‫א א‬I^‫א‬/Er‫و;א‬KY +
Kmigraines‫אع‬$^‫وא‬،‫ض‬r‫م‬E‫و‬،;‫א‬-‫وא‬،,-‫א‬V‫وא!א‬،arthritis
W+ ‫א‬cw‫ א‬J٢
،Rn‫وא‬،‫"ط‬F‫ ;א‬%!/‫!;د‬-‫!ن א‬#;#0‫!אدא‬X-‫א‬Z#
j %‫و‬K$G X$* PZ‫و‬،‫!א‬D‫ אز‬E‫א‬ZfZ0‫ !ون‬#D،VlE‫وא‬،Q G‫وא‬
B!%C‫א‬/Er‫;א‬٪٦٠‫\ن‬EVitanza & Vogel, 1995)!0#D!#G‫א‬
Z#VlKX>‫و‬KIZE‫א‬Y ‫אم‬$g>‫¶'!א‬h‫دאد‬%‫و‬،Vl‫;א‬Z%!-‫א‬
/ Ut8^ %‫ ;ن‬U{،‫م‬E‫و‬،Long-term anxiety.$ ‫א‬8 #'Q g; M‫ د‬#IF ‫א‬
b8=D%!-‫א א‬+ ‫א‬cw‫وא‬KPanic] *‫و‬،‫ م‬Q gV‫א `^\א!א‬
r‫א‬N0*^%‫و‬Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderE‫د‬P>‫א‬F"F‫א‬$V‫א!א‬
‫ @=?ن‬A‫ ;א‬$ #$ .! #‫و‬،Nightmares‫ א‬U‫وא‬،intrusive images^ ‫א‬8L‫א‬$
K ‫ א‬+ ‫א‬cw‫;א‬MZD £` %8FX*‫د‬P>‫"وא‬F‫א‬$/‫א!א‬
/lX]bP©;U{‫' ل‬-‫א‬Y !-‫א א‬/‫א‬jce%‫ن‬Y /‫א‬$‫א‬Q %‫و‬
(Carlson, 2000; Bragg, 2003; Child Welfare Information Gateway, #D
2009):
$GX، OD*\‫و‬،‫' ل‬M!aA‫א‬M,>‫א‬ZU\\X>W‫ل‬D*>‫وא‬#$+‫א‬M,>‫ א‬J١
K X$*‫م‬-‫نא‬U%?@،h; ‫ع‬X$‫א‬h‫و‬¢b.‫ذ‬8 ‫!ضא‬#
١٥٣

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
W8=،D+‫!ضא‬A%!‫"طא‬F‫' ل;א‬-‫א‬Z#‫;ن‬U{WD+‫!אضא‬-‫ א‬J٢

autoimmune %‫א‬0‫א א‬b/‫وא !א‬،! G‫وא‬،$ ‫وא א‬،‫אع‬$^ ‫א‬
Kdisorders
0‫وאنوא א‬$‫' لא‬-‫א‬y$ G#‫;ن‬U{W‫!אن‬g-‫]א‬8 ‫א‬/m‫وאنو‬$‫ א‬J٣
Y ² zU D‫!א‬Lw‫א‬yA‫א‬fI+ #‫ن‬8Gb، O‫ ز‬bh%<§‫{!ون‬
K;-‫א‬h+ Z
/Z‫و‬،Q G‫وא‬،‫א‬U‫وא‬،P ‫אنא‬$GX;‫' ل‬-‫א‬Z#‫;ن‬U{W / J٤
;‫ن‬Z#‫و‬،learning delays ‫א‬b‫!ون‬Le#Ak‫و‬K‫\אد‬K‫لא‬A‫وא‬،fFk
KQ ‫]وא‬D+‫א‬b/KU
M+ G$ @‫ وא‬P‫ !א‬n‫א‬8 ‫ ن‬U# M! -‫א‬b ‫\نא‬/ ‫א‬$‫א‬j %‫و‬
‫!وא‬ceXM,>‫نא‬D+#E‫و‬،‫!ون‬#ET3،‫א‬$‫' ل‬-‫ لא‬f|‫و‬Kmaltreatment‫' ل‬-‫א‬
h!ce# ‫א‬$* #0‫א‬8 X‫ ؛‬H M^M,‫!ن‬#;#0‫' لא‬-‫א‬Z#‫و‬KP
K‫وא‬،/$U‫نא‬H@K#$g،Pc‫و‬$@$M,>‫א‬fg‫!ون א‬#;#0‫' لא‬-‫وא‬KIF‫א‬8=
،!%‫ن;א‬Z#‫نو‬$#،N‫وو‬،` ‫و ن‬، ¢2c‫و‬،M+U,a‫و‬،gD‫א‬
‫ن‬،M!aAM^M,>‫א‬g8 ‫!א‬,‫א‬+Xv0‫و‬K;-‫ !ون‬#E‫و‬،,+‫;א‬Rn‫وא‬
inhibit jce%g‫אא‬0O‫ن‬X-g‫א‬b$‫ א‬JM!aAjk‫و‬،hXh\,+‫ن*א‬
K DE‫وא‬،+ ‫وא‬،b!‫وא‬،D+‫א‬D ‫א‬Y
\(Doorways for Women and Families, 2004) ‫وא‬M!‫א‬/‫א‬j %‫و‬
] D‫ ن‬U#E A‫و ;א‬K ‫ !א‬-‫א‬b‫' ل‬/ + ‫وא‬، ‫א‬£^ n‫א‬
@ ‫و;א‬K‫م‬K+ ‫;א‬V!O‫نא‬+#‫' ل‬-‫;א‬$#$X،£^n‫ א‬Z‫' ل‬-‫א‬
،$+ P$#EC‫א زلא‬b‫' ل‬-‫א‬b$%£^n‫א‬N0*;j=U‫نא‬X.!L-‫א‬
W ‫א!ض‬Y M‫د‬Pa8=‫و‬8،MG‫ل‬$%‫[ط‬$%;U‫و‬
، ‫وא‬، D‫א‬K ‫وא‬، ‫א‬V l‫ ؛א‬AK ‫א‬LI+ ZE‫ א‬+ ‫א‬ J١
KF‫א‬/‫א‬0‫مא‬P ‫و‬،moody‫وאא‬
‫و‬،‫ط‬A@>‫א‬8Ds‫و‬،open rage)P‫وא‬،fF"‫א ؛א‬LZ‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫א‬ J٢
K/‫א‬0‫!א‬#$G%‫و‬، UI‫א‬m‫و‬،poorly socialized DE‫א‬
K V+ZK0‫وא‬،n ‫א‬ J٣
K!-‫ ;א א‬l+‫وא‬،fZ0 ‫א‬ J٤
K ¶! ‫س‬+@>‫؛وא‬Stigma ‫א‬ J٥
KA‫א‬R‫א`و‬ J٦
Kvigilant²G‫وא‬،distrustfulV%E‫؛وא‬intimacyE -‫א‬FDDr‫;א‬Rn‫א‬ J٧
KE0‫א‬AkFIdentification with aggressor$‫]א‬$@‫א‬ J٨
١٥٤
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
‫א‬PZY D+‫א‬MG‫!ون\א‬H X‫؛‬Confused values!F‫ א‬G‫ א‬J٩
KG‫]א‬QrX،EM!‫א‬b8!‫ א‬UsmL‫و‬F UI ‫א !و‬
،fF "‫;؛א‬# $ Gr‫א‬Lf r‫ !א‬W, ¨,E ‫وא‬، ‫وא‬F g ‫ א !א‬J١٠
K,+‫א‬£` ‫@אم‬E‫وא‬،Rn‫وא‬،fF"‫؛وא‬,+‫א‬£` G@E‫وא‬G ‫وא‬
Krole reversal‫دوא‬-‫א‬U ‫و‬،!UA‫جא‬F ‫א‬WParental child-‫א‬8 ‫ א‬J١١
KD+‫א‬.‫و‬U ‫وא‬،/KU ‫ א‬J١٢
K ‫א‬/KU J١٣
g!‫وא‬،fr‫;א‬E$،fF"‫وא‬MG‫א‬/‫א‬jA%‫م‬$`+#‫!؛‬Lw‫א‬R!‫]א‬gK‫א‬b‫ و‬J١٤
Ktenderness
‫ن‬Y ،8‫אא‬yh%$gh^à‫א !دو‬Y ‫א‬jce%‫ن‬T@A‫א‬.!#‫و‬
، ‫א‬8 ‫אא‬yA ]F P U‫و‬،M!aAB+ #IF ‫` ^א‬a‫ د‬e ‫א‬gK
K8‫אא‬N0*fA+h.!L/^à!ce%E‫و‬، /^` ‫א‬y!ce%‫;ن‬U{v0‫و‬
‫;ن‬U{8 ‫א‬Y ‫א א‬jce%‫\ن‬j %2IA‫نא‬EBragg, 2003F‫!!אج‬0X
W8D %8‫ א‬h%
;‫ع‬Z ‫نא‬$#M‫و@د‬،M!UM^‫وאن‬$‫א‬$* #0‫א‬8 XW ‫א‬A' K١
;<‫"ط‬F‫' ل‬-‫א‬,Ed*!{‫و‬،‫א^!אع‬8@H@KbQ hZ-v‫وذ‬K8 ‫א‬
KM‫ود‬$¢ 2‫א‬$@‫ون‬$* #;#0‫ א‬PZ‫!א‬g
/‫א‬P]‫' ل‬-XWCoping strategies and skills8‫א‬/‫א‬P‫و‬/%‫ אא‬K٢
، #G‫א‬8 ‫א‬/‫ א‬P‫' لذو‬- ZG< /KU ‫ <ون‬M‫ود‬$ t‫א‬8 ‫א‬
‫ن‬X$P# U ‫א‬8@/%‫نאא‬$`+#;#0‫' لא‬-‫وא‬K DE‫ א‬$‫א‬/UAa‫و‬
K U‫א‬,+ M‫ود‬$ ¢‫ ; !אض‬v0 ‫<* ن‬#‫و‬RK n‫א‬$^ \M! aA
\f"‫א‬b‫ن‬X$P# PZ-k!8g‫א=ل‬8AY U ‫א‬P‫א‬/%‫وאא‬
8=F 8%‫'!ق‬P ) #‫;ن‬U{C‫وא‬K‫"ط‬F‫א‬g‫ א‬L‫א‬$‫א‬E‫א‬
KEQ@Y $‫نאא‬e‫ل‬G‫א‬
$+ ZQ‫و‬، %!Q g/# +P\\!"m-‫' لא‬-‫א‬8{W8 ‫!א‬D K٣
‫!א‬D <-‫' لא‬-‫ ) ;نא‬%!DA%!‫وא !وقא‬K‫!א‬D <-‫ א‬PZ‫!א‬g;<
`‫א‬8 ‫א‬/%‫ א א‬L‫وא‬، P mn‫ א‬X!‫ א‬P%‫א‬$ gB [
K ‫א' א‬Nc; `
P\8 ‫*א‬X/ ‫نوא‬+F#G+‫א‬cK=‫א‬8‫ א‬X>‫و‬
W(Carlson, 2000; Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2009) #
١٥٥

‫א א‪!-‬وא‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪.$/‬א‪ , -‬‬
‫‪ K٤‬א‪Bg‬א ‪Y FG‬א!ض ‪!PH#W‬א‪ '-‬ل‪ %!/#+‬و^‪;#XM‬‬

‫א‪،Q G‬وא‪$@fG Rn‬א‪2‬א ‪KM!aA‬و* ‪$¢/H@K‬ود‪Y .!%M‬א‪ '-‬ل‪$‬‬
‫!و‪'MX‬ل ‪@Y‬د‪2‬א ‪ K‬‬
‫‪ K٥‬א ‪!PH#، ^W‬א‪ '-‬لא‪; ZL/ 0‬א!ض ‬
‫=‪8‬א‪$‬وאن‪!PH%D ،‬א>‪/ 2Z‬دא‪8=<M^ L‬א‪VlE‬وא‪ KVI+ZE‬‬
‫‪ K٦‬ودא ‪@b8‬א>‪M,‬א‪8 XW#$+‬א‪$* #0‬א א و‪h\,+#‬‬
‫‪!Lb#$+‬ز‪#‬د‪,/#+M‬אא‪QX‬א ‪+‬وא' ‪; ،‬א‪ '-‬لא‪$* #;#0‬ون‬
‫א و‪ K P\,+#E‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪$%‬د‪/‬א!‪/ #‬א‪ %C‬و‪B‬א‪ +‬א‪$‬وא‪،Z‬وא‪PkmbB L‬א "‪PZE\،#‬‬
‫‪Y Q %‬ن* '!‪0O?X‬אא‪W +‬و*‪D‬א‪$‬و*א `‪£‬א‪$$A#0‬وאن‪،‬وא‪.$‬‬
‫‪ h‬و*‪!L£à‬و@אنو©د‪،‬و‪U#$g‬نא !دذא‪\h%‬ذאنא‪$‬وאن‪ªًP‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬‬
‫و;*‪N0‬א!‪ W/ #‬‬
‫א‪$‬وאن‪W‬א‪E‬א‪fG%C‬א>@‪A‬ط‪،‬و‪!#‬אد‪r\P‬قא‪-‬ذ‪! .‬د‪!L‬و@‪! Y‬د‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫‪،h+ Z‬و‪$#‬جא‪$‬وאن;א‪$ E‬א‪,‬א‪Y Z$A‬א‪\،;#!Lw‬א‪ P‬א ‪، H‬وא‪،fZe‬‬
‫وא‪،;#!LwR È‬وא‪F P #!`+‬א‪G‬د‪ KE٩٨W٢٠٠١،‬‬
‫وא‪ +‬א‪$‬وא‪$ +#8X8*Z‬א‪N,‬אعوא‪0‬א‪،/‬و‪\R$P#‬א‪Kj$‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫و‪.! #‬د !‪>! PHh ZAdler¹‬אد‪M‬א‪N< # D ،M G‬دو‪E‬د‪Dollard‬و =‪; j‬‬
‫א‪8={8X،? +‬א‪r\\R$P%‬قא‪-‬ذ‪WbF;U.‬א !‪ KE٧٣W٢٠٠٢،‬‬
‫وא‪$‬وאن‪Z‬ع;א ‪ +‬وא‪X-‬لא^‪fF"I‬وא ‪!%‬وא‪!U‬א* ‪K‬و‪ R!#‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫א‪$‬وאن‪d# 8hZe‬د\\‪G#‬عא‪-‬ذ‪;#!Lw.‬א‪M!aAG#!,‬و‪M!aAjk‬‬
‫]‪8 !X%‬א‪DE‬ع א‪)%‬א‪، +‬و‪$ f|v0‬مא ‪!A‬وذ‪;ً Z.‬‬
‫א‪$‬وאن‪WbF‬א‪ KE٥٢W٢٠٠١،g$‬‬
‫א‪$‬وאن‪ + # W‬دوא‪،$ I‬و‪h R$ P#‬א !د\\‪ r‬قא ‪0 !F‬א‪/‬و‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫‪،;#!Lw‬א‪،Z$!,‬و ‪،H‬و!‪f#‬א‪/U D‬א‪،‬وא‪GrV^k‬قא"‪j‬‬
‫‪$ F‬و‪ KE٤٥W٢٠٠٤،N‬‬
‫‪ fG%‬‬
‫‪y/a J‬א!‪/ #‬א‪Z\G+‬אعא‪ +‬א‪$‬وא‪8=،Z‬א‪$‬وאنא‪،Z$A‬وא ‪،H‬‬
‫و\‪0#‬א‪,‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬و ‪$‬وאن ‪Y‬א!א‪QX‬وא‪ K,a-‬‬
‫‪]D J‬א!‪Y / #‬نא‪ +‬א‪$‬وא‪r\\R$P#Z‬قא‪-‬ذ‪R!.‬א‪،!Lw‬وא‪DE‬ع‬
‫‪ Kv0‬‬
‫‪y/a J‬א!‪A@^\/ #‬א"‪،fF‬وא>@‪A‬ط‪،‬وא‪$ !%‬وאن‪ K‬‬
‫‪١٥٦‬‬
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
@ @Zæaë‡ÈÜÛ@ñ‹Ð¾a@pbí‹ÄäÛa@JÈi
W DE‫א א‬#!HZ J١
; )%Z*Z‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫\نא‬j #0‫وא‬Bandura‫وא‬$Z#!H ‫א‬N0*‫و;وאد‬
P g‫א‬bP $+ #‫ א !د‬P! g‫وא‬،$* ; Q ‫¶ ون‬
‫ن‬e#!H ‫א‬N0*.!%DK;#!Lw‫א‬$ G%; )%ZZ‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫ونא‬K(Kirch, 2006: 51)
‫\!א‬£^L‫وאن‬$‫ א‬+‫ون‬، DE‫!א א‬m \]!#Z+Z>‫وאنא‬$‫ א‬H
‫א‬2‫א‬$@-‫א‬,PZ\bX/‫\|ًوذא‬M‫א )ز‬BZ‫\ذא‬،hc‫و‬$@‫!א‬D‫א‬Y 8D%
;, -‫א‬hD # Z‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫نא‬X#!H ‫א‬N0OGX‫وو‬v0‫و‬KE٣W/K‫د‬،;#$‫!א‬mZF
*‫و‬، P Y M!aA M^, -‫א‬#%º‫\ذא‬mL‫و‬، DE‫א‬8 ‫א‬g‫א‬b,w‫א‬
K,w‫ א‬$ G, -‫א‬P‫م‬G#Mt‫ع;א‬Z
+‫א‬b UI‫ً§^صא‬E¡ %!=)P = DE‫א א‬#!HZ$%‫و‬
j#)‫د‬º‫ذא‬X،hD %M‫;\ د‬U{v0‫א !د‬hD #! +‫نא‬$d%PZ-،Z‫وא‬$‫א‬
+‫א‬P‫ل‬D@‫א‬8G#R‫و‬،ً ¶g‫א‬D ‫!א !د‬#$G%‫ن‬U#R+X،M$#$ D‫א‬
+ ‫ ]א‬X‫دوא‬bM$ M‫ ندא‬U#R b! ‫!א‬#$ G‫نא‬v0 ‫وא‬$ Z G#‫و‬KZ‫وא‬$ ‫א‬
KE١٤W٢٠٠٥،‫ و‬#‫و‬FZ‫وא‬$‫א‬
W‫وאن‬$‫ط–א‬A@>‫א‬#!HZ J٢
Y 8D‫ !دא‬A+ ‫!و‬F‫;א‬A^#‫و‬،ًX‫دא‬$#‫ط‬A@>‫نא‬e#!H ‫א‬N0*‫ل‬G%
!mZF‫وאن‬$‫ א‬D]X‫א‬$‫א‬y L;U{‫و‬،‫وאن‬$ ]X‫א‬$‫א‬$#‫ط‬A@>X،]X‫א‬$‫א‬y L
\‫د‬d#qh ‫و‬،h‫ א‬+‫א‬M‫ ) ;\ د‬#‫ط‬A@>‫نא‬ev‫ذ‬j+ %;U{‫و‬KE١٤W/K‫د‬،;#$‫א‬
KE١٣١W٢٠٠٨،hFM!*H‫א‬Z‫وא‬$‫لא‬X-‫א‬,‫د\دא‬d#0‫وא‬،Z‫وא‬$‫]א‬X‫א‬$‫א‬Mc\
‫!د‬4;D*!=Z‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫א‬P.+‫\ندא‬E‫ن‬D #‫ز‬Fa$g‫و‬
‫طא !د‬A@\* *]X‫א‬$‫وא‬،P!=hDG%‫و‬hH@K‫\ن‬v‫!]ذ‬#T@،]X‫א‬$‫دאא‬
;P‫א‬N0OGX‫وو‬KE١٤W٢٠٠٥،‫ و‬#‫و‬Fgb8 ‫وא‬،,a;‫!ن‬I Z
،h QF‫א‬Zh%!b‫א !د‬P!{C‫طא‬A@>‫א‬g‫ ) ;א‬#‫وאن‬$‫نא‬X!H ‫א‬
K‫א‬b#jkfq‫و‬،h‫د‬$ ‫وא‬
$ G%; e #‫و‬،VG‫وא‬V‫ ;א=א‬e # D‫ א‬%hZe‫وאن‬$‫!א‬+ #‫;ن‬U{‫و‬
‫و‬،M!+‫وא‬، + !PHhZY + ‫א‬8 I? " ‫א‬$ !+ #‫و‬KZ‫وא‬$‫ذجא‬D ‫א‬
$#0‫א א‬8 I‫א *א‬DU‫\א א@א‬/‫א‬j+ ‫א‬V!g‫و‬،D‫א‬bAk!‫א‬
$A ‫و‬$+‫א‬F,r‫وא‬8n‫*א‬f+ ‫א‬hAg‫و‬،AG‫ א‬c8 bf‫א‬fG‫وאنא‬$‫א‬
KE١٤W١٩٩٩،;¯!‫א‬
١٥٧

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
@ @@Zïãaë‡ÈÛa@ÚìÜÛa@ÉÏaë†
+ ‫ نא‬U#‫ون‬R$ O‫א‬N h Z‫وא‬$$ AX Z‫وא‬$ A'‫ذא‬£` ‫ نא‬U#$ g
Z‫و‬،fF"‫طوא‬A@>‫א‬Y ً‫ندא‬U#$g‫و‬،h ;#!Lw‫א‬,‫א‬$ E8X‫א !دد‬.$Z‫وא‬$‫א‬
WE١٥٤ J١٥٢W٢٠٠٧، I FTIA‫عא‬A%!‫א‬Z‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫]א‬X‫دوא‬y #DX‫و‬KDO
Ak!‫א‬h %$ 8 ‫א‬$ Z‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫!א‬PH#W +‫;א‬£ `‫א‬bAk!‫א‬ J١
Kh%AkQGs‫@ندون‬-‫;א‬j=b‫ل‬sC‫وא‬،h AU‫;"طא‬£ `‫א‬b
h@;‫' ل‬-‫א‬G; G‫وא‬D+‫א‬£G 8 ‫א‬a‫\ن‬W£G ‫א‬ J٢
KN$ Z‫وא‬$‫وא‬،Mj"‫ !א‬PHG hA+ 8={
P%g‫!אز‬v‫;وذ‬#!Lw‫א‬NAZ‫א‬V‫א‬0‫' ل‬-‫א‬y‫م‬G#$gWNAZE‫א‬V0bAk!‫א‬ J٣
K;#!Lw‫א‬$Z‫وא‬$‫وא‬AU‫مא‬
b $ #h |R! '‫و‬،h%! 8 Ag; #$+ 8 ‫א‬V G ‫\ن‬W$+ ‫א‬V G‫א‬ J٤
;#!Lw‫א‬$‫وאن‬$‫س א‬DX،hD+,aMG‫وאنو\!אزא‬$‫ن א‬h%!‫ذא‬
K#$+h f"‫א‬b‫ن‬ZU#;#0‫א‬
،8 ‫]א‬8‫א‬, cl'Lf‫אم‬$`‫א‬8=Wl ‫א‬b#+‫א‬jkf-‫א‬ J٥
8L‫ دא‬DE‫א‬N‫د‬8 ‫سא‬+@\‫م‬$ ‫و‬، ‫א‬$GZN$GZ‫و‬،‫א م‬bME"
KMr‫א‬v#!a‫و‬،8 ‫א‬ªP‫ن‬,‫א‬،M!-‫א‬b ‫وא‬،M!-‫א‬
، D‫א‬/gK ;#U%Y 8 ‫א‬M$g‫م‬$XWAU‫ل ;א‬KGE‫א‬b8 ‫א‬Ak J٦
KE٦٠ J٥٨W٢٠٠١،¶F‫وאن‬$ ]X‫دوא‬،+ Z/‫ز‬-h!%‫و‬،‫ن‬-‫مא‬$ ‫وא‬
P‫א‬/‫ دא‬Y ;O 'f#$%b/P-‫א‬M+g‫و‬Z‫وא‬$‫ط?א‬A%‫ن* א‬D J٧
KE٣٨W٢٠٠٠،‫دق‬m‫א !و‬F/AG‫א‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‬:‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
/‫א‬0‫א‬$%\!H #; PX،?=@A‫?א‬/‫א‬0 ‫א‬$%‫م‬P / #!%/‫د‬$%
W8=،! ‫ ;א‬jA‫א‬#!@NA
،8AG‫وא‬،‫ن‬+IE‫א‬W8=|E‫\| ;א !א‬8U jA‫א‬W*/‫א‬0‫א‬$% •
yX!‫א‬W8=A +‫ ;א !א‬jA‫وא‬،V >‫وא‬،g‫א‬$^‫وא‬، ‫وא‬،‫وאد‬،‫م‬D*E‫وא‬
;$ge‫وא!و‬،]‫!א‬%‫و‬،‫!دد‬%[‫دو‬v ‫وא‬،‫ن‬r‫وא‬،,E‫وא‬،-‫وא‬،8AG‫مא‬$ ‫و‬
KE٢٥W١٩٩٢،‫ ن‬F/‫א‬0‫;وא‬#!Lw‫دو[\!א‬v0‫و‬،Q G‫א‬
‫دون‬h+ Z; ]X‫א‬$#‫ون‬،;+@V eR!^‫;א !د;א‬U{0‫ א‬+‫א‬W/‫א‬0‫א‬$% •
(Alberti & ;#! Lw‫ قא‬G@Y ,‫א‬$ E‫ دونא‬Pf #‫و‬،h gG@; < #‫و‬،Q g
Emmons, 2001).
W8=،MPhZY /‫א‬0‫א‬$%R!#; *‫و‬
١٥٨
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
،A+Z X/‫وذא‬،D ، g،H jk‫و‬،H MPW/‫א‬0‫א‬$% •
C‫"طא‬F‫وא‬G‫و‬،DKMÂ +‫א !د ;א !א>|وא‬jA%;DF%‫و‬
KE٥٩W١٩٩٨،‫!ج‬XFhAk!#8X; U‫وא‬،hAk!#E‫ن‬%\Y NA>‫!ون‬Lw‫א‬P{
,‫א‬$\Y M$G‫وא‬،f V ef ‫وא‬yX!‫א‬Y M$G‫א‬8D %MPW/‫א‬0‫א‬$% •
(Sorensen & AG‫א‬jk/A ‫א‬yX‫و‬،‫א !د‬O‫!ض‬#C‫א‬g‫אא‬b!‫א‬
Commedore, 1998).
W8=،M$gNA /‫א‬0‫א‬$%\!H #; *‫و‬
AGG#!;#!Lw‫א‬ªh%‫א‬$G‫و‬،h‫ ;א‬jA‫א‬Y ‫א !د‬M$gW/‫א‬0‫א‬$% •
‫ق‬G3‫س‬+‫دونא‬/‫א‬0‫ ;א‬jA‫א‬Q@v‫;ذ‬DF#‫و‬،‫ق‬Gr‫ع ;א‬X$‫وא‬، D‫א‬
KE٥٣W١٩٩٨،?O‫א‬F;#!Lw‫א‬
g‫אא‬ªQ G‫אא‬$ DX‫ ل‬Z‫ ;א‬K‫א‬jA‫א‬Y ‫א !د‬M$gW/‫א‬0 ‫א‬$% •
KE٢٠W٢٠٠٠،#$*‫و‬#‫א‬$A F DE‫ א‬G‫وא‬j#‫אم‬E‫\'א‬b `‫א‬
‫!אد‬X-‫א‬N‫ ل‬ZE‫א‬#!@‫ !د‬%M^ ‫א‬AY M$G‫א‬W/‫א‬0‫א‬$% •
]،h#$+ ‫א‬Q G‫!وא‬%‫א‬M$r hgG3A‫وא‬،h+ Z; jA / ‫وא‬
KE١٤٥W٢٠٠١،‫א‬$A F;#!Lw‫قא‬G@M ‫!א‬
،‫א !د‬M‫د‬A;DF%PZE\/ #!‫*!?א‬H‫א‬RKLE‫ ;א‬k!hZT@A‫א‬.!#‫و‬
K;#!Lw‫قא‬G@M ‫]!א‬hgG@; jA‫وא‬،R!^‫;א‬+@‫و‬
@ @Zpa‰Ûa@‡î×ìm@òîàäm@kîÛbc
،Mt‫وא‬$ G `‫ א‬Z-‫א‬b ‫لא‬KL;M!-‫א‬b‫' ل‬-‫ א‬#
W #‫ل‬KL;M!-‫א‬b/‫א‬0‫א‬$%D %;U{v‫ذ‬,b‫و‬K;#!Lw‫א‬H@K‫و‬
K / ‫د‬d#‫ [ ذج‬H@K‫ل‬KL; ‫ א !د‬#T @W 0D ‫ א‬K١
K OA+ ‫ذج‬D ‫وא‬M‫و‬$G‫ א‬PX،,w‫א‬/ MI, -‫مא‬G#‫;ن‬U{v0‫و‬
C‫!א‬-‫א‬b‫د‬E‫و‬-‫نא‬U#‫;ن‬U{v0‫و‬K/P-‫א‬/ A‫א‬s‫و‬،,w‫دא‬E‫و‬-‫א‬IX
،jce‫אא‬0*;$I ‫و‬.!L8‫ א‬8L$%‫\ذא‬،Z‫وא‬$ != ‫א‬PX‫د‬+#
h%‫א !دذא‬$d#‫;ن‬UDX، U ‫و* א‬KK+‫ وא‬FL!=;U#‫\ن‬/ A‫א‬8‫و‬
K‫وאن‬$‫א‬Q#!'; JN!HZP‫–;و‬
,w‫א‬#%‫و‬KE‫!אא‬U%‫ل‬D@‫;א‬$##‫;ن‬U{,a\#‫א‬j #W#‫ א‬K٢
;h‫ن‬G#Y Q ‫مא‬$ Y@‫و‬،MeXU‫وא‬،] ‫א‬Mmb P +
K/‫א‬0‫א‬$%D %b$ +%C‫א‬8‫ ;אא‬
،!‫ א‬O‫ن‬U#‫ن‬e, D+‫א لא‬b P‫;א‬W!‫א‬,‫א‬$\‫و‬/‫א‬0‫ ;א‬jA‫ ]א‬% K٣
،$%D %C‫א‬8‫;אא‬v‫نذ‬-;#!Lw‫ودא‬bmL‫و‬، *jU %‫م‬ª‫ون‬
K P#$/‫א‬0G=‫وא‬
١٥٩

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
@ @ZszjÛa@paÌnß@µi@òÓýÈÛa
/#+(Terr, 1991)j%!0#D$‫!א‬D b P\,+‫' لא‬-‫!א‬PH#
E ‫א‬FR‫!א‬ªE‫!א‬Lb‫' ل‬-‫א‬,Ed*8=‫ن‬X‫ج‬K‫ونא‬$‫و‬،‫"ط‬F‫وא‬،Q G‫;א‬U
‫א‬jA.$‫' ل‬-‫!א‬PH#‫و‬Kmn‫ א‬P%gK b/^‫وא‬،$‫א‬bV!‫وא‬،/‫א‬$`‫'א‬%‫و‬
، ‫א‬$E‫ א!@ א‬#PZb‫' ل‬-‫ ^א‬#‫و‬K‫א ل‬b ‫ א !ض‬Z‫ ل‬X-‫ ;دودא‬
jA ‫א‬FA + ‫א‬/ + ‫ ;א‬n‫א‬jA ‫א‬Y M$ GE ‫א‬F #‫אد‬$ >‫وא!@ א‬
‫م‬D*E‫אنא‬$GX‫و‬،E‫א‬U‫وא‬،8-‫א‬/‫وא!א‬،‫א م‬b/KU FQ G‫ن;א‬Z#‫و‬KEH ‫א‬
،‫!د‬D‫وא‬،‫!אن‬g-‫]א‬/gK‫א‬f ‫و‬،VI+ZE‫وא‬،/‫א‬0‫مא‬P ‫و‬، DE‫ א‬Z-
K$‫א‬b‫ אض‬+‫وא‬
b‫!אא!א‬U%‫و‬،‫ج‬O‫وא‬،fF"‫א‬/ZH@K P\,+‫' لא‬-‫א‬.$] ‫و;א‬
;#!Lw‫!אنوא‬g-‫א‬$#$P%‫و‬،M+G/Z‫א‬r‫و א‬،,a-‫ א‬s‫و‬،,Ga-‫و?א‬،$‫א‬
‫و‬،V!F‫لא‬KL;NAZE‫א‬EB FY ‫^ل‬r‫وא‬¢‫و‬،Ev!E\‫ و‬G‫ א‬8=F
!Lb‫ن‬G*‫وא!א‬KVI+ZE‫<\א‬M^2Z>‫א‬8‫و‬K‫!אن‬g-‫وא‬,GaQ n‫وא‬X!‫א‬
b ‫»א‬#%‫@=?ن‬A‫א‬yG#‫و‬K/‫א‬$`‫'א‬%‫و‬،$‫א‬bV!‫وא‬،{‫د‬-‫א‬8 ‫א‬
KESASS, 1996FZ‫א‬jk‫و‬Z‫א‬V ‫ {?א‬P8 ‫א‬
$ =$%h|\‫و‬##$‫وא‬/gK 8be #0‫;א‬E‫نא‬X،8G‫א‬b‫و‬
@D'^à‫ن‬U#‫و‬،Z‫و!و‬Mg‫و‬K^Pc‫א‬$@]8 ‫وא‬MI ‫ق‬KZE‫\א‬hX$#g
K w‫א‬#$‫ אא‬A‫א‬8b!"^‫א‬0 h#$f+U‫א‬h%‫א‬0N$%v‫ذ‬bN$ +#‫ و‬،GX‫א‬
، P%@b‫!א‬g‫وאذ‬QX‫אא‬Y ;#‫د‬gjk?A , $%PZXM‫د‬$‫א‬#$‫אא‬M,>‫א‬
P#$KGE‫ وא‬$#‫و‬،!"^‫א‬0 + ‫ א‬PKmD #;‫وא‬$| PZ-v‫وذ‬
KE٣٨W٢٠٠٧، @F P# ‫و‬، *‫א‬$g‫وא‬، PDG *! #‫و‬
‫א‬lX‫א‬$‫א>|א‬gK‫א‬,‫;وא‬DU%+ ‫א‬K^‫א‬Me Z‫زאن‬$d%‫و‬
!= P ‫و‬، D‫א‬$ * OgK‫א‬v %8=T@, ;#$‫و@ نאא‬f@ ‫لو‬AG
PZ *‫ د‬G ‫ وא‬#$‫אא‬M‫א د‬v , -‫ دאא‬X،‫"ط‬F ‫ א‬P‫א‬$ ‫ א‬a
*$##‫א‬0*‫ن‬X/‫!אא‬G‫אذא‬b#!r‫;א‬# ‫אאز‬$g P ‫א‬0*‫אن‬g‫و]א‬،?A¢
P | P#$$‫א‬,R$X،$I‫وא‬M!=‫א‬Y M$g!= P |‫و‬# U‫وא‬G=‫א‬a
8 ‫وא‬/‫ز‬-‫א‬Y‫ن‬U>hZ‫و‬،8AG+‫وאوא‬/‫א‬0‫ ;א‬A%‫"ذא‬m‫ن‬ZU#
UI‫א‬Y P%$g;8 G%‫و‬،, + ‫א‬K^‫א‬Y !cd%PZX#$‫אא‬M,>‫א‬K
g‫ن‬U%C‫*وא‬$PbMj"^‫ א‬A‫א‬v %8G#– ‫–א‬hZ *‫ل‬G‫;א‬U{‫و‬،$I‫وא‬
KE٢٧٧W١٩٩٧،!D¶F, -‫ سא‬Zb‫!א‬DE‫وא‬D
١٦٠
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
Z$a!‫א‬b?Z‫وא‬$ ‫א‬IA^#‫*ن‬0‫א‬mL‫و‬, -‫א‬Y -‫!א‬n‫\نא‬
#I;U#‫ ;=!\ن‬DX ;!%%K‫א‬/ A‫א‬K‫' ل‬e!-‫א!ض א‬
W(Walton, 2005). .!L/‫א‬jce% #DX‫و‬K/‫א‬$a‫!א‬#!-‫א‬M,
\-‫א‬Y ‫و{ ن‬K PZ‫!א‬g;Z‫وא‬$ != ‫!ن‬#;#0‫' لא‬-‫א‬A^# J١
K PZ‫!א‬g$D+‫وאنא‬$‫א‬
K/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫و‬،!#$G%‫وא ض‬،insomnia‫ق‬-‫وא‬،Rn‫وא‬،Q G‫وא‬،VlE‫!ونא‬PH# J٢
*‫نא´ز‬U#‫و‬،NAZE‫א‬bm;‫ن‬Z#‫و‬،X!‫ א‬P%‫א‬$gY ‫<* ن‬# J٣
KH ‫وא‬،!r‫وא‬، G‫א‬/‫א‬P‫א‬b P%‫ود‬، PZ‫!א‬geZG$‫א‬b
‫ل‬P>‫وא‬،!G‫وא‬،!‫وא‬،M$‫א‬/‫وא!א‬،‫אع‬$^‫א‬8=D+‫ !אضא‬-‫א‬y‫!ون‬PH# J٤
KO‫!ن‬#C‫א‬M$#‫"طאא‬F 8X‫!د‬
‫! ن‬#$ G#!‫!ون א‬ce #E‫' ل‬-‫ @=ن ;نא‬A‫א‬0 z‫و‬
‫د‬$z‫و‬KmL/E@b ‫א‬M$* ‫!ون‬ce#‫و‬،;#!L;Z‫' ل=!!و‬-‫א‬yAXK!-‫א‬
W8D %،‫' ل‬-‫א‬Y Dt‫א‬/‫א‬jce‫;א‬8 G%#g‫وא‬#DI ¶8‫ א‬,‫<א‬n‫א‬
KM!8b ‫א‬.+ J١
K‫وאن‬$ 8 ‫א‬P‫!ض‬#C‫א‬$‫א‬ J٢
K8 ‫א‬lb.!L-‫א‬kF‫א‬8‫אא‬Vk‫ودو‬ J٣
K8 ‫א‬PP‫א‬#C‫א‬.‫ذ‬-‫א‬8‫ א‬Vk‫ودو‬ J٤
K8 mL8%/‫א‬P J٥
] #G‫א‬/ gK‫وא‬،‫א ل‬b;#$ a‫!א‬8 ‫א‬/ gK 8 =،.! L g‫و‬8 ‫ א‬ J٦
K?D ‫وא‬،Vg-‫א‬8=;#!Lw‫;א‬#$a‫א!א‬
W #‫ل‬KL;‫وאن‬$‫ א‬#8 ‫א` \نא‬/‫א‬$‫א‬j %‫و‬
K ‫א‬g‫א‬bDP ‫;و‬#$‫אא‬$@M$* J١
K P -,w‫ ]א‬% J٢
K/$+‫وא‬،I -‫א‬8D %C‫' لא‬-‫א‬V J٣
K+X ‫א‬V-‫وא‬/#!‫لא‬KL; ‫ ]א‬% J٤
KVr‫א‬V‫و‬،Z# ‫ א‬+‫!א)א‬b‫وאن‬$‫وא‬، ‫א‬M$* J٥
/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫;;د‬+s‫و‬،Z‫وא‬$‫;دא‬$s‫א‬8‫نאא‬X8 G‫א‬b‫و‬
W, -‫א‬.$
KA +‫ذجא‬D ‫<;א‬$A ‫ذج‬D ‫א!ض‬ J١
K/‫א‬0 ] %!‫!א‬#$G‫א‬ J٢
KM$D‫א‬/K‫א‬bi‫א‬ J٣
K]DW‫א‬bG+‫ذجא‬D ‫]א‬8 ‫א‬ J٤
١٦١

‫א א‪!-‬وא‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪.$/‬א‪ , -‬‬
‫‪ J٥‬א‪; $‬א‪،M!-‬وא ‪،?D‬وא‪ K,g$m-‬‬

‫‪ J٦‬א‪a‬א‪!X‬אدא ‪b‬א‪ Z-‬א‪A^%C‬د‪،‬وא‪ KKGE‬‬
‫‪ J٧‬سد‪#‬وو@‪h^#‬א ‪ K8‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪!#‬ضא‪$ T@A‬دא;א‪$‬א‪/‬א‪ %C‬و‪j"B‬א‪/‬א‪$‬אא‪]،r‬א ‪Y‬‬
‫* ‪$A%!%)Z;h\B m%‬אא‪r‬و‪ID GX‬وא‪ W‬‬
‫• و‪WE‬دא‪ %/‬و‪gK B‬א א‪!-‬وא‪$‬وאن‪ K‬‬
‫• ‪WZc‬دא‪ %/‬و‪gK B‬א א‪!-‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪K/‬‬
‫و‪]A#‬ذ‪N0*Y fG%v‬א‪$‬א‪،/‬و‪jL‬א‪!X‬وضא‪ KTIA‬‬
‫‪@ @Næaë‡ÈÛaë@ð‹þa@ÑäÈÛa@òÓýÇ@oÛëbäm@pbaŠ†@Züëc‬‬
‫‪!#‬ضא‪0*bT@A‬אא‪t‬א‪$‬א‪/‬א‪ %C‬و‪fB‬אא‪،#!-‬وא א‪!-‬‬
‫;‪@Z‬و ‪$PgK‬وאن‪ K‬‬
‫א‪BX$P‬دא ‪Mj‬لد‪ EN١٤٢١F‬א!‪$ Y R‬ل@‪$‬و‪0#\/E@2‬א‪,‬א‪ '-‬ل‬
‫;‪KL‬ل!א א‪ #$b/ +‬א!‪#‬ض‪ .‬و‪Z‬אعא>‪0#‬א‪،,‬و‪،hA‬و‪ £^L‬א‪ '-‬ل‬
‫א!?‪0#‬א‪،,‬و‪، *!£^Lv0‬وא‪ /g‬א‪DW‬وא‪\–+d‬نو‪–/$‬א‪C‬‬
‫‪s‬لدون‪M$ +‬א‪ '-‬لא!?‪0#‬א‪Y ,‬א‪h‬א‪ .8=-‬و‪N0*/Z]©º‬א‪$‬א;‬
‫‪KL‬ل א!ع\ !‪ #$b/ +‬א!‪#‬ض‪،‬و©‪N0*/ZB‬א‪$‬א ;'!‪QA%Q#‬‬
‫א‪A‬ن ‪^LFً Pًq١٨٢Y‬نא‪ D‬ن‪،‬و'‪,A‬א‪ '-‬ل‪،‬و'‪،?+ Z,A‬و'‪،,A‬‬
‫و‪^L‬ن‪+ Z‬ن‪،‬و`^^ن‪!L‬ون‪b‬א‪KE/ +‬وא‪BPZ‬א‪$‬א\‪ W #‬‬
‫• =!‪Z‬אع\‪0#‬א‪,‬א‪ '-‬لא‪P8%C‬א‪D‬ن*@‪/E‬א>‪0#‬א‪,‬א‪،Z$A‬و‪/E@P #‬‬
‫א‪ '-‬لא!?*‪D‬ل‪ /E@ c،‬א>‪0#‬א‪,‬א ‪،+‬و‪P #‬א>‪0#‬א‪,‬א ‪; c،+‬‬
‫‪ !#‬ن‪ Z; ! =-‬ع ;א‪-‬ذ‪N0 * ; .‬א‪/E r‬א ‪ P8 %C‬א‪ D‬ن‪b‬‬
‫א‪K/ +‬و‪AkBZ‬א‪/Er‬א‪P8% C‬א‪D‬ن‪$g‬و‪PX]g‬א>‪0#‬א‪Y ,‬‬
‫א‪ '-‬ل;‪$@8Ag‬אא‪،;#$‬و‪? ; *D 8G%;q P MjAA+ZBZ‬‬
‫و‪%‬א‪A+Z$#‬א‪ '-‬لא!?‪0#‬א‪D ,‬نא‪!D‬א‪ K!"m‬‬
‫• ;!ز‪!/ m‬א‪ '-‬لא!?‪0#‬א‪;,‬א‪ P8%;#0‬א‪D‬ن*‪PZ‬ذא‪/‬‬
‫د‪!%VAK UU PZD،y ` 8L‬ض*‪,Ed‬א‪ '-‬ل‪0#‬א‪X,‬د\ود‬
‫ ‪ ?/KU‬وא‪$‬א ‪8‬א!ض‪0#‬א‪\X>,‬א‪VA-‬وאא‪8‬א‪..!L-‬‬
‫• وא‪h‬א‪D‬نא‪ P‬ن‪b‬א‪! ;/ +‬دא‪/‬א ‪; D4‬א‪ $ /g‬א‪8‬‬
‫]@‪0#\/E‬א‪,‬א‪ '-‬ل‪،‬ون*‪$ PD‬م‪%‬ون!‪M‬א ‪8‬א!ض‪0#‬א‪ K,‬‬
‫‪١٦٢‬‬
‫‪23 4‬אא – ‪$‬د‪٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‬‬
‫و‪$g‬א‪BX$P‬دאא ‪jG‬א‪/‬وא^!‪!'$#$sE٢٠٠١F‬ق\‪M,‬א‪,w‬א ‪،, H‬‬
‫و ‪gK‬א>‪.+M,‬א‪^gE‬د!‪،M‬و ‪$‬دא‪K, -‬و‪ BZU%$g‬א‪$‬א;‪A'E١٦٧٣F‬‬
‫و'‪، A‬و ن ‪ HX¢; E 14,5) * D‬א‪! ! U‬אق‪.‬‬
‫‪ Dm‬א‪=@A‬نא ‪ZA‬و‪ PXB‬א‪ -‬א‪8Ag; D+‬אא‪b;#$‬א>‪M,‬א ‪$H‬‬
‫א‪ '-‬ل‪. lX١٦b‬و‪)Z/a‬א‪$‬א\ن א‪ -‬א‪8Ag; D+‬אא‪b;#$‬א>‪M,‬‬
‫א ‪!gK O 8D %, H‬وא»وא‪،$#$P‬و‪8 G%‬א‪$G‬א‪ /‬א‪، G‬و‪hA %‬‬
‫א ‪D8‬دوא‪r‬אن‪،‬و ‪XH gK O‬א `^ ‪،8‬وא‪!M $‬ض‪،‬و‪yX‬‬
‫א ‪،8‬و‪ a‬אא‪،;#$‬و!אא ‪،8‬و ‪M!=8= .!L/‬א‪8-‬وא م‪،‬و ذא‪/‬‬
‫!] ‪،+‬و ذא‪0gK /‬א‪/‬א>‪/aD. O‬א )\‪D hZ‬زאدא`‪$‬אم‬
‫א>‪M,‬א ‪ $ H‬א‪ '-‬لزאد‪،P *!ce%M$a/‬ونא‪!U!%!=0‬אא>‪M,‬‬
‫א ‪ ;H‬א>‪،2Z‬ونא>‪!ce%!=2Z‬א>‪M,‬א ‪;H‬א‪/av0K0‬א )\‬
‫نز‪#‬د‪$ M‬د‪!X‬אدא‪;$##M!-‬א`‪$‬אمא‪M, ,w‬א ‪D،H‬نאא‪;#$‬ذو א‪8L$‬‬
‫א‪!=Z$‬א`‪$‬א‪f-‬א>‪ .M,‬‬
‫و*‪BX$‬دאא‪$ O‬אووز‪!\EN١٤٢٣FN¡K‬א‪ClX?ZG,‬א‪$‬وא‪?Z‬و‪jk‬א‪$‬وא‪?Z‬‬
‫‪fb‬א ‪l‬אא‪#$‬א‪$‬א‪G%C‬م ‪Y‬א‪!G{$‬א'وא‪ +‬وא>*‪D‬ل;‪8Ag‬א ‪،A‬‬
‫و‪P ZG‬مא‪0‬א‪/‬א‪-‬د{ ‪?%*$‬א ‪.ًF#?l‬و‪ BZU%$g‬א‪$‬א;‪ًA'E٤٤٦F‬‬
‫و'‪A ';A‬א^א]א‪V /HX¢b-‬א‪-‬دن‪; P ^Z‬א‪$‬وא‪?Z‬وא ^‬
‫א‪jk;!Lw‬א‪$‬وא‪GQA%º.?Z‬س‪ f‬א ‪l‬אא‪F#$‬א‪!G{$‬א'‪،‬وא‪، +‬‬
‫وא>*‪D‬ل‪ EVF،VEFh%mbE‬م‪P$#D‬א‪،, -‬و‪G‬س ‪P‬مא‪0‬א‪/‬א‪-‬د{ ‪Y‬‬
‫ א‪$‬א א‪º;#0‬א‪L‬א‪$‬وא‪ PD 8Ag; P ?Z‬و ‪ K P%D‬و‪/!P‬א )ن‬
‫א ‪jkA‬א‪$‬وא‪ P #?Z‬א‪,w‬وא‪fe/P-‬د{‪!G‬א'‪ B DK8FX‬א )ود‬
‫‪!X‬وقدא\@^?‪/‬א‪/$‬א‪P 8^@C‬א ‪A‬א‪$‬وא‪Z‬ن ‪G Y‬س‪f‬‬
‫‪j‬א‪$‬وא‪T@،?Z‬‬ ‫א ‪l‬אא‪#$‬א‪G%C‬م ‪Y‬א‪ +‬وא>*‪D‬لوא‪/$‬א‪ kP 8^@C‬‬
‫‪Z#‬א ‪A‬א‪$‬وא‪?Z‬ذًאو\‪ +%;cZ‬و\*‪D‬لא‪,w‬وא‪b/P-‬א ‪B D.‬‬
‫א‪$‬אود‪!X‬وقدא\@^?‪/‬د‪/‬א ‪jkA‬א‪$‬وא‪?Z‬وא‪$‬وא‪Y ?Z‬‬
‫‪G‬س ‪P‬مא‪0‬א‪/‬א‪-‬د{‪،‬ونא ‪jk$‬א‪$‬وא‪$ h Y ?Z‬א‪$‬وא‪.?Z‬‬
‫ ‪) A+‬א ‪BZ$GX G‬א !وق?‪/‬د‪ /‬א‪0‬وא>‪Y 2Z‬‬
‫‪G‬س‪f‬א ‪l‬אא‪#$‬א‪ +‬دא\@^ن\دאא‪f-0‬א ‪l‬‬
‫אא‪#$‬א‪ +‬א‪P{C‬א‪,w‬وא‪\;Y P /P-‬دאא>‪v 2Z‬א‪D،f-‬‬
‫‪/!P‬א )ود‪!X‬وقدא \@^?א>‪2Z‬وא‪GY 0‬س ‪P‬مא‪0‬א‪/‬א‪-‬د{‪،‬‬
‫\ذ‪ /BZ‬א>‪v %;Y 2Z‬א‪P 8^@C‬א‪ .0‬‬
‫وא‪BX$P‬دא‪Z‬ود‪gK $#$s(Jones & Gardner, 2002: 32-47)!Z‬‬
‫‪y‬א"‪j‬א‪ªNE/‬א א‪،!-‬وא`‪$‬אمא ‪،jU‬وא‪$‬وאنא ‪،H‬وو‪8‬א^!אع‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬
‫ ‬
, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
£IXº، ‫אسא‬$ A'١٢٢;‫א‬$‫ א‬BZU%$g‫و‬K ‫אسא‬$‫א‬VK ‫א‬

attitudes toward cohabitationi#‫א‬ª/*E‫وא‬،/‫א‬0‫!א‬#$G%‫و‬، ‫א‬W/‫א‬j"
) ‫א‬/a$g‫و‬K ‫א‬ªNEPgK ‫و‬K+‫وא‬، +‫א‬,w‫א‬8L‫ود‬،M!-‫ @א‬Z‫وא‬
D ، 8g‫א‬/ ‫א^!א‬bjU ‫אمא‬$`‫ @]א‬ZE^%C‫!א‬-‫\نא‬
KH ‫ א‬PZ‫وא‬$ ‫ عد‬%,w‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫!א‬#$G%‫א ض‬A%!#
#$‫א אא‬feZ‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫א‬gK T3E٢٠٠٣F$Dr‫دאא‬BX$P‫وא‬
#!G‫א‬+ ‫ن\א‬D #;q‫ א‬G#! *L‫א‬ºA'‫ًو‬A'E٨٣٤F; .$
W*/‫א‬j"]-ًGX‫و‬/ D4 \ PD+G%º$g‫ ًو‬E١٥ J١٣F? *D ‫אو‬%‫و‬
DE‫ א‬r‫א‬،E‫אد‬$ >‫א‬T =‫א‬L‫אد‬$ >‫ولא‬-‫א‬F ‫א‬$‫א ^א‬،2 Z\L ‫א ذ‬
‫دون‬LL‫ ل‬FVD ‫א‬.+‫وא‬،EMX‫و‬/E@L‫ن‬K^ Lً ‫ن‬DG#F;#$‫ א‬
.E=@A‫אدא‬$ \F#$‫א אא‬f‫س‬G‫و‬Z‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫سא‬G P QA'KE‫א‬
W\‫א‬$‫א‬BPZ‫א‬$g‫و‬
‫و‬$#‫אد‬$ >‫!@ א‬/A‫وא‬VK‫א‬P$# D#$‫א אא‬fRKL‫ א‬J١
KEV-‫ א‬%.+، DE‫א‬r‫א‬،‫א‬$‫א^א‬، ‫א‬F/‫א‬j"RKL!g
r‫אא‬$‫ א‬/ A‫وא‬VK ‫ ;א‬8 .$ Z‫وא‬$ ‫ א‬+ ‫ دد א‬#‫ אزد‬J٢
;q P‫!א‬HZ; A#$‫ وא‬f‫; <ون‬q!g‫و‬$#‫אد‬$ >‫!@ א‬
KZ‫وא‬$‫ א‬+‫سא‬G‫د‬ybv‫وذ‬A#$‫ وא‬f‫<ون‬
(McCloskey & Lichter, 2003: 390-412)U‫و‬U U‫دא‬BX$P‫وא‬
.$‫وאن‬$ `‫لא‬Ua-‫سא‬gº$g‫و‬،?G*‫א!א‬Z‫وא‬$ b‫مא אو‬P\.$$#$s
VA ‫!א‬g$g‫و‬K ^%C‫ א‬P%K v‫;ذ‬DF%‫و‬، ‫א‬$‫א‬N0*b‫א‬aMX‫و‬Va٢٩٦
;'‫وא‬،VlE‫ ;א‬/Z]©ºDK ‫ א‬Z;‫!אن‬g]$+‫وאنא‬$
NZ‫وא‬$‫ ;א‬³A ‫!@ א‬b‫نא!ض‬$‫و‬$g‫و‬KA ‫א‬#G‫لא‬KL
child-to-parent , w‫א‬N , -‫ א‬Z‫وא‬$ ‫א‬A%! # DKVA ‫ ]א‬D‫ !אن‬g-‫א‬
^%C‫;א زلא‬VA ‫نא‬$‫و‬DK ١٨‫ق‬XVA GXv‫وذ‬aggression
G*‫א!א‬b'A%!#E ‫ ;نא‬k!‫و‬K?G*‫!א‬DVlE‫;א‬MZ!=‫א‬Z
»#% Ov0‫و‬،‫!אن‬g-‫א‬ª‫وאن‬$8" #K g'‫א‬VA ‫نא‬$‫و‬hZE\
+ ‫א‬I^‫א‬/KU Y $e‫א‬D*\) ‫א‬j %‫و‬Kdating aggressionZ‫وא‬$
K ‫!ن‬#;#0‫א‬VA ‫א‬b'‫א‬, ‫و‬
; DE‫א‬l ‫وא‬M!-‫?א‬gK‫ ;א‬U‫א‬E٢٠٠٥FD ‫دא‬BX$P‫وא‬
; E٣٩٩F،‫א‬0D %(٥٠٤F; ‫א‬$‫ א‬BZU%$ g‫و‬..!L@Z; $‫@وא א‬Z
f" ‫ وא‬O‫د‬P ‫א‬VK‫?=!א‬A;‫א‬ZA ‫א‬,Ed*‫و‬،2Z>‫;א‬E١٠٥F‫ و‬0‫א‬
١٦٤
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
8m‫א‬º،#!-‫א‬l ‫א‬f‫ن‬A‫وא‬،/KG‫لא‬KL;‫و‬.$‫א‬8L‫طدא‬AFZE‫مא‬$ ‫و‬
W‫ )א‬
# ‫مא‬$ ‫و‬، G‫;א א‬l+‫[אא‬Wb =D‫א‬#!-‫א‬8‫دאא‬d% J١
K ‫\א‬, -‫?א‬g! ‫وא‬،#$‫אא‬
،!G ‫א‬F n‫א‬8‫وאא‬،EB AU‫وא‬،8 ‫وא‬،‫ط‬A@>‫א‬F L‫א‬$‫א‬8‫ אא‬D4‫د‬d% J٢
. ‫\א‬, -‫א‬P #C‫א‬EKKK,+‫א‬,GX‫و‬،‫م‬K >‫א‬8‫وو‬، H ‫وא!ض‬
bE ‫وא‬،$‫א‬M‫א>دא‬F$‫] א‬D4PP #C‫א‬$‫א א‬b;#A‫ \نא‬J٣
. ‫د\ א‬d%0D ‫ א‬
.$; + E‫א‬et al., 2007: 1-9) (ThombsN¡K‫وز‬Ac‫دא‬BX$P‫وא‬
٨٣٢; ‫א‬$‫ א‬B ZU%$ g‫و‬K‫د‬+ ‫وא‬y A‫א‬Y !D ‫!@ א‬bM, >‫ א‬D*
º‫و‬K٢٠٠٣‫ م‬b;#!L٩٦٧‫د‬$ ‫و‬،١٩٩٧‫ م‬b‫א ن‬Q#!'; P ‫م‬KE‫א‬ºmI
‫و‬. ‫!@ א‬b+ ‫وא‬، ZE‫وא‬،D+‫א‬M,>‫!אدא ;א‬X;+ E‫א‬
v‫وذ‬D+‫א‬M,>‫) ;א‬% D+‫א‬VG I‫!وقوא‬X‫אود‬$‫)א‬Z%
‫د‬+‫!א‬0#‫و‬KbU‫; א‬U%‫د‬+‫א‬/‫\نא‬v‫!]ذ‬#‫و‬،‫د‬+‫!אدא‬X-‫א‬
،<M^‫م‬$`+#D+‫א‬VG‫نא‬v‫ذ‬#‫و‬،yA‫;א‬8gM^l/‫<א‬L
B!%A m‫م‬+e‫א‬Ag PZ ‫!אدא‬X!0#‫و‬KyA‫א‬bh ‫د‬+‫א‬b ¶‫دو‬h‫ن‬U#‫و‬
K‫!ون‬L‫`ص‬aPH@E‫و‬، P+e/K
0‫(نא‬Norman & Ryan, 2008: 561-566)‫ن‬#‫نو‬Z‫دא‬BX‫وא‬
, A‫א‬M‫;\ د‬DF%‫ج‬K D ‫ ن‬L$#‫و‬M!UA‫א‬8@‫א!א‬b!-‫א א‬#I‫ن‬G#;#0‫א‬
D ;M!Le‫א‬8@‫א!א‬b PZ‫!א‬geZGZ‫وא‬$‫;א‬Y /#+‫!ون‬PH#Rb!‫א‬
º‫و‬Rosenzweig) Z‫وز‬M‫لدא‬KL;‫ج‬K‫ א‬D#IF‫ ;א‬L‫א‬º$g‫و‬K‫ج‬K‫א‬
‫`ص‬a-‫\نא‬8m‫א‬º]!‫אم‬$`‫و‬،?$‫!אد‬X8Ag; P%‫א‬8+%
]!‫א‬bD ، %!Z‫وא‬$ \j %/‫!وאא‬P‫ج‬K‫ول;א‬-‫א!]א‬b?Z‫وא‬$‫א‬
‫אم‬$`‫א‬D*‫א‬$‫א‬N0*$d%‫و‬KZ‫وא‬$‫\א ضدא‬j %/E‫א‬BZjL-‫א‬
K‫ج‬K‫א‬b‫م‬$G‫א‬Y !adD) Z‫وز‬M‫دא‬
،fF"‫א‬gK $#$s(Shorey et al., 2010)N¡K‫وز‬a‫دא‬BX$P‫وא‬
#%K‫א‬,+ ‫א‬.$‫א‬Z‫وא‬$‫وא‬،+ ‫وא‬،D+‫وאنא‬$‫وא‬،impulsivity X$ZE‫وא‬
fF"‫وא‬، X$ZE‫;א‬K‫א )\ن‬j %‫و‬KE٨٠Z‫ن‬F ‫وאنא‬$‫א‬fA+;P g%
K‫وאن‬$‫א‬VU%‫ وא‬X$ZE‫?א‬gK‫א‬fF"‫א‬%‫و‬،‫وאن‬$‫א‬VU%E‫'دא‬A%‫نא‬A%!%
/ kK‫(\ن‬Stanley et al., 2010: 2372-2391)N¡K ‫ وز‬Z j #‫و‬
hAA+#0‫א‬.‫ذ‬-R‫' ل*א א‬#¯jX ‫א א‬2‫א !' ;@אد‬/H@K‫و‬
#I‫' ل‬-‫א‬# /$nr‫<*; ;א‬%/kKA‫א‬N0*‫و‬K‫' ل‬-‫א‬Y !-‫א א‬
١٦٥

, -‫א‬.$/‫א‬0‫א‬$%‫وאنو‬$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬
،QD!-‫א א‬/kKA P#M$I‫א‬U D‫א‬bT3‫אول‬$‫א‬N0*8=‫و‬K!-‫א א‬

٢٥١‫ن‬TIA‫!א‬0#‫و‬K!-‫א א‬2‫@אد‬b‫' ل‬-‫א‬#¯/$L‫و <א^ ?א !'و‬
/$ n‫ א‬$ ‫و‬،E ';DF #0 ‫ !א‬-‫א א‬2‫ אد‬r'! ‫א‬hD + % kK
K!-‫ א‬mn‫' لא‬-‫א‬/‫<א‬L; M‫ود‬$¢/ 8Ds/kKA‫א‬N0*‫ ن‬DE‫א‬
BAA+%‫و‬،G ‫א‬b‫' ل‬-‫א‬#¯/$L]8m‫א‬%O;U#!-‫;א‬٪٤٠‫ن‬²@‫و‬
r‫א\نא‬$‫א‬/aD،/Er‫;א‬GX٪٥I DE‫א‬8L$‫א‬b/kKA‫א‬
;#0 ‫' لא‬- PgK b #Dr‫א‬/$ L‫ ?א !'و‬8 m‫אא‬8L‫א‬$ ?+ s\ I ‫و‬
K!-‫!ن א‬#
.$$‫!وא‬-‫א א‬/‫<א‬L; U‫\א‬E٥٦ J١W٢٠١١F‫ن‬A^‫دאא‬BX$*‫و‬
A'٨٦٠;‫א‬$‫ א‬BZU%‫و‬K !U‫א‬U#Z=‫א!@ אوא‬/A';
/A' ‫א )\ن‬j %‫و‬K=@A‫אدא‬$ \; ‫א‬/‫<א‬L‫س‬G;P QA'? @!
‫وא‬،/K ‫א ;א‬$ b #Z=‫א!@ א‬/ A'; Y ‫א!@ א ن‬
;h‫وא א‬،+ ‫א‬#Z=‫א!@ א‬/A' ‫ن‬D ،$‫وא א‬،$+‫א‬
/#+‫;א‬/A‫א‬BZ‫و‬K‫א!@ א‬/A';Y $‫א‬M‫و\دא‬/D ‫وא‬،/K‫א‬
K !%!= F‫א‬D ‫א‬
(Kaufman et al., 2011: 2042-2072)N¡K‫نوز‬DX‫دא‬BX$P‫א‬$g‫و‬
/D4١٠;‫א‬$‫א‬N0*/Z]©º$g‫و‬، ‫!ن‬#;#0‫' لא‬-‫א‬£^L$#$s
N0 *‫و‬،! -‫! ن א‬#;#0 ‫' لא ^"א‬-‫א‬£^ § PX‫ م‬D*E‫א‬ºE/ F
$#$s*‫א‬$‫א‬N0*;R$O‫وא‬K!-‫? א‬mL?¢;P ‫^ل‬r‫א‬º/ZA‫א‬
‫!ض‬G ‫א‬+ ‫ א‬P%KU M$ +‫=ن ;א‬IA#;#0‫* א‬,‫' لو‬-‫א‬£^L
/#+ ‫ !ون‬PH#, w‫ ;א‬٪٥٠،‫' ل‬-‫ ;א‬٪٢٥ ª‫א )\ن‬j %‫و‬KM! -‫ ]وא‬DW‫א‬
;‫!و‬-‫א‬.+‫א‬Y 8L$ r‫א‬f %clinical levels of stressU ‫"ط‬
‫\دא!ض‬X>‫و‬K ‫!ن‬#;#0‫' لא‬-‫]א‬8D‫א‬$ ‫א !د‬.+‫ א‬c
+ ‫א‬/‫!א‬E‫א‬A%!%‫و‬K‫' ل‬-‫א‬O‫!ض‬# ‫;א‬M‫د‬$'[ *‫ ن‬X،
، #!X‫وא و‬،]DD ‫د‬F‫א `^א‬V‫وא!א‬،^` ‫א‬/‫א!א‬8=،!-‫ א‬
C‫א‬8m‫אא‬/‫نא!א‬Xv0‫و‬،‫وא>دن‬،Bipolar disorderfG‫ א‬cV‫وא!א‬
K$a!‫א‬b!-‫ א‬A%!% ‫א‬bPK #
Npa‰Ûa@‡î×ìmë@ð‹þa@ÑäÈÛa@òÓýÇ@oÛëbäm@pbaŠ†@Zbîãbq
!-‫وא א‬،#!-‫אא‬fB‫ و‬%C‫א‬/‫א‬$‫א‬t‫אא‬0*bT@A‫!ضא‬#
K/‫א‬0‫א‬$PgK ‫@و‬Z;
?8 ‫\نא‬,1988) (Järvinen & Keinonen?Z ‫ ?و‬X‫دא‬j %
،+ X ‫א‬,‫دא‬-‫وא‬،‫وאن‬$ ‫א‬F P Q # ‫نא‬#! ‫ !ضא‬PH @G‫ !א‬n‫א‬8 ‫א‬
١٦٦
‫‪23 4‬אא – ‪$‬د‪٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‬‬
‫و‪/K %‬و ‪KE A g‬و‪º‬دא‪!٣٦‬א*‪;G‬א‪،0‬و‪g‬سא‪/K‬א` ‪$‬وאن;‬
‫‪KL‬ل‪$¢/KG‬د‪M‬א‪gºDKEM$GF A‬سא=‪KL; G‬لא‪K/KG‬و‪$g‬א‪BPZ‬‬
‫א‪$‬א\‪;U{EhZ‬א ^‪8‬אא?א‪$‬وאنوא‪-‬دא‪,‬א ‪،+X‬ون ‪$‬وאن‪b‬ذא‪jce%h%‬‬
‫ ¦ ‪Y‬א‪-‬دא‪،,‬و‪$I#$ h U‬ود!‪; %‬א=‪h ) # G‬د!‪; %‬‬
‫א‪-‬دא‪K,‬وא ‪/K‬א א‪;<$X A%!%A G‬א‪$‬وאن‪ K‬‬
‫و*‪BX$‬دא ‪,G\E١٩٩٧Fh $A‬א‪D*Y ,F‬א‪ +‬א‪!D $‬א*‪،?G‬‬
‫‪ @!A‬א!א*‪K+G‬م\!@ א!‪ .$a‬و‪ @o $g‬א א‪$ -‬א‪A'E١٢٦F‬‬
‫و'‪!%،A‬אو@‪;، E١٧ J١٥F? *D B‬א^ ?א=‪ Z‬وא=‪T‬א=‪KZ‬و‪$g‬א‪BPZ‬‬
‫א‪$‬א )א‪W‬‬
‫‪$# J‬א‪A%‬ط‪f‬دאل\@^?א‪ +‬א‪$‬وא ½א‪.!-‬א‪b8=D‬א‪،M+G‬‬
‫وא‪، +‬وא‪-‬א ‪،+‬وא !‪،g‬وא>*‪D‬ل‪،‬وא‪#Dr‬אא‪.$M$‬א ‪ K?+‬‬
‫‪$# J‬א‪A%‬ط‪f‬دאل\@^?א‪ +‬א‪$‬وא ½א‪.!-‬א‪^#0‬‬
‫‪+‬א‪.$,‬א ‪ K?+‬‬
‫وא‪BX$P‬دאא »‪X!E٢٠٠٥F‬א‪?gK‬دא‪ +‬א‪$‬وא‪Z‬ود‪W;8‬‬
‫‪!#$G%‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪KL;،/‬ل"‪j‬א‪F/‬א ‪L‬א`^‪ @L£‬א‪ KEM!-‬و‪BZU%$g‬‬
‫ א‪$‬א;‪A'E٤٠٠F‬و' ‪K A'E٢٠٠F،A'E٢٠٠F،A‬و‪ Dm$g‬א‪#GcKcT@A‬‬
‫ ‪ +‬א‪$‬وא‪،Z‬و‪!#$G%‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪K/‬وא‪BPZ‬א‪$‬א\‪ W‬‬
‫‪?AgK $%‬א‪$‬א‪ + U‬א‪$‬وא‪،Z‬وא‪$‬وאن ‪Y‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬وא‪$‬وאن ‪Y‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫א‪;#!Lw‬ود‪!#$G%;8‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪ K/‬‬
‫‪?AgK $%‬د‪!#$G%/‬א‪0‬א‪/‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪ K/‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
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‫وא‪$‬وאن ‪Y‬א‪،;#!Lw‬وא‪$‬وאن ‪Y‬א‪UX،/U D‬نא‪$ Y 0‬وא‪ KZ‬‬
‫‪!X$%‬وقذא‪/‬د‪/b^@\E‬د‪!#$G%/‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪/‬و‪BZ‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫*‪N0‬א !وق^¾א‪ K0‬‬
‫وא‪BX$P‬دאא!‪£IXE٢٠٠٧Ff‬א‪ ?gK‬א‪P8‬א‪/‬א‪#$‬א` ‬
‫و‪f‬א ‪ l‬אא‪;8fZ;#$‬א‪V-‬وא‪-‬م‪.$‬א‪0‬وא>‪.2Z‬و‪ BZU%‬א‪$‬א‬
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‫א‪BPZ‬א‪$‬א ) א‪:‬‬
‫‪ P+ % J‬א‪f -‬א ‪b#+‬א ‪f Z; l‬א‪bV-‬א ‪"8 d A‬א>‪R^ Z‬و‪!#$ G%‬‬
‫א‪.$?;#!Lw‬א‪ K0‬‬
‫‪١٦٧‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א א‪!-‬وא‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪.$/‬א‪ , -‬‬
‫‪ P+ % J‬א‪f -‬א ‪b#+‬א ‪f Z; l‬א‪-‬م‪b‬א ‪? d A‬א ‪X$‬ع ;א‪ Gr‬ق‬
‫א‪.$?mn‬א‪?،0‬وא‪Y M$G‬א‪P‬א‪،;#!Lw‬وא‪X$‬ع ;א‪Gr‬قא ?‪.$‬‬
‫א>‪ K2Z‬‬
‫وא‪BX$P‬دאא‪E٢٠٠٨FZD +‬א> ‪Y‬א‪/E¡+‬א‪ W‬‬
‫‪!X$%8* J‬وقدא\@^ً?‪!X‬אدא‪ DW‬א‪F‬و‪!X‬אدא‪ DW‬א!‪;A#‬‬
‫א‪QA%$/P-‬א<‪)Z‬א>‪a‬دوذ‪M,\j"bv‬א אא‪#$‬؟ ‬
‫‪8* J‬א‪ D4;+s!D‬א‪ DW/P-‬א!‪KLA#‬ل‪MX‬א؟‪K‬‬
‫و‪ B ZU%$ g‬א‪W? D4 \;PD+ G%º;O '-l+ ٢٠; T IA‬‬
‫‪U%A#! D4‬ن;‪;E١٠F‬א‪/P-‬و' ‪،;O‬و‪U%.!L‬ن;‪;E١٠F‬א‪/P-‬‬
‫و' ‪ºD;O‬א‪D E‬د ¿دوא‪GW*/‬سא>‪M,‬אא‪،, #$‬و‪G‬س‪!#$G%‬‬
‫א‪0‬א‪ '/‬ل‪،‬وא‪A‬ن!‪T‬א‪!#$G$‬ذא‪/‬א ‪،8‬و‪G‬سא‪+‬א‪^gE‬د‬
‫א‪، DE‬وא<‪)Z‬א>‪a‬د א‪;#$‬و‪g‬א‪h‬א>‪a‬دא!‪b‬א‪K +‬و ‪B‬א )ن!‪)Z‬‬
‫א‪K‬جא!‪b‬א‪b * +‬א‪ M,\;$r‬א‪ '-‬ل‪$‬א‪ /P-‬א‪،TIA‬و* ‬
‫‪b‬ود‪;$g‬א ‪8‬א>|?א‪-‬مو' ‪،O‬و* א<‪!#$G%?+sb)Z‬א‪0‬א‪/‬‬
‫‪,Ed*$‬א‪ '-‬لא‪، P ,+‬و‪)Z! XBAcv0‬א>‪a‬دא!‪b‬א‪b +‬א‪$r‬‬
‫;א>‪M,‬و‪!#$G%?+s‬א‪0‬א‪$/‬א‪ '-‬ل‪ K‬‬
‫وא‪BX$P‬دא‪fgK T3E٢٠٠٨F$D¢‬א אא‪!#$G#$‬א `^‪،‬‬
‫و‪$ %‬א ‪0‬א‪،/‬و‪ B ZU%$ g‬א‪$‬א ;‪; K '٨٠‬א ‪Z #;#0‬ن ; ‪b‬א‪! G‬א‪M,‬‬
‫^ ?א!א]وא‪n‬א‪$E‬א‪K‬و‪$g‬א‪BPZ‬א‪$‬א )א‪ W‬‬
‫‪!X$%‬وقدא\@^?א‪ '-‬ل‪!F‬א‪!G‬א‪M,‬وאد‪GY ?#‬سא ‬ ‫‪K١‬‬
‫אא‪F#$‬א‪AG‬لאא‪¾Ê$‬אد‪،?#‬و‪;U%‬א !وقدא?א‪ b? DW‬‬
‫א‪-‬م‪F‬א ]‪،‬وא ‪KE8F Xh‬و‪b‬א‪ X،8 G‬نא‪ '-‬لא ‪Z #;#0‬ن ;א !א‪V‬‬
‫א‪! G‬א‪ aM,‬وא\ ‪ j k/K‬د‪f Z; #‬א‪W8D %V-‬א‪،Q G‬وא>*‪ D‬ل‪،‬وא !‪،yX‬‬
‫وא ‪،M$‬وא‪، UI‬وא‪،D‬وא‪$‬א‪f U‬א ذ‪ KEM‬‬
‫‪!X$%‬وقذא‪/‬د‪!F?^@\E‬א‪!G‬א‪M,‬وאد‪GY ?#‬س‪!#$G%‬א `^‬ ‫‪K٢‬‬
‫‪F‬א ‪$‬وאن‪L‬א‪$‬א ‪،‬وא‪D E‬د‪، #‬وא‪!#$ G‬א ‪0 ¦ +‬א‪،/‬و‪£ GZ‬א‪M, U‬א ` ^‪،‬‬
‫و‪$¢‬ود‪#‬א‪E‬א‪، ZE‬وא ‪M!H‬א‪EMI A +‬و*‪N0‬א !وق‪b‬א‪N‬א‪ DW‬‬
‫א‪;Z%C‬א!א‪V‬א‪KNAZE‬‬
‫‪?AgK $%‬א>*‪D‬ل‪،‬وא!‪،yX‬وא ‪@Z;M$‬وא‪!#$G‬א‪;^` f+‬‬ ‫‪K٣‬‬
‫‪ K.!L@Z‬‬
‫‪?AgK $%‬א‪#Dr‬אא‪M$‬وא‪D E‬د‪،#‬و‪!#$G%£GZ‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬وא‪،Q G‬وא ‬ ‫‪K٤‬‬
‫‪،fZ0‬وא‪D‬دא‪، ZE‬وא ‪M!H‬א‪?AgK $%DKMI A +‬א>*‪D‬ل‬
‫‪١٦٨‬‬
‫‪23 4‬אא – ‪$‬د‪٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‬‬
‫وא!‪yX‬و‪$¢W; 8‬ود‪ #‬א‪E‬א‪، ZE‬وא ‪M!H‬א‪$%DKMI A+‬‬
‫‪?AgK‬א‪ UI‬و‪!#$G%£GZ‬א‪0‬א‪K/‬‬
‫و !‪.‬א‪E٢٠٠٩F n‬دא א ‪$ #$sBX$P‬א‪? gK‬א א‪ K‬و ‪y‬‬
‫א"‪j‬א‪/‬א ‪F+‬א‪،Q G‬و‪!#$G%‬א‪0‬א‪،E/‬وא‪F DE‬א‪.+‬א‪^gE‬دوא=‪; .$،EbG‬‬
‫'‪VK‬א!@ א=‪U #$#Z‬א‪K!U‬و‪ BZU%$g‬א‪$‬א;‪ @!A'٣٥٣‬א=‪،#Z‬‬
‫'‪G P QA‬سא ‪F‬ز‪KEjGaf #‬و;א )א‪C‬א‪P\BPZ‬א‪$‬א ‪$‬مود ‪?gK‬‬
‫‪!X$%DKb‬وقذא‪/‬د‪/?^@\ E‬د‪/‬‬‫א وא‪.+‬א‪^gE‬دوא=‪ G‬‬
‫!‪ %‬و ` ‪y‬א و‪;8‬א‪،Q G‬و‪!#$G%‬א‪0‬א‪K/‬‬
‫وא‪BX$P‬دא\مو*‪gK $#$sE٢٠١٠F#$‬א‪ +‬א‪j"$‬א‪W/‬א ‪،‬‬
‫وא‪!D‬א‪،‬و ‪$‬دא‪،,Ga-‬وא !‪g‬א‪$‬א‪،‬وא‪.+‬א ‪D‬وא א‪K;#$‬و‪BZU%$g‬‬
‫ א‪ $‬א;‪ @!A'٢٧١‬א> ‪$‬אد‪;#‬א ‪G P QA'،?+‬سא‪#$‬א‪0‬‬
‫ ‪N$‬א‪=@A‬ن‪K‬وא‪BPZ‬א‪$‬א\‪ W #‬‬
‫‪!X$% K١‬وقذא‪/‬د‪/?^ @\E‬د‪/‬א ‪$%b?+‬א‪0‬א‪¾^ /‬‬
‫א‪!X$%DK0‬وقذא‪/‬د‪/?^@\E‬د‪$%/‬א‪0‬א‪?/‬א !ق‬
‫א‪$‬א^¾א !‪g‬א‪!X$%ED KY -‬وق?‪/‬د‪$%/‬א‪0‬א‪/‬‬
‫‪\]!%‬א‪.+‬א ‪،D‬وא א‪ K;#$‬‬
‫‪gK $%E K٢‬دא\@^?א‪!D‬אو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪K/‬‬
‫‪ WfG%‬‬
‫‪;F#‬א!ضא‪ W #Q+‬‬
‫‪\ K١‬نא ‪/‬א‪P B#!C‬א‪$‬א‪8D %، /‬א‪ '-‬ل‪،‬وא!א*‪،?G‬وא!א‪،;#$a‬و‪j #‬‬
‫ذ‪\v‬نא و\نن{س‪$‬א‪ '-‬لوא!א*‪E\?G‬ن‪;U{Nc‬ن‪ @!$‬‬
‫א!‪ K$a‬‬
‫‪$# K٢‬א‪A%‬ط‪f‬دאل\@^?‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪/‬و‪f‬אא‪#!-‬א‪،#+‬وא‪A%‬ط‬
‫‪f‬دאل\@^?‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪/‬و‪f‬אא‪ Kl'n‬‬
‫‪\ K٣‬نא‪F !%!=0‬א>‪;EM,‬א>‪،2Z‬و\ن‪BZ‬א>‪!ce%!=2Z‬א ;‬
‫א‪،0‬و‪ºv0‬א‪D*E‬م‪$‬אא‪GX0‬د‪!X‬وق?א ‪b?+‬א!ض‬
‫ ‪K‬‬
‫‪\ K٤‬ن'‪VK‬א!@ א=!‪jA%‬א ;א‪/ +‬א‪KH MÂ +‬و‪v0‬ن‬
‫א‪ L‬א‪$‬אא‪N0*;r‬א!@ ‪K‬‬
‫‪\ K٥‬نز‪#‬د‪$ M‬دא‪b, -‬א‪،M!-‬و‪،PUU %‬وא ضא‪.+‬א‪^gE‬د‪U%$g‬ن; א‪8‬‬
‫ز‪#‬د‪/E$M‬א>‪،, M,‬و‪;U{v0‬ن‪/E$!=U%‬א>‪bM,‬א‪/#+‬א‪ DE‬‬
‫א‪K F‬‬
‫‪١٦٩‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א א‪!-‬وא‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪.$/‬א‪ , -‬‬
‫‪A%!# K٦‬א א‪ !-‬ض‪!#$G%‬א‪0‬א‪،/‬وא‪ %‬ع‪.+‬א‪$‬وא‪ KZ‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪$%E K١‬א‪/?/XKL‬د‪/‬א א‪.$$‬א‪ VK‬א‪$‬אوא‬
‫א !‪K‬‬
‫‪$# K٢‬א‪A%‬ط‪f‬دאل\@^?א א‪!-‬א‪$‬ودא‪$‬وא‪ KZ‬‬
‫‪$# K٣‬א‪A%‬ط‪f‬دאل\@^?א א‪!-‬א‪$‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪K/‬‬
‫‪ 8 $#E K٤‬م‪ZF‬א‪8 I‬א ‪! E‬دא‪G/‬א‪$‬وאنو‪$%‬‬
‫א‪0‬א‪K/‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬
‫א ‪/$ D‬א‪$‬א א‪! \Y r‬א‪,‬א‪/‬א ‪)P‬א‪F m‬دא א‪/ gK‬א‪A‬د ‪ J‬‬
‫א‪$‬א‪/‬א‪ KE'A%E‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ B ZU%‬א‪$‬א ‪P% mb‬א ‪^ E A'٢٨٥F; P‬א= ‪; Z‬א!@ ‬
‫א‪$‬אس‪W‬א ‪$A v‬א‪ ،‬و‪، Pa‬وא!‪#‬نא‪،‬و‪!%‬א‪, -‬א‪، *-‬و@?‬
‫א‪،‬و‪$‬א ‪$Lv‬א‪ K‬‬
‫و‪]!#‬א‪!XL‬אدא ;א‪0‬دونא>‪\2Z‬ود‪!X‬وق‪!X‬د‪?#‬א ‪b?+‬‬
‫א‪cw‬א‪Y A%‬א ‪(Carlson, 2000; Child Welfare Information !0X‬‬
‫)‪Gateway, 2009‬نא‪!PH#0‬ون ‪; ZL/‬א!ض =‪8‬א‪$‬وאن‪،‬‬
‫ ‪!PH%D‬א>‪/ 2Z‬دא‪8=<M^ L‬א‪VlE‬وא‪ KVI+ZE‬‬
‫و‪QA'$g‬א‪=@A‬ن ‪!XY‬אدא ‪W#G‬א א‪،!-‬وא‪$‬وאن‪،‬و‪$%‬א‪0‬א‪K/‬‬
‫و‪;$A$g‬א ‪$ ،‬د‪$A'١٥‬مא‪DU‬لא> ‪#GY‬א‪$‬א‪،‬و ‪$‬د‪VK'١٠‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪$‬مא‪b#$‬א‪Y E‬א‪K#G‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@Zð‹þa@ÑäÈÛa@‘bîÔß@Züëc‬‬
‫و*;\ ‪$‬אدא‪T@A‬א!‪،‬و‪g\R$P#‬سد\دאא‪ f‬א‪D‬س‪N$‬‬
‫;‪$@8Ag‬אא‪;#$‬و ‪KDP‬و‪$ \º$g‬אدא‪G‬س‪,b‬א * א>!א א‪،!-‬‬
‫وא‪#G‬א‪0*bG+‬אא‪W‬ل‪،‬و‪U%$g‬نא‪G‬س‪b‬א‪$A‬א‪! ٦٠;#‬د‪ KM‬‬
‫–‡‪@ @@Z‘bîÔ¾a@Ö‬‬
‫‪QGs‬א‪$m;T@A‬قא‪G‬س!قא‪ W‬‬
‫‪١٧٠‬‬
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? P ‫ ق‬%E‫א‬f+ Z‫و‬/‫ مא !دא‬g # ‫ولא‬$ ‫وא‬KE٪٨٥F; 8 G%E‫ ق‬%‫א‬A+
K?DUt‫א‬
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@ @EXS @ @SP EQPP RY EQPP RX EXV RW EQPP RV
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١٧١

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١٧٢
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١٧٣

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@ @pa‰Ûa@‡î×ìm@‘bîÔß@ZbrÛbq
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/E^%E‫א‬bM‫د‬A‫א‬W‫د‬cKcb/‫א‬0‫א‬$%G%M‫ !د‬٣٣;‫س‬G‫نא‬U%$g‫و‬،‫ل‬W‫א‬
K/‫א‬0G=‫وא‬،A‫ ;א !א‬jA‫א‬، DE‫א‬
W‫س‬G‫قא‬$m
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v‫?א`^^?ل א وذ‬DUt‫∗;א‬E٧F‫د‬$ Y ‫س‬G‫ !ضא‬º
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A+ T@A‫א‬8Ag$g‫و‬K P%P%Y , M$@‫وא‬M‫ !د‬R0@‫و‬،/‫א !دא‬ykm8#$
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١٧٤
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
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@ @ÂbjmŠüa @ @ÂbjmŠüa @ @ÂbjmŠüa @ @ÂbjmŠüa @ @ÂbjmŠüa
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@ @ZÞëþa@‹ÐÛa@wöbnã
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@ @òÛü‡Ûa @ @òäîÈÛa @ @òäîÈÛa @ @ïš‹ÐÛa
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١٧٥

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(Takei, yamashita & yoshida, h\a‫و‬،/DW‫א‬Xb ZE‫ وאא‬U
! ‫א‬/‫ א‬+ ‫لא‬K L F ‫א‬b
0 L! -‫א‬b ? !‫' لא‬-‫دא‬$ ‫ ;ن‬2006)
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8 ‫אא‬N0*/$ $ g‫و‬،DP , -‫ قא‬G@‫و‬،DP 8/ A‫قووא‬G3?‫אو‬X!
KM!-‫א‬b ‫ א‬U ;$r‫א‬bD4
@ @ZïãbrÛa@‹ÐÛa@wöbnã
$‫!א‬-‫دאل\@^?א א‬f‫ط‬A%‫א‬$#?WY Z=‫א !ضא‬£ #
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@ @æaë‡ÈÛa@‘bîÔß @ @æbîjÛa@
@ @@æaë‡ÈÛa@pb÷îèß @ @ïÄÐÜÛa@æaë‡ÈÛa @ @ïã‡jÛa@æaë‡ÈÛa
@ @P~QQ @ @JP~QR @ @P~PU @ @òîà§a@ñõb⁄a @ @

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٠¸٠٥.+$ ‫دאل‬
‫وאن‬$‫وא‬،N‫د‬e!-‫دא?א א‬/gK ‫مود‬$ \‫אא !ض‬0*)Zj %‫و‬
‫ط‬A%E‫א‬/K‫و‬KZ$A‫وאنא‬$‫لوא‬D*>‫وא‬،H ‫وאنא‬$‫وא‬D+‫א‬M,>‫אא‬$ DX،N‫د‬e
١٧٦
٢٠١٣8#!–٣٠‫د‬$ – ‫אא‬23 4
B+ ‫ ;@ א و‬Z‫ ن‬U%‫ ;ن‬U{‫و‬، PZE\،‫ دא‬PZ; k! +t‫א‬
K#!*
‫א ل‬b ‫א!;ن\دאא‬/‫א‬$‫א‬h\B m%]G+‫و א )א‬
،N¡K‫אووز‬$ O‫؛א‬٢٠٠١،!^‫وא‬/‫א‬jG ‫؛א‬١٤٢١،‫لد‬F, -‫א‬Z‫وא‬$AMÂ%!#
/ ‫א‬$‫א‬h \B m% v0 ‫و‬KE٢٠٠٥،D ‫؛‬٣٩٩W٢٠٠٥،! A‫؛א‬٢٠٠٣W$ Dr‫؛א‬١٤٢٣
(Jones & Gardner, 2002: 32-47; McCloskey & Lichter, 2003: 390-A -‫א‬
412; Norman & Ryan, 2008: 561-566; Shorey et al., 2010; Kaufman et al.,
2011: 2042-2072).
bDOA+ ‫א‬KGE‫!]\א‬%;#j"‫?א‬/gK ‫مود‬$ ‫ن‬T@A‫א‬.!#‫و‬
#،, -‫א‬fZ;M!-‫א‬b$‫א א‬/#+‫א ض‬8bmL‫و‬،‫א‬$‫א‬N0*
, -‫א‬.$‫وאن‬$‫!א‬P‫\ذא‬v0‫و‬K#jk/ +]X$%EIml#!-‫א‬lA‫نא‬
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WPX/KU ‫א;א‬j=B L‫و‬،#!-‫א‬lA‫;א|א‬B +@C‫א‬8‫و;אא‬
$A ‫ذج‬D ‫ وא!ض‬،8Ag‫ ;ذ‬H@KM^;#$‫ אא‬%.+‫ ع‬%‫א‬
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١٨٠
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KE٩F‫ع‬٣$ 4،D ‫وא‬
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١٨١

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١٨٥

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