IND 315: Statistical Quality

Control (SQC)
Lecture 1: Introduction to Quality
Fayoum University - Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

10/15/2021 1
 Hagag Maher Abdelhameed
Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering
Mechanical/Industrial Engineering Dept.
Mail : Hagagmaher@Fayoum.edu.eg.
Mob. 01229801023 & 01008249063
Facebook: Hagag Maher

10/15/2021 2
IND 514: Quality Control, Assurance and Management

Total Score : 100 Points

Final Exam 60%

Midterm exam 20%
Attendance 5%
Reports 5%
Assignments 10%

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 Course Syllabus
Introduction to Quality; definition, basics and history
Quality control, Quality assurance and Quality Management
Quality Dimensions & Quality Principles
Cost of Quality
Lean Manufacturing/Service
The DMAIC Process-6 Sigma
SPC-The Magnificent Seven
Control Charts for Variables
Control Charts for Attributes
Process Capability Analysis
Acceptance Sampling
Sampling Plans – Military Standards for Acceptance Sampling
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 Opening Questions
Quality
Control
Quality of
Service
Total quality Quality
What is
management Assurance
quality?

Quality of
Quality
Product Management

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 Quality in Brief

Quality Quality Quality

Trust of the Confirms to Measured by

User the Customer
requirements Satisfaction

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 Quality Gurus

Joseph Juran
1900 - 1993 1926 - 2001 1904 - 2008 1909 - 1990
Zero Defects Juran's Trilogy Poka-yoke- “mistake-
Deming Cycle PDCA proofing”
Deming's14 points Quality is Free Quality Control Handbook
The Four Absolutes of Cost of Quality Just in time (JIT)
Quality

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 Quality Gurus

1924 - 2012 1922 - 2014 1891 - 1967 1915 - 1989

Taguchi Methods
Taguchi Loss Function Total Quality Control Control Charts Ishikawa Diagram
Design of Experiments Hidden Plant PDCA Cycle Seven Basic Quality Tools
Robust Design Quality Costs Assignable and Chance Quality Circles
Quality Engineering Cause of Variation

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 Quality definitions_Quality gurus

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 Quality Dimensions
Product Quality Dimensions

when we when we
buy a buy a

what we what we
are are
looking for looking for
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 When we buy a T.V., we look at the following parameters

• Brand
• Sales talk/Sales brochure
• Picture and sound quality
• Size/dimensions
• Appearances
• Weight
• Terms of payment
• Maintenance cost
• Terms of delivery
• Installation
• Servicing/skills
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Product Quality Dimensions (David Garvin)
1 Performance Durability
5

2 Conformance Serviceability 6

3 Features Reliability 7

4 Aesthetics Perceived
Quality 8
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 Quality Dimensions
The quality of a product can be described and evaluated in several
ways.
Eight Dimensions of Quality (Garvin, 1987)
1. Performance (Will the product do the intended job?)
2. Reliability (How often does the product fail?) )‫الموثوقية (كم مرة يفشل المنتج؟‬
3. Durability (How long does the product last?) )‫المتانة (ما هي مدة بقاء المنتج؟‬
4. Serviceability (How easy is it to repair the product?)
5. Aesthetics (What does the product look like?)
6. Features (What does the product do?)
7. Perceived Quality (What is the reputation of the company or its product?)
8. Conformance to Standards

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 Product Quality Dimensions Example

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 Quality? A traditional definition!
Quality means fitness for use.
Two aspects of this traditional definition:
• Quality of design
• All goods and services are produced in various grades or levels of quality.
• These variations in grades or levels of quality are intentional ‫متعمد‬
• Quality of conformance
• The quality of conformance is how well the product conforms to the
specifications required by the design.

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 Quality? A modern definition !
Quality is inversely proportional to
variability. (‫)الجودة تتناسب عكسيا مع التباين‬

The Transmission
System Example:

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 Quality Control vs. Quality assurance

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 QC, QA and Quality Management

Total Quality
Management
‫ادارة الجودة الشاملة‬
Quality Assurance
‫توكيد الجودة‬
Company
Quality Control ‫مؤسسة‬
‫ضبط الجودة‬
Processes Processes
‫عمليات‬ ‫عمليات‬
Product Product Product
‫منتجات‬ ‫منتجات‬ ‫منتجات‬

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 Quality Aspects
‫متطلبات و رغبات‬
‫المستهلك‬
Requirements and
Consumer needs

‫خصائص اإلنتاج‬ ‫خصائص التصميم‬

Production Design features
Characteristics
‫جودة التصنيع‬

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 Quality Improvement
Quality improvement is the reduction of
variability in processes and products.
• The transmission example illustrates the utility of this
definition.
• An equivalent definition is that quality improvement is the
elimination of waste. This is useful in service or transactional
businesses.

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 Quality Improvement

• Utilizing SPC
• Improving processes
• Reducing waste
• Individual Improvement projects
• Monitoring variations

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 Quality Engineering Terminology
• Critical-to-quality (CTQ) or Quality characteristics:
Every product possesses a number of elements that jointly describe
what the user or consumer thinks of as quality.

• Quality characteristics may be of several types:

1. Physical: length, weight, voltage, viscosity
2. Sensory: taste, appearance, colour
3. Time Orientation: reliability, durability, serviceability

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 Quality Engineering Terminology (cont.)
Since variability can only be described in statistical terms, statistical
methods play a central role in quality improvement efforts. In the application
of statistical methods to quality engineering, it is fairly typical to classify data
on quality characteristics as either attributes or variables data.
Variables data are usually continuous measurements, such as length, voltage,
or viscosity.
Attributes data, on the other hand, are usually discrete data, often taking the
form of counts, such as the number of loan applications that could not be
properly processed because of missing required information, or the number
of emergency room arrivals that have to wait more than 30 minutes to
receive medical attention.

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 Quality Engineering Terminology (cont.)
A value of a measurement that corresponds to the desired value for that quality
characteristic is called the nominal or target value for that characteristic.
Specifications
• Lower specification limit
• Upper specification limit
• Target or nominal values

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 Quality Engineering Terminology (cont.)

▪ Defective or nonconforming product

▪ Defect or nonconformity
▪ Not all products containing a defect are necessarily defective

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 Statistical Methods for Quality Control and Improvement

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 Statistical Methods for Quality Control and Improvement
1. Statistical process control (SPC)
• Control charts, plus other problem-solving tools
• Useful in monitoring processes, reducing variability through elimination of
assignable causes
• On-line technique

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 Statistical Methods for Quality Control and Improvement
2. Designed of Experiments (DOX)
• Discovering the key factors that influence process performance
• Process optimization
• Off-line technique

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 Statistical Methods for Quality Control and Improvement
3. Acceptance Sampling
This is closely connected with inspection and testing of product, which is one of the
earliest aspects of quality control, dating back to long before statistical methodology
was developed for quality improvement. Inspection can occur at many points in a
process.

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 Statistical Methods for Quality Control and Improvement

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 Management Aspects of Quality Improvement
Effective management of quality requires the execution of three
activities:
1. Quality Planning
• Identifying customers (external and internal)
• Identifying customer needs [voice of the customer (VOC)]
2. Quality Assurance
• The set of activities that ensures the quality levels of products and services are properly
maintained, and that supplier and customer quality issues are properly resolved.
3. Quality Control and Improvement
• The set of activities used to ensure that the products and services meet requirements and
are improved on a continuous basis.
• SPC and designed experiments are the major tools.

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 Jourdan Trilogy (Quality Trilogy)

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 Jourdan Trilogy (Quality Trilogy)

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 Quality Management

Quality Philosophy and

Management Strategies

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 Deming’s 14 Points
1. Create a constancy of purpose focused on the improvement of
products and services.
2. Adopt a new philosophy that recognizes we are in a different
economic era.
3. Do not rely on mass inspection to “control” quality.
4. Do not award business to suppliers on the basis of price alone, but
also consider quality
5. Focus on continuous improvement
6. Practice modern training methods and invest in on-the-job training for
all employees.
7. Improve leadership, and practice modern supervision methods.

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 Deming’s 14 Points (cont.)
8. Drive out fear (‫)طرد الخوف‬
9. Break down barriers between departments
10. Eliminate slogans ‫ الشعارات‬and targets for the workforce such as zero
defects
11. Eliminate numerical quotas and work standards
12. Remove the barriers that discourage employees from doing their
jobs.
13. Institute an ongoing program of education for all employees.
14. Create a structure in top management that will vigorously advocate
the first 13 points.

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 Shewhart cycle/Quality improvement model

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 Six Sigma
• A disciplined and analytical approach to process and product
improvement
• Specialized roles for People; Champions, Master Black belts, Black
Belts, Green Belts.
• Top-down driven (Champions from each business)
• BBs and MBBs have responsibility (project definition, leadership,
training/mentoring, team facilitation)
• Involves a five-step process (DMAIC) :
• Define
• Measure
• Analyze
• Improve
• Control

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 Six Sigma

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 Six Sigma

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 Why “Quality Improvement” is Important: A Simple Example

• A visit to a fast-food store: Hamburger (bun, meat, special sauce,

cheese, pickle, onion, lettuce, tomato), fries, and drink.
• This product has 10 components - is 99% (3 Sigma) good okay ?
P{Single meal good} = (0.99)10 = 0.9044
Family of four, once a month: P{All meals good} = (0.9044) 4 = 0.6690
P{All visits during the year good} = (0.6690)12 = 0.0080

P{single meal good} = (0.999)10 = 0.9900, P{Monthly visit good} = (0.99)4 = 0.9607
P{All visits in the year good} = (0.9607)12 = 0.6186

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 Quality Cost

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 Quality Cost

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 Quality Systems and Standards
• ISO 9000:2015 Quality Management System—Fundamentals and
Vocabulary

• ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System—Requirements

• ISO 9004:2009 Quality Management System—Guidelines for

Performance Improvement

• ISO 9004:2018 Quality management — Quality of an organization —

Guidance to achieve sustained success

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 Other Information
• Textbook
• Joseph M. Juran , “Juran’s
Quality Handbook”,
McGraw-Hill.
• Reference book
• Montgomery, D.C.,
“Statistical Quality
Control: A Modern
Introduction”, John Wiley
& Sons.

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 ❑Summary:
❑Dimensions of Quality
❑Quality Engineering Terminology
❑Statistical Methods for Quality Control and

Discussion Improvement

&Questions! ❑Management Aspects of Quality

Improvement
❑Quality philosophy and Management
Strategies
❑Quality Costs

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 T H A N K S F O R L I S T E N I NG
Hagagmaher@fayoum.edu.eg Hagag Maher

01008249063
Hagag Maher
01229801023

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