aS et. 8Px(6}100-19/5/1-148 6.2 (3) eo KERAJAAN MALAYSIA, LAPORAN FORENSIK BATANG KALI - GENTING HIGHLANDS, DAERAH HULUSELA ‘SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN TERBUKA ‘CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN CERUN JABATAN KERIA RAYA MALAYSIA. SULIT DAN PERSENDIRIAN ‘Maklumat yang terkanding dalam dokumen in merupakan hart inelek Keranan Malaysia Sebareng penerbitan semulo, penyalnan, pendedahan dan pengedaransebshagion atau kesluruhan dekurmen ini secara elektronik atau dalam apa cara jva sekalipun adalah tidak dbenarian kecuali dengan kebenaran bertuls dripada CavanganKejurteraan Cerun,JabatanKera Raya Malesia,ey Git GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA FINAL LANDSLIDE INVESTIGATION REPORT INVESTIGATION OF SLOPE FAILURE AT JALAN BG6, SECTION 14.0, JALAN BATANG KALI GENTING HIGHLANDS, DAERAH HULU SELANGOR, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN Volume 1: Main Report TERBUKA ‘CAWANGAN KOURUTERAAN CERUN {IARATAN KERIA RAYA MALAYSIA ‘he information contained haren is the nlletual propery ofthe Government of Waly Ro part of {hs document shal be reproduced, copied, revealed, published oF ssibuted in ny frm, oF By 39 ‘nesns, nding electron, without the express permission n wring om Cawangan Kejuueraon Ger, abatn ers Roy lassTABLE OF CONTENTS Lust oF GURES: 3 Lust oF Tastes. 6 LUST OF GLOSSARIES 7 Surface Topography Mop 9 ccomarrtee. 10 1.0 RINGKASAN ExSEKUTIE 15 2.0 EXECUTIVESUMMARY 16 2.0 INTRODUCTION. a7 30° omecrives 19 40 STUDY AREA 19 50. INVES 2 60 aval 23 6.4 tnffemation/Data before landslide (Pre-tandstide Data) 23 62 Inffems r 24 7.0 vesx ruvy] 26 74 Inttretah of 26 7.1. | tnfrmation rom ibatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia JUPEM) 26 7.12 | Coordination wth Agens Angkasa Malaysia (MYSA) 29 72 Geog. 36 HG 38 714 Geological and Geomorphologial Mapping a2 7.5 Incident Witnesses = 46 2.0 SITEINVESTIGATION. ar 8:1 Topographical and Digital Terrain Model (OTM) Survey. a7 8.2 Geotechnical and Geophysical Interpretations. 48 821 Borehole Ding = son 1822 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Rest 50 823 Mackintosh Probes (MP) se 824 Laboratory Testing 6 825 Electrical Relstity (ER) Survey st 82.6 Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (ASW) 62 1827 Interpretation of Survey Lines at the Failure Zone (Soure: JMG Report). 241.28 Interpretation of Survey ines Around the Faure Zones (Source: ING Report) ..85 1629 Findings fom ER Survey and MASW c 8A Rainfall Records 89 842 DallyRainfalDstibutlon From 1 October to 31 December 2022. 0 [88 Surface Monitoring After Lands, - 100 89 Development Historica Data 108 189.1 Land Development information : 108 892 Planning Permission 105 18410 Records of Routine Maintenance : 10 9. SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS. 7 an 9.1 Geotechnical Soll Profile : a2 ne Analysis of Slope Failure 116 fall pater at 116 320 330 a3 136 HA DISCLAIMER os : 138 15, REFERENCES. — : 138 16, APPRECIATIONS.... 7 101 a cooLUST OF FIGURES igre 1: Overall vew of he location ofthe landslide incident. - 7 igure 2: Landslide fare mechanism 18 figure 3: ands location information 20 igre 4: and lat information affected areas. 20 Figure: Campaite location aceording to sector dvsion. : 2 igre 6: Satelite images from 1991 0 1995, E 30 Figure 7: Satelite images from 1995 0 1998, = 30 igre 9: satelite mages from 2004 0 2020, - 31 Figure 10: Satelitimages from 2020 to 2023 31 ‘Figure 11: Satelite image depicts changes in land cover long the existing ever around the inedent at, 32 Figure 12: Satelite mage shows changes in and cover around te landside location atthe Fathers ‘Organic Farm. 33 4 a 35 37 37 38 “0 a a2 Figure 24 Distribution map of granite rack weathering grade inthe landslide area 4s Figure 25: Borehole location, - 0 Figure 26: Simplified profile of 8H1 and BH of study Area st Figure 27 simplified profle of 8H2 and HE of Study Area : 52 Figure 28-Srplfied profile of 8H3 and BHS of Study Area, z 53 Figure 25:Layoutof Mackintosh Probe ines 7 sa Figure 30:Resstivty of Soll or rock by Palacky 1988 2 Figure 31: MASW Survey procedure. - 63 Figure 32: the interpretation was based on NEHRP Site Gasleation System 63 Figure 33:Prole Resistvty Une 1 6 Figure 34: Profle WASW Line 69 Figure 35: role MASW survey Lie 1~SSPT METHOD 70 Figure 36: role Resitvty Line 2 7 7 Figure 37: Profle MASW survey Line 2 2 Figure 38: role WASW survey Line2~ SST METHOD 2 Figure 38: Profle Resistivity Line 3 74Figure 40: Profile MASW survey Line 3 75 Figure 41: Profile MASW survey Line 3 SSPT METHOD 76 Figure 42; Profile Resistivity Line 4 7 Figure 43; Profile MASW survey Line 78 Figure 44 Profile MASW survey Line 4~SSPT METHOD 79 Figure 45: rofile Ress Une, 90 Figure A6: Profile MASW survey Line met Figute 47: Profile MASW survey Line S~SSPT METHOD 82 Figure 48: Location of Geophysical Survey & Borehole 83 Figure 49: Resitvty profil atthe ede ofthe failure zone 86 Figure 50: Resistivity prole rom the fale zone “ gute 51: fain gauge and landslide incident location layout at Batang al 0 Figure 52: Day Rainfall Distribution for Geting Berhad from 1 October to 31 December 2022.91 Figure 53: Daly Rainfall Distribution for Department of igation and Drainage U5 rom 1 October 031 December 2022 : 93 Fou went rea October to 17 Deceiver 2022 ' 95 Fur 97 Figur 56 : Monthly Raina istibtion fr istitute Aminudsn Baki Checkpoint Ref from January wood 98 Fur rom January toe 99 Feu 300 Fu sefoasae rain and frpautin sheet fa off ita te ands area. 102 Figur 60: Minor landslide detected on the road shoulder nearby sensor No, 302 Figur 61; Triana Tit Sensor eating fr Landslide Early Warning System. 303 Figur 62: Resort Area Commercial rea‘ 306 gue 309 Figure 64: The generalised getedieal a slope profile... 113 Figure 65: 3-onth (October December 2022) daly rainfall stributions prior tothe Batang Kal Iandslide occurrence on 16,December 2022 a7 Figure 66 Curulative 3-day rll dstrbuton for -month patio prior othe bndsde ‘occurrences on 16 December 2022 a8 Figure 67: Cumulative Say tall dstrtons fora 3-manth pio prior tothe bndsde ‘occurrences on 16 December 2022 a8 Figure 68 Cumulative 7-day rafal dstrbuton fora 3-manth period prior tothe andshde ‘ecurrences on 16 December 2022 119 Figure 69 Cumulative 15-day alfa dstrbutons fora 3-month paid prior tothe andshde ‘ecurrences on 16,December 2022 a9 Figure 70, Culative 30 raloal dntsbuton fora month peo prior othe nde ‘ecurrences on 16 December 2022 120 Figure 71; The transient seepage flow proces inthe slope mass at (nt stage (] 10 days ane), 20.dos - a2 Figure 72; The transient seepage flaw process inthe slope mass at () 30 days (0) 40 ays and (c) 4 ays : a3 ora ERFigure 73; The transient seepage low racessin the slope mas ta) 50 days [b) days ane 68 faye 124 Figure 74; The location of rte sip surface and fale zone a (inal tage (o) 10 days and e) 20 dos. a7 Figure 75; The location of iti sip surface and fale zone at (a) 304s (40 eays and) 46 aye 128 Figure 76: The locaton of ri sip surface and ature zone at a) 530 ays (b) 60 ey an (e) 69 days : 29 Figure 77: The mode of faut (a) the year 2022 FOS = 100 (the year 2021 FCS = 1.10....131 Figure 7: Theeshol amount allure for daly afl cumulative 5-day and 30-day cumulative rainfall plotted on a developed threshold model 132LUST OF TABLES: “Table 1 Shows the comparison of land us atea in the Area of Interest (AO) at Fate's Organic ble 2 Topographical and geomorphology information around te site ble 3 Cordinates of granite rock outcrops in thelandslide area ble 4 Subsurface investigation work that ha been cared out atthe site se 5: Summary of Mackintosh Probe Test Res ble 6: Summary of Mackintosh Probe Test Rest. ble 1 Summary oF Laeratory Test. ble 8: Particle Siz Distribution (P50). - “able 9: Sol strength Test Result for study area, “able 10: Rock strength Test Rest for study area “Table 11; The estimated SP-N was calculated by sing ths formula as reference “Table 12: Rain gauge station distance to the incident te “able 13: Cunulatve rainfall dstrbution for rain gauge station. Table 14: cumulative movement for wireless ra tit sensors on 6 June 2023 “Table 15: Land information “Table 16: Development information “able 17: Scape of Maintenance Record or 866. Table 18: Records of Maintenance of year 2022. “Table 19: Geotechnical inventory f slope profile. Table 20: Surmary of sol parameters of slope pote. Table 21: Transient seepage analysis at selected time steps fora period of 77 days. Table 22: The result of slope stability analysis 43 48 55 58 58 0 1 7 69 96 401 205 310 am m2 ns a1 25eR “Rima husbandry “Botanical Garden atehmen streams and flow paths as well as the mainstre LUST OF GLOSSARIES DEFINITION ‘branch of agriculture concerned with the production and care ‘of domestic animals ‘A garden often with greenhouses for the culture, study, and exhibition of plants ~ = Weatchment is defined by an area draining Mow to a particular location or sit. t may frequently Include an area of tributary “Compression ~The capacity of material or structureto withstand loads tending strength to reduce si Contour Analysis ‘Contour analyses the process of classifying nesthat represent ‘Camulatve rainfall Electrical conductivity ‘Geological Hazards “Geological Hazards “Geological Landslide the same elevation values ona topographic surface. ‘Cumlative rainfall refers to the total amount of rainfall that has ‘occurred over a specific perod of time. It represents the sum of allinividval alefall events during that timeframe ‘The reciprocal of resistvty it represents the eae with which a material can conduct electric current “Geological processes or phenomena that occur naturally 3s 8 result of triggering factors and natural or man-made causative factors s ‘Geological processes or phenomena that occur naturally 38 @ result of triggering factors and natural or man-nade causative factors “The occurrence ofa geological phenomenon that has a negative Impact as a result of the phenomenon that causes harm and destruction tothe community that has been affeted “Geomorphology Gradient Tilshade Nap “Hydrology Analysis “inversion “Tandslide “The branch of geology concerned with the shape and origin of ‘the earth's surface ent ~ Rate of change ofa quantity or angle or elevation over a specie distance Hilshade map provides a realise representation ofthe terrain’ shape based on the emited light source drectior and angle. Hydrological analysis models the flow of water on the Ears surface jon ~The process of inverting dispersion data to abtai a shearwave velocity profile Tawatonkuosa.Tekrilal Pombangunan awaean Sanit Alam Selitar ‘Movernent of mass dawn the slope due to gravtyon a natural or artificial slope lide Early _System that helps to predict and warn people about potential “Tandslie Early ‘Warning System landslides It uses instruments to monitor slopes, measures data lke slope movement and rainfall, and analyses th informationTerm DEFINITION Mage Garden Resort Sdn. hd “MDHS “Mais Daerah Hulu Selangor (MP Tesi/IRR Probe ~~ Mackintosh probes were used to detect weak or shear plane at shallow depth, to determine shallow bedrock and/or design shallow foundation on natural ground with no recent fill and for strveture with low sk Tes = MesyuaratTindakan Ekonomi Newer Selangor “Multichannel = Ageophysieal method used to determine the shear-wavevelocty Analysis of Surface (Vs) profile of near-surface materials waves (ASW) - ‘Ohim-meter (om) - The SI unit for resitvty, which measures the esstance of a material of unit length and unit cross-sectional area Peta Khas {Special Map generated from official avaliable sourcestoaidinthe Understanding, assessment, and interpretation of the incident PRPS = Perbadangan Kemajuan Pertanian Negeri Selanger Panning =A written permission ofthe Local Planning Autherity to develop Permission 8 piece of land inthe manner as stipulated in the permission Rain Gauge 2 rain gauge is @ meteorological instrument te measure the precipitating ran in a given amount of time per unit area. The Instrument consists of 2 callection container whch is placed in an open area. The precipitation is measured in terms of the height ofthe precipitated water accumulated ir the container per given time and is expressed in millimetres Resistivity ‘A measure of a material's inherent ability to rest the flow of electric current Satelite image ’ peture or representation ofthe Earth’ surface captured by = satelite orbitingin space ‘Shear Sirenath “The shear strength of soll determines ts resistance 1 deformation by tangential (or shear) stress : Shearwave “The speed at which shear waves propagate though a material, velocity (Vs), hich i related to its mechanical properties Sil Carian Rasind ‘document that has a stamp of confirmation from the Administrative Officer of the Land ofice fr offal business on real estate SPT Test Tt is an inaitu dynamic penetration test designed to provide Information onthe geotechnical engineering properties of sil Bate Authorities The authorities are the people who have the power to make decisions and to make sue that laws are abeyed ‘Stream Order ‘Stream Order analysis depiets the probabiity of te network of Analysis surface water flow based on the topographic cenditions intheTer DEFINITION Surface Surface topography map technique used to obtain an accurate Topography Map representation of the Earth’s surface based on raster surface data, lt provides information onthe topography aud shape ofthe terrain. Tanah Cerang Its an area within a forest that has been previously cultivated or fan area ofa forest where the trees have been cat down, either entirely of leaving only afew remaining trees Tepubina Utilisation of existing land, which alteady ensts physically onthe site. The inlides the ronctriction of residential, industrial Commercial, publi facies, and other developments carried out in both urban and suburban areas Topography Description ofthe shape, features, and elevation of the Earths surface or the surface of anyother celestial body It involves the measurement and representation of landforms, including ‘mountains, valleys, hil, plains, rivers, lakes, and other physical features Unmanned Aerial - tts an aitbome vehicle that operates without a human pilot Vehicle (UAV) ‘onboard. Watershed Analysis Watershed analysis models the probability of water catchment area resulting from surface water runoff accumulation based on the tonogra ‘Wireless Tranial ~~ Wireless taal Git sensors are devies that are used to measure Tit Sensors and monitor the tit orincination ofan objector surface three dimensions (along the ¥, ¥, and 2 aves). These sensors are equipped with wireless communication capabilites, allowing them to transmit the tit measurements wireless to a receving device or central monitoring system Young’s Modulus Its a property of the material that tells us how easly can stretch and deform and is defined as the ratio of tensile stress (0) to tens strain)ccommrrree ‘The Special Committee named LANDSLIDE WORKING GROUP COMMITTEE (KITR) AT JALAN 166, SEKSYEN 14.0, JALAN BATANG KALL-GENTING HIGHLANDS, DAERAH HULU SELANGOR, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN, was established to conduct investigations for the landslide Incident. The committee involved various agencies in their respective areas of expertise and is led by the Slope Engineering Branch, Public Works Department (KR) Malaysia. The fallowing members have been appointed as committees: Patrons hg. Datuk Ser Hj. Hasnol Zam Zam bin H).H). Ahmad, Ketua Setiousoha Kementerin Kerja aya Moloysio ‘he, Datuk. Ahmad Reda bin Ghulam Rasool, Ketua Pengarah Kerja Raye JKR Malaysio Advisor YBhe. Dato” H) Zulkipl bin Hj Nasr, Timbaan Ketua Pengarah Kerio Roya, KR Moloysio Forensic Investigation Team |A) Public Works Department 1, Ir Kaniah inti Ambak (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Corun} 2. Pn. Mor Asiiah bint! Ahmad (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun) 3, Hi. Yahaya Ruddin bin Mohamed Yaacob (Cawangan Keluruteraan erun} Pr. Mursabiah bint! Hamidun (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun} tr tsmal bin Ibrahim (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun) Ir. Moh! Zawawi bin Zakaria UKR Selangor) Ir. Som Pong A/L Pichan (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Geo:eknik) In: Drs Hj, Ahmad Shuks bin Hj, Abd. Rashid (Cawangon Kejuruteraan cerun) 9. I, Moh Asti bin Mat sa KR Selangor)10, un 12 13. ra as, 16. v7. 18. 18. 20, 21 2, 2, 24, 25, 26, 2, 28, 29, 20. 31 2 33. 34 Dr. Mohamad Nizar bin Abdurahman (Cawangan Kejuuteraan Cerun) Ir lya Shuhala bint Shafie(Cawangan Kejuruteraan ¢erun} lr. Nur Aziaswani biti Abdullah (Cawangen Kejuruteraon Cerun) Geol. Badrol bin Mohamad (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun) Geol. Achar bin Ahmad Nazrl (Cawangan Kejuruterazn Cerun) En. Halim bin Darahim (Cawangan Keluruteraan Cerun Pn, Syafawati bint! Asmawi (Cawangan Keluruteraan Cerun} En, Muhammad Fada bin Deraman (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Geotekrik) P.Geol. Mohamad Yusot bin Che Sulaiman (Cawangan Kejuruteraan cerun) ‘s.r Bakhtiar ffandy bin Othman (Cawangan Keluruteraan Cerun) 1. Rozelawati bint shak(Cawangan KeJuruteraan Ceran) 11-75, Normatina bint Shamsuddin(Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun) En, Mohd lnham bin Moh Hanafiah (KR Selangor) Se. Wan Ahmad Faris Alibin Wan Abd. Ghafar (Cawangan Kejurutersan InfrastrukturPengangkutan} ‘Ts, Ahmad Farisbin Mohd Ghazal (KR Hulu Selangor) En, Muhammad Danai bin Abd Hamid (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun) En, Wan Muhammad Hafiz bin Zakaria (Cawangan Kejrteraan Cerun), Ts, Muhammad Thagif bin Mohamad Nor (Cawangan Kejuruteraan cerun) En, Muhammad Qayyum Bin Amran (Cawangan Kejursteraan Cerun) En. Gan Chiew Leng UKR Hulu Selangor) En Raman bin Abdul Razak (Cawangan Kejuruteraan ¢erun} £n, Noraza bin Hashim (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun) En, Shahrul van lenin bin Ridzuan (Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun) En, Muhamad Alhafiq bin Hafa Mydin (Cawangan Kejuvteraan Cerun) Gs. Mohd Norashad bin Nordin (Cawangan Kejurutraan Cerun}1) Agensi Pengurusan Bencana Negara (NADMA) 1, Puan Che Sit Noor bint! Koh Poh Lee @ Che Mamat {C)Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia JMG) 41, P.Geol, Or. Ferdaus bin Ahmad 2. P.Geol. Syed bin Omar 3. P.Geol. Abdul Rahim bin Harun 4, P.Geol Galan Azad bin Rosle 1) Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM) 1. Se. Mohd. za bin Halim 2. Se Siti Zuraida bin Kade 3. Se. Anas Stkhan bin Yuse 4, Se Farida Hanim bint Sahak )Jabatan Pengairan dan Saran IPS) 2. En.Roslan bin Sukimin 2. Muhammad Asif bin Abdul Khalid 3. Roxanne Anak Man F)_Jabatan Meteorolog Malaysia 1. En. Raza Nan bint Salleh 2. En, Saberibin Rashi 1G} Agensi Angkasa Malaysia (MSA) 1. En. Mohd Zahir bin Harun 2. Pr Hasni ine Halim HH) sabatan Alam Setar AS) 1. Hi, Rohimi bin Harun 2. En, Shamiauddn in Mat Hussin EATIALAN SoS ST1) Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia 1. En. Mohd lzani bin Abdullah 2) Mails Perbandaran Hulu Selangor 4. Mohd Azda bin Nordin 1) Pelabat Daerah/Tanah Hulu Selangor 4. Puan Siti Aminh bint Jamadi 2. En, Saeri bin Mahmudin 1 nstitute of Geology Malaysia (1604) 1. _n. Abd RasidJaapar 2. Dato’ Amran Mohamad 3. HH, Wan Mohd Nizam bin Wan sa IM) Malaysian Geotechnical Society (MGS) 1. Ir-Dr.Gue Chang shin N) tnsttution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM) 1. Ir Yee Thien Seng. 0} Universit Teknologi Malaysia 4. rol. tr De. Ramli Nazir 2. Pro. Irs r. Arman bin Kassim oT1.0 RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIE Kejadion tanah runtuh di Jalan B66, Batang Kall-Genting Highlands, Hulu Selangor, Selangor, telah melibatkan sejumlah 92 mangsa. Oaripada jumlah tersebut, 61 orang telah beriaya dselamatkan, manakala 31 orang lain terkorban. Kejadian tanah runtuh tersebut Aisebabkan oleh faktorsemula jadi yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor cusca seperti hujan ddan geoloe! Satu jawatankuasa Khas yang dikenal sebagal Jawatankuasa Kumpulan Kerja Tanah untuh (KKTR) telah dtubuhkan bagi menjalankan kera-Kerja penyasatan :anah runt int bberdasarkan kepada Pelan Induk Cerun Negara PICN) 2003-2023 dan Memerandum Jemash ‘Menten, Jawatankuasa tersebut dketuai oleh Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun, Jabatan Kerja aya (KR) Malaysia, dan melibatkan agensiagens!teknikal lan sepetiJabatan Mineral dan ‘Geosains Malaysia (IMG), Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM),Javatan Pengairan ddan Salran (15) Jabatan Meteorolog\ Malaysia {METMBlaysia), Universit Tetnologi Malaysia {U1na, dan badan-badan professional yang dant Tanah runtuh pertama beraku kira-Ara pada jam 2.00 pai, dengan ukuran kegagalan ‘erun sepanjang 120 m dan kedalaman maksimum 14 m. Disebabkan oleh keadaan tanah, Ding runtuhan mencapai kawasan perthemahan Riverview yang terletak kira-kira $50 m Jaubnya. Seterusnya, bahan runtuhan terkumpul di hujung cerun yang gagal, membentuk sebuah empangon sementara. Anggaran jumiah bahan runtuhan adalah frakira 283,000 meter pad, Mod kegogalan ini adalah kombinasiruntuhan jens putaran danalranpuing toe rotational slide and debris flow. Taburan hujan dan hidrogeolog! kawasan rang melibatkan perubahan rej ar bawah tanah dikenal past sebagai dua faktor penting yang menyumbang kepada kejaian tana runtuh ii ‘Tada bulti kukuh menunjukkan aku! antropogenik merupakan sah satu faktor ppenyumbang kepada KeJadian tanah runtuh in Kerja penyelenggaraan cerun dan jalan telah dliaksanakan menglkutjadual penyelenggaraan di okasiKefacian2.0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY {landslide had taken place on 16 December 2022 at Batang Kall, Hulu Selangor, Selangor, involving a total of 92 vitims, with 61 of them being rescued, whie 31 others lost ther lve, The landslide was principally caused by natural failure, potentaly influenced by rainfall and geological factors. [A special committee known a: Jawatankvasa Kumpulan Kerja Tanah Runtuh (KKTR) ‘was formed to conduct the landslide investigation works according to the Pelan Induk Cerun Negara (PICN) 2009-2023 and Memorandum Jemaah Menter. The committee is led by the CCowangan Kejuruteraan Cerun, Jabotan Kerja Raya UKR) Malays, and other technical _agencies, such as Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia JMG), Jabatan Ukr dan Pemetaan Malaysia UWUPEM, Jabatan Pengairan dan Sain (PS), Jabatan Metecrolog) Malaysia (terivataysia), Universit Teknolog! Malaysia (UTM), and appointed professional bodies. The first landslide took place at approximately 2.00 a.m. with a dimension of slope failure of 120. length and a maximum depth of 14 m. Due to the sol conditions, the debris reached the Riverside campsite located approximately $50 m away. Subsequent, the landslide mass accumulated at the toe ofthe failed slope, forming an artical, temporary dam. The estimated volume of wastage i 283,000 cuble meters. The failure mode Is 2 combination of toe rotational slide and debris flow. Two significant factors that contribute to such events are rainfall patterns and hydrogelogy, which are related to the change of Underground water regime. ‘There fs no strong evidence to suggest that anthropogenic activities were 2 contributing factor to this landslide event, Slope and road maintenance works were carried ‘ur according tothe scheduled msintenanee athe incident ste20 INTRODUCTION (01 16 December 2022, landslide incident a alan 866 Section 14.0, Jalan Batang KalGenting Highlands, Hulu Selangor, Selangor, and Father's Organe Sn. hx, was reported (vefer to Figure 1}, The aforementioned road is under the jurisdiction of JKR Hulu Selangor District, while Fathers Organic Farm isa campsite operated by Father's Organic Sdn. Bhd Figure 1: Overall view ofthe location of the landslide incident ‘According to whnesses ofthe incident, there have been two (2) slope fares atthe same location within 20 minutes apart. The first landslide occurred at around 2.00 am, while the second landslide took place subsequenty. The estimated dimension of slope failure Is 70 m (height), 120 m (wath, and 330m (length), with an estimated volume of wastage of 283,000, cui meter. The failure mode fs combination of toe rotational side with debris low. EFALUREAT ALFigure 2: Landslide allure mechanism ‘The tragedy involved 92 victims, with 61 of them surviving, while 31 others ied. Most ofthe Victims were teachers, students, and staff from SIK(C] Mun Choong, Kg atu, Jalan poh, Kuala Lumpur, together with their family members. The landslide had caused the oad shoulder to collapse, where the road was immediately lose to all vehicles as soon as he incident was alerted. The Search and Rescue (SAR) operation for victims were carte out by various agencies, which ended on 25 December 2022 after the last victim was found. The duration for the entre SAR operations was nine (8) days. rE30. owecrives ‘The objectives of ths Fal Landslide Investigation Reportar a follows 2) Toidentiy potential causes ofthe ands; by Toldentiy potential factors contributing tothe landside; €)Toestabish the made and mechanisms ofthe landslide; and 14) To provide information for the implementation of short-term and long-term strategies 40° STUDY AREA ‘The landslide occurred at Jalan 866, Section 14. Jalan Batang Kali-Genting Highlands, n Hulu Selangor Districts, Selangor, approximately 47 km from Kuala Lumpur ety centre, This are is under the jrisition ofthe Local Authority af the Hulu Selangor District Council (MDHS). Based on the review of the land ot (Fgure 2), this affected area involves 3 private land lot, which iz No, Lat 8993 (Property PN3198) that belongs 10 the Malaysia Botanical Gardens Resort (MBGR) Sdn. Bhd. The whole land use category isagriulture, and there is also a forest reserve within the boundary distance of 105.4 m from Lot 8993 to the £866 road (refer to ure a,Figure 3: Landslide location information Figure 4: Land lat information affected areas There are 4 (four) camping sites in the area, which are Sector A (Hilview), Sector 8 (Farmview), Sector € (Riverview), and Sector D (Greenhouse) Sector A and Sector B are the mast affected areas because they are closest to the affected landslide (referto Figure 5) aa Erie ToT Soarie Figure 5: Campsite lacation according to sector dvsion5.0 INVESTIGATION PLAN a + x —— >, SS fmamrnfofowar finan =. q q £ vee rote |+{ mare) La] sans I ¥ t Yee6.0 AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND DATA TO DATE ‘The following information and data were made available during the preparation of ‘this Final Landslide Investigation Report: 6.1 nformation/Data before landslide (re-Landslide Data) 2. Satelite Image View from 1981 to 2023 by MYSA, 'b._ Satelite Image on Land Use Map from 1991 to 2022 by MYSA. . Digital Terrain Model (OTM) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (VFSAR) Year 2017 by Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia JUPEM). «d. *Peta Bencana Tanah Runtuh O| Batang Kall, Ulu Selangor, Selangor (Sebelum KeJacian) from MAKAR (2022's satellite image by JUPEM, fe. “Peta Khas Sektor Bencana Tanah Runtuh Di Batang Kel, Ulu Selangor, Selangor (Sebelum Kejadian) by JUPEM, | Uu Selangor, Selangor (Data Digital Peta Khas Cerun Di Batang Ka Terrain Model from Synthetic Aperture Radar in 2017) River & Catchment Spatial Data by Jabatan Pengairan can alan (PS), Rainfall Records from 2013 to 2022 abtained from Genting Berhad, Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran US), and Jabatan Meteorolog! Malaysia (meToalaysi. | Subsurface Investigation Report by Maxi Mekar Sin, Bhd. dated September 2011 for “Site Investigation Proposed Resort Development at Lot 8993 (PT2910), Mukim Batang Kali, Daerah Hulu Selangor, ‘Selangor (6OHTONG JAVA)" for Malaysia Botanical Gardens Resort Sdn. tna. |. “Laperan siasatan Bencana Geologl Tanah Runtuh Di father’s Organic Farm (Lot 8993) Mukim Batang Kali, Daerah Hulu Selengor, Selangor” byima. . “Dokumen Permohonan Kebenaran Merancang Pelan Susunatur Bagi Tujuan Penyerahan Balk dan Pemberimilikan Serula Di Bawah Seksyen 2048 Kanun Tanah Negara Bagh Cadangar Pembangunan‘Sebuah “Resort Peranginan” Seluas 9.66 Ekar Serta Taman Botani Seluas 186.74 Ekar Di Atas Lot 8993 (PT290}Seluas 20191 Ekar, Mukim Batang Kall Untuk Tetuan Malaysia Botanical Gardens Resort Sdn. Bhd, by PR Planners" to MDKS. | As uit Drawing for Project “Pembinaan Jalan 866, Jalan Batang Kall Genting (Drawing no. KSN3/91/3R15 dated 1994) by Perunding Ukur sn, 'm. Soll nvestigation Layout Plan and Topography Survey Plan on 2017 by (GRP Geotechnics Sdn. Bhd. 62 tnformation/Data After Landslide (Post Landslide Data) ‘a Site Investigation Factual Report on Land Investigation Works for “cadangan Penyedlaan Laporan Jawatankuasa kurpdlan Kesla Tanah Runtuh (KKTR) Dl Laluan B65, Seksyen 13.0 Yalan Batan Kal-Genting Highlands), Daerah Hulu Selangor, Selangor” by CKC, IK. b, Soil investigation Work Using Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) For: Forensle Work at Laluan B66, Seksyen 13.0 alan Batang Kall-Genting Highlands), Daerah Hulu Selangor, Selangor, by CKC, JKR ‘& “Laporan Penyiasatan Forensik GeologKerja-Kerja Penyiasatan Tanah bagi Cadangan Penyedlaan Laporan Jawatankuasa kumpulan Kerja ‘Tanah Runtuh (KTR) Di Laluan B66, Seksyen 13.0 (Jan Batang Kal GGenting Highlands), Daerah Hulu Selangor, Selangor” by CKC, JKR, 1d, “Laporan Ahir Penylasatan Tanah (Electrical Resistivity and ‘Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) Survey" by CKC, IK, ‘6. “Laporan Awalan Kejadian Tanah Runtuh Di Lalvan 836, eksyen 13.0 Uslan Batang KalGenting Highlands), Daerah Hulu Selangor, Selangor” bby KC, JKR, f.“Laporan Rutin Penyelenggaraan by Infrase Sdn. Bhi" 10 JKR Daerah Hulu Selangor. ‘e “Loporan Analsa Pergerakan Alat Pengesan Tanah Runtuh dl Laluan 166, Seksyen 14.0 Batang Kali, Hulu Selangor” by KC, JK.fh. DTM Light Detection & Ranging (LIDAR) on 16 December 2022 by sure, 1. *Peta Khas Hilshade generated from OTM LDAR on 16 December 2022" by CKC KR, |. "Peta Khas Cross-Section Before Landslide” by CKC KR k. “Peta khas Landslide Profile Measurement” by CKC, J, |. *Peta Khas Flow Accumulation Sebelum Tanah Runtuh" generated fom DTM IFSAR 2017 by CXC, JKR. 1m, “Peta Khas Flow Accumulation Selepas Tanah Runtuh’ generated from DTM LIDAR by CXC, JKR, 16 December 2022, 1 “Peta has Stream Order Sebelum Tanah Runtuh" generated from OTM SAR 2017 by CKC, sR. 10, “Peta Khas Stream Order Selepas Tanah Runtuh” genevated from DTM LUDAR by CKC, JKR, on 16 December 2022. . *Peta Khas Watershed dan Paparan 30" from DTM by CKC, JKR. 4 “Peta Khas 30 Surface & Hydrology Analysis from DTM IFSAR 2017" by eke, KR, . *Peta Khas 30 Surface & Hydrology Analysis from OTM DART 16 ‘December 2022 by CKC, IK.70 va yaa Desk STUDY Interpretation of Arial Photograph Information from Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia JUPEM) {UPN has identified the requited survey and topographicinformation ofthe landslide area before and after the landslide incident atthe Father's Organic Farm Campsite along Jalan Batang Kall-Genting Highlands, B6G Hulu Selangor District, Selangor, on 16 December 2022. JUPEM has published several Peta Khas related ta te tallies atfected area follows: 4, Peta Khas Cerun Di Batang Kall Ulu Selangor, Selangor (Oigital Terrain Model fom Synthetic Aperture Radar Data in 2017), ‘This Peta has Cerunil strates the gradient levels prior tothe landslide incident In Batang Kall. The map shows the slope gradient area ofthe incident. The slope sradiont inthis area is divided into six gradient levels, each represented by 3 diferent colour as follows: Darjah Kecerunan 0-8 25-38 5-15 38-00 [> Mile Profile A represents cross-section along the landslide scar, spanninga length of 400m, starting from an elevation of 720 m and ending atan elevation of 620 m. Con the other Hand, Profle 8 ilustrates the Width at point D, covering a width of 200 m with elevations ranging from 670 m to 640 m. The contcur and elevation data were generated from the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) sourced from ‘Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of the year 2017.b, Peta Khas Bencana Tanah Runtuh Di Batang Kall, Ulu Selangor, Selangor (Sebelum Kejadian) (mej Satelit MAXAR 2022) This 4:500 scale Peta Khas shows the topography, river streams, cadastral lot boundaries, contours (5m interval, and existing structures in tne vicinity prior tothe landslide incident. The data used to ilustrate the topography and bulding locations in the afected area were obtained from MAKAR satelite Imagery from the year 2097. Thic map also indiates land use activities. such as the ‘onstruction ofan agriculture rain shelter and two pond {Peta Khas Sektor Hencana Tanah Runtuh Di Batang Kall, Ulu Selangor, Selangor (Sebelum Kejadian) This Peta Khas Sektor is generated to divide the landslide area into several sectors, facilitating a mare systematic search operation for rescue teams. These sectors are essential to ensure that the SAR is conducted throughout the affected area, Two main sector classes have been designated: the landside area sector and the covered/buried atea sector, itis futher divided into four subclasses Sector A (Hl¥view),B (Farmview),C (Riverside), and D (Greenhouse), 4. Peta Khas Bencana Tanah Runtuh OI Batang Kali, Ulu Selangor, Selangor {elepas Kejadian (mej Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), 16 December 2022) This 4:800 scale Peta Khas Bencana shows the topography, river streams, ‘contours (5m Interval, and the destruction that occurred in te vicinity of the landslide area following the landslide incident in Batang Kall “The dats representing the topography and destruction in the affected area are from orthophoto images captured by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on 16 December 2022,fe. Pata Khas Cerun Di Batang Kal, Ulu Selangor, Selangor {Digital Terrain Model from Light Detection and Ranging Data on 16 December 2022) ‘This Peta kas Cerun shows gradient chart indicates the steepness level after the landslide incident in Batang Kali The gradlent level in this area Is assessed using slope gradient. The slope gradient in this area divided into six gradient level, ach represented by diferent colours, which are: Darjah Kecarunan Profile A represents a cross-section along the landslide alignment spanning 400 1m, starting from an elevation of 725 m to an elevation of 630 m. Profile B itustrates the width at point 8, spanning @ width of 125 m and ranging in elevation from 659 m to 642. The contours and elevations ae generated from «2 Digital Terrain Model (OTM) captured through LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) on 16 December 2022. The landslide was found to travel in between ‘wo hilly areas, following the orignal topography. 4. Peta Khas Orthofoto 2.50 UAV Di Batang Kall, Ulu Selangor, Selangor (Dato from UAV on 19 December 2022) “The 2.50 Peta Khas Orthafoto ata scale of 1:1,000 shows the condition of the earth's surface occurred after the landslide incident in Batang Kal. This data splays the surface ofthe earth and the destruction inthe incident area from Digital surface Model (OSM) data obtained through the utilsation of an ‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on 19 December 20227a |e Peta Lembangan Sungai Kawasan Tanah Runtuh Di Batang Kall (MAKAR Satellite Image 2022) “This 1:20,000 scale River Basin Map shows the network of river fows around the affected landslide incident area, The river basins and rver networks inthis area Indicate the potential for significant water flow, particularly during the rainy seazon. The landslide aea is located within the Batang Kali river basin, andthe movement ofthe landslide follows the orginal rver flow pattern in that area Te data used to depict the terrain conltions and destruction inthe incident area is derived fram MAXAR satelite imagery from the year 2022. Coordination with Agensi Angkasa Malaysia (MYSA) Following the reported incident of alandsde that occured atFather’s Organic Farm in Batang Kali, Hulu Selangor, Selangor, on 16 December 2022, Agensi Angkasa [Maaysia (MYSA) has partilpated in the IKKTR in Jalan 866, Section 18.0, Jalan Batang kKal-Genting Highlands, Hulu Selangor District, Selangor Darul Ehsan IMYSA has analysed the incident based on satelite image information by processing Images from various dates prior to the event to idently the conditiow of the affected area before the landslide incdent occurred. Thsincludes detecting any activites that ‘may have caused changes i and cover, topography, nd water flow around the area, as well s identifying any disruptive activities that may have affected the existing river flow through the landslide area. The overview of the changes in and cover in the Jandslde area based on satelite images from 1991 to 2023 (refer to Figure 6 Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 20).7: Satelite images from 1995 101998Figure 0: Satelite images from 2020 to 2023 Aased on satelite image analysis, changesin and cover fr the construction a the Jalan fatang Kal Genting Highlands, Hb, were observed in 1991, and the construction ofthe slope embankment can be seen in 1992 (refer to Figure 6). satelite Images on 23 April 1996 indicate the beginning of and cover changes near the boundary ol Father’ Organic Farm. The progression ofthese and cover changes can be further observed in Images dated 4 January 1997 and 23 January 1998, Changes in fand coverin the area where theincident occurred canbe seen in images stating from 1 February 2015 refer to Figures 9) Visual observations using the available image series (rom Pléiades satelite), particularly the satelite image dated 21 March 2018, clearly show changes inland cover near the toe ofthe slope where the landslide ocurred, This areas also lignes withthe vector of the river alignment, a indicated by the red circle in Figure 11 and Figure 12. The estimated extent ofthese land cover changes is approximately 0.44 hectares. Activities, atthe slope embankment occurred at an estimated elevation ranging from 715 mto 681 sm from the road level, “Picadas 21 Mae 2018 Figure 44: Satelite image depts changes in and cover along the existing river around the incident area. These land cover changes can further be observed on Images dated 29 ul 2019, 1 March 2020, 28 lune 2020, and 5 February 2021 as shown in Figure 12. SS TTSWaray 329-45 2010 Won 2 1a 2020 Pleiades ~§ Februar 2021 Figure 12; Satelite image shows changes inland cover around the landslide location at the Father's Organic Farm, ‘The land use diferences, classified based on low-resolution cloud-re satelite images from the earliest and latest dates a illustrated in Figure 13, while Figure 14 shews the land use differences using high-resolution satelite images. The comparison ofthe land use areain the ‘rea of Interest (ROI Father's Organic Farm is depicted in Table 1Taro Faia TT Tana Fab 90 Figure 13: The classified changes inland cover based on low-resolution satelite images from the earliest and latest dates OTST Fee 205 re TI Figure 14: The classified changes inland cover based on high-resolution satelite images from the earliest and atest dates.‘Table 1: Shows the comparison of land use area in the Area of Interest (AOI) at Father's Organi Farm, Fi aa a oj | Ta i Tena anaes 20m) | agg, ‘ant 5 | coop ran 008 | ‘sroractm: | anys | | ees, _An overall perspective of the original topography andthe location of the landilide incident on nates 3.422965, longitude 101755377, which 16 December 2022, at the latitude coor affected Father's Organic Farm, an overlay of Pléades satelite imagery and Digital Elevation "Mol! (DEM) data were conducted, as depicted in Figure 25. Figure 15: The overlay of satelite imagery and a 20-meter interval contou” DEM from the topographic map, The yellow polygon represent the estimated landslide aca, may72 Geology Referring to the Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia (9 Edition, 2014) published by the Department of Minerals and Geosciences Malaysia, the landslide area's located within the granitic body known a the Main Range Granite. The landslide area is located cose tothe ‘Bukit Tinggi major fault zone (Bukit Tinggi Fault Zone) oriented Northwest Southeast (NW- ‘SE), The main geology ofthis arose coarse-grained PorphyriticRinlite Granite bedrock which is distributed dominanty. Apart from granite, Palzezoic metasedimentary rck hat known, 3s TolakSchst found atthe southern part ofthe study area is approximated to be within the ‘Ordavician-Silrian age range. The boundary ofboth Ithologles shown in th geological map ‘of the study atea (Figure 16, Figure 17, and Figure 18). The colluvium deposit forms the surface sediment that caver both bedrock units the valley. ‘The failure area is made up of residual granitic sol with anestimatedthickness of 15.0 1m. The thickness ofthis residual granitic sll canbe seen at the top of the affected area. The presence of many granite blacks of ste 2.0 m to 5.0m was found on the upper slope, hillsides and atthe toe ofthe affected. Outerops of granite and metasediment which are jointed are found at the slope and surrounding areas, Water seepage flows were also observed in parts of the failure area, The granite rock found In the landslide area may have experienced shearing and displacement due tothe granitic body located close to the Bukit Tinggi Fault Zone. Metasedimentary rocks are observed to have undergone strong. displacement, thrusting, and folding after granitic rifting activity occurred around the Lae Triassic. There are no clear fal tinesin the study area except forshort lineaments representing major cracks ‘based on the drainage patter in the sub-basin around the landslide area, Satelite Images that have been analysed showed many races of small landslides scattered all over the place, demonstrating the effects af land movement that has occurred since 1991 inti now.‘Figure 18: Geological map ofthe investigation area (source: JMG, 2023), 73 Geomorphology ‘The investigation area Is located inthe part of the Ttlwangsa Range. Its maximum height reaches up to 809 meters above sea level and the lowest is 647 meters. There is 8 stream that flows towards the investigation site from the East through three drainage channels within the investigation ste. Topographical and drainage information in the investigation area Is as in Table 2, Figure 19 and Figure 20Table 2; Topographical and geomorphology information around the site lly Terrace 09m ‘Stream in the investigation ste7.4 Geological and Geomorphological Mapping {Geological mapping isa discipline in the field of geology that combines petrology, geological structure, geomorphology, palaeontology, stratigraphy, Sedimentology, ete Geological mapping is work process of mapping geology in an area to produce a sealed geological map with a systematic geological mapping method, The basic steps for geological ‘mapping are making observations and measurements in the field, sampling ad analysing the samples in the laboratory. Other maps that can be produced ae Ithology map, weathering ‘map, erosion map, engineering geological map and hydrological map. The area fr geological ‘mapping involved an area of 5.0 hectares, Figure 21 shows the area of geomorphological ‘mapping that has been carted out atthe site Figure 21: Geological mapping area fased on the geological mapping that has been catled out, It has been found that ome granite rock outcrops are named af Locales 1,2, 3, and 4, ax shown in Table 3. This portrays that granite exists in two conditions which are highly weathered granite rocks (Grade \V and Grade Wi). Granite rocks are found as blocks or corestones in various shapes, either rounded or sub-rounded, measuring between 25 m and 3 m. ra‘Table 3: Coordinates of eranite rack outcrops nthe landslide area Locality | 01°48 24.45 [3°25 25.31 ‘Medium -Coarse | GW Il locality? [10482498 [3°75 25.08 ‘Medium = Coarse | GWiIhT loealtys | 10r482540 375 2059 ‘Medium Coarse | GWiKA loeaitya [10°48 19.79 | 3"757100 | Fine Medium | wv ‘Te geology of the investigation area and its surroundings is located within the granitic body of the Main Range Granite and metasedimentary rocks and younger collvium deposts. ‘Metasedimentary rocks consisting of schist, quartate and phrylite Is the oldest rock unit approximated to be of age range Ordovician to Silurian. Meanwile, the main range Granite rock consist of porphyrite biotite granite with the boundary between these two bedrocks located in the middle of the investigation area refer to Figure 22). The colluvium deposit forms the surface sediment that cover both bedrock units in the valley. The granitic and ‘metamorphic bedrackin this area shows shearing characteristics that illustrate the existence of faults eaeFigure 2: An outcrop of highly sheared and weathered granite cock found a the right flank of the landslide area and outcrop of metasedimentary rock at the western part of the landslide area.7.5 Incldent Witnesses ‘Several interview sessions have been conducted withthe witnesses efter the incident and other information from Father Organic Farm Sd. Bhd. The findings frem the interview sessions held areas follows ‘A. Witness 4: Mr. Ng. Pak Choon (Worker) ‘The interview with one ofthe rescued victims, Mr. Ne Pak Choon. who isa worker at ‘the campsite, informed that there were two series of collapses wth atine apart sbout 20 minutes. twas reported thatthe ist collapse was smaller compared tothe second collapse. 18, Witness 2: Mr. Frankie Tan (Operator of Father's Organic Sd. Bh) ‘The interview with Mr, Frankie Tan, the Operator of Father Organic Sdn. Bhd, Informed that one ofthe vietims who was nthe restraom near the Riverview area was saved from the fist landslide Incident, which nearly hit the restroom. After the Incident, he goes quickly to the nearby tents and urged the camp participants to ‘evacuate before the second collapse occured in the upper area Director of Father Organic Farm Sdn. Bhd. (Mr. Chan Bhan Hn) 41, The contrat duration between Father's Organic Farm Sn, Bh, (formerly known as Tanah Gaia Sdn, ahd.) and Malaysia Botanical Garden Resorts Sd. Bhd. was for one year (2016-2017), 2, Father Organi Sdn. Bhd. took over the management af the ae after the contract with Fathers Organe Farm Sd. Bhd. expired 3. Father Organic Sdn. Bhd, employs the same workers. 4, There were no landslides during the contract period between Father's Organic Farm Sela he and Malnyeia Rotanical Garden Resorts Sdn th 5. Thereare existing retention ponds. 6, _Nolarge-scale soll excavation was carried out 7. Thereis a concrete drain atthe top of the hilin the area, Natural water‘ow is consistently abserved inthe dain, Mr. Chan has constructed an earth drain atthe bottom of the hil to provide surface water drainage. 8. Malaysia Gotanical Garden Resorts Sdn. Bhd. installed pelypipes (75mm diameter) before Fathers Organic Farm Sdn, Bhd. tok over the management ‘ofthe area ta channel the natural hill water supply. The pipe oute crosses the 166 path and extends to the Father's Organic Farm site 80. SITEINVESTIGATION 8.1 Topographical and Digital Terrain Model (OTM) survey From surface analysis conclude thatthe landslide movement occurred in between wo hilly areas, following the orignal topographic, Hydrology analysis indicate te accurnulation| cof surface water tunoff ta location 120 meters avay from the roadside towards the toe slope and stream order analysis before landslide also shows the presence of surface water network combinations of stream channels level 1 and level 2, forming larger stream channels of level 3 to level din the landslide area, The analysis process ofthe landslide incdent at Father’ (Organic Farm campsite on 16 December 2022, was based on data obtained from JUPEM, IMYSA,JP5, and JKR. Hulu Selangor. The analysed JUPEM data OTM before and after the landslide event. Several Peta Khas ate produced from analysis process, which are as follows: |. Peta Khas JKR Hllshade Selepas Tanah Runtuh, ji, Petakhas KR Kontur Contour Sebelum dan Seleras Tanah Runtuh Ti, Peta Khas Verifiasi (ROW) Jalan, Lukisan Terbina dan Lot Kadastr, |v. _ Peta khas CrossSection befor landslide, Vs Peta Khas Cross-Section after landslide, Vi, Peta khas cross section before & after andslde, and vi, Peta Khas Landslide Profile Measurement,‘The Special Maps produced from flow accumulation analysis, stream order analysis and watershed analysis are provided in APPENDIX C: |. Peta khas Flow Accumulation Sebelum Tanah Runtuh li Peta khas Flow Accumulation Selepas Tanah Rursuh li, Peta Khas 30 Flow Accumulation Sebelum Tanah Runtuh iv. Peta Khas 3D Flow Accumulation Selepas Tanah Runtuh Peta Khas Stream Order Sebelum Tanah Runtuh Vi. Peta Khas Stream Order Selepas Tanah Runtuh vi, Peta has ab Stream Order Sebelum Tanah Runtuh Vil, Peta Khas 30 Stream Order Selepas Tanah Runt Ix Peta Khas Watershed dan Paparan 30, X. Peta khaeaD Surface & Hydrology Analysis Sebelum Tanah Runtuh Xi, Peta Khas 3D Surface & Hydrology Analysis Selepas Tanah Runtuh 82 Geotechnical and Geophysical Interpretations 1 sub-surface investigation was carried out to obtain information related to the physical properties ofthe soln the landslide area. The investigation work volved is dling to obtain soil samples and soll laboratory tests for csturbed and uneliturbed samples obtained onsite, Table 4 isthe sub-surface Investigation work that has been carried out at these Table 4: Sub-surface investigation work that has been carted aut atthe site moMunety oS fe Se | ste eeinceoseanonpeg | saint82.1. Borehole Dring ‘The driling is caried out on the site for the purpose of obtaining soll and rock Information using dling methods, obtaining soll samples acording to depth and to conduct the tests onsite, Soll samples obtained are disturbed samples and undlturbed samples Disturbed sol sample is one in which the structure of the sll has been changed sulicienty that tests of the structural properties of the soil wil not be represensatives of insta conclitions, and only properties of sol grains can be accurately determined. Undisturbed soll sample is one where the condition ofthe sllin the sample is clase enough to the conditions ‘of the soln in-situ to allow tests of structural properties ofthe sol tabe used to approximate the properties ofthe solinsitu. For the landslide investigation onthe 866 Section 14.0route, «8 total of si (6) boreholes have been implemented; the leation i shown in Figure 25, Figure 25: Boreholes location8.2.2. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Result “The SPT was carried outa the ste during the borehole excavation work to obtain the “SPT -N* value ofthe sail inthe study area. The PT was developed to provide geotechnical ‘engineering properties for foundation design purposes. The testis carried out within borehole. The results can be used to determine the relative density, bearing capacity, and settlement of granular sol, The results can also be used to correlate the approximate strength of cohesive sol. This SPT test Involves driving aelindrcal sample of sol to the bottom ofthe borehole. The number of blows required from the harnmer, over Intervals of 150 0.450 mm (6 to 18 inches) are added up to give the blow count N. The N value Is used 35a basis for {geotechnical analysis such as pile design and soll profile classification. Figure 26, Figure 27, and Figure 28 show @ summary ofthe borehole profile based on the SPT test that has been carried out on ste. uaaLs : Bede No Descpton Thess) Gente (remit 84) 2 Sal no Shamaesm 2. Rock 32.0 168 a Description Thickness) 2 Sol 360 2 Rock 55 3. Boulders 45 Figure 26: Simplified profile of 8H and BHA of Study AreaDescription Thickness) soit 40 Boulders 4.0 Rock 205 LEGEND. ‘GAVEY SAND SANDY SILT z ‘GRANITE ETA SEDIMENT No Deszption Thickness) £ Sol a7 2 RockGrante 35 Sediment Figure 27: implied profile of BH2 and BH6 of Study AresBoao crrninate 24) sagan (oem) | I No Description Thickness(m) g se Fi E ‘cate a. Soil 9.5 q tera oh) 2. Rock 12.0 Q agmaten No Description Thickness(m) a. Soil 75 2. Rock 85 Figure 2: Simplified profile of BH3 and BHS of Study Area82.3 Mackintosh Probes (MP) MP were used to detect weak or shear plane at shallow depth, to determine hallow bedrock and/or design shallow foundation on natural ground with no recent ill anf structure with low risk A total 27 points of MP tests were carried out in study area. The tests terminated ‘when the JKR Probe blow reaches 400 blows/30 mm or 15-m depth, whichever comes ist. The lovato uf he JKR Prube eat ae sow in Figure 29. Figure 29: Layout of Mackintosh Probe Lines Based on MP rest the average of probes stops at depth ranging from Z.0-mto 7m depth, \which the lowest depth probe penetrate is 2.6 m at MP & and deepest penezrateis 7.01 m at [MP 22, Table Sand Table 6 show the summaty ofthe KR Probe test results‘Table 5: Summary of Mackintosh Probe Test Result MPL a3 MP0 259 | MPa 340 wre Bas | writ 255 M20 319 m3. 308 wei 331 wat air wa 536 | wna 568 rae 701 PS 537 | _ wri 338 Pa 256 ws an | Mes 521 area a7 wer 36 | _wPi6 08 Pas Sor MPa 266 pir 345 Mares 2a Ma) 3a | wri 2a [wna Bat ‘Table 6: Summary of Mackintosh Probe Test Result8.2.4 Laboratory Testing Several laboratory tests were performed on soils samples taken from the study area to ‘measure the soll properties. Some sol properties are intrisl to the composition of the soil matrix and are not affected by sample disturbance, while other properties depend on the structure ofthe sol as wells is compostion and can only be effectively tested on relatively Undisturbed samples. Disturbed and undisturbed sol samples from site were brought to the {geotechnical laboratory for testing of sol properties. Table 7 summarises the type of tests carted out onthe collected soil samples. Table 7: Summary of Laboratory Test ‘Alterberg Lint Non Partie Soe Disrbation Non Specie Gravity Noe ‘Shear Box Test ‘tno verte Now ‘Young Modus 1 Now Poin Rao Ne Poin Lond on 208 Earerties Test Result From the laboratory classification tests conducted on the site samples, the subsoils originated ace predominantly consists of SILT materials. Table & shows the summary of laboratory test result for Borehole No.3 and subsequently for others, the incex properties of the soll at the study area, Based on the Atterberg Limit Test results, the solis dominated by Silty SAND and has low plasticity. Based on the result of the Atterberg limit lest, most ofthe soll samples inthe study area consist of Intermediate to high plasticity sol,om oe | oo anvstus | az | ov 2 oon 19 om 8 sa anvsfus | sz | se fe cos. so ome ov | va | cna anvséus | se | ve 2 oe | co on coz za awvsius | 6 | e wuz | oo 1a awsus | at | oe | a | x zB 9e wz | on | isa wo [owzams | onneanys Aus sis fous | st fel8.2.4.2 Mechanical Properties Test Result The mechanical properties ofthe soll and rock are determined through the fdlowing laboratory tests: a. Shear Box Test ‘The Shear Box Test wae carried out for the soll samples to obtain the suength parameters, ‘cohesion, anl angle of internal rtion, The resus ofthe test ae shown inthe Table 9, ‘Table 9 Sol Strength Test Result fr study area SHEAR 80) TEST lsorenotewo,| samen. | vePrHim) |~conesion, © | ANGIE OF SHEARING oa HESISTANCE, @ () = 00 2 36 02 200 oe 00, 06 00 . ° oe 00 He oo [| 105 | Dao 32.0 ‘ 2» ro 135 oz 35.00 oH 3650 ° 0 oe 18.00b. Rock Test ‘The rock test was carried out forthe rock samples to obtain the strength parameters, compression strength, an Young's modulus, The results of the test are shown in the Table 10. “Table 10: Rock Strength Test Result for study area Rock TEST Joorenoueno, SAMPLE | DEH YOUNG] POISSON | POINT wo | moouius | ratio _|Loao tes] Wimnd | kN/mma Mpa a | ao 093) Hs | 750 3.24 cs] 2400 | 710 30 oa 5.2.5. Electrical Resistivity (ER) Survey Electrical Resistivity (ER) survey is one ofthe common geophysical methods to investigate sub-surface strata, Researchers use to identify the depth of bedrock. Electrics resistivity method functions by producing different values for diferent geological materials. The differences In resistivity allow engineers and geologists to find profile properties such as sal interfaces and the presence of water, when electrical contrasts are present. However, it's noted that a single ‘material can have a range of resistivity values based on concentration of ions, weathering, level of saturation, et ER survey interpretations when supported by other data can affer an accurate ‘representation ofthe subsurface sol profile and geologic formations Figure 30 below gives a ist of characteristic resistivity values fr sub-surface materialswesthred yee cil sediments setmenian rok 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1 of aot {conan sin) Figure 30: Resistivity of soll or rock by Palacky 1988 8.2.6 Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) 1 seismic exploration technique first introduced in Geophysics by Park et a. (1999). It evaluates ground stiffness by derive shear-wave velocity (Vs) of subsurface in 10,20, and 3D for various types of geotechnical engineering projets inthe most common dep range of O-30 m, Used to determine the subsurface shear wave velocities Non-invasive, fast, and lowcost method {or evaluation of near-surface shear wave velocity profiles. Figure 31 and Figure 32 show the procedure and the interpretation of MASW, While Table 11 shows the calcuted of SPT.N.‘becom “arp Prop mop 3m earners | SFTW (Glonatonm) | Unde sear vote on sh sie 5 re hone neta © | erent] 0-70 sa ae Fay pale si Fa Ban SHS FON ay he alow Foye PI Aan eng 8 < 2474 ye ey sae oh SOS ow ‘i tn poten ner se sng. 9. ib a altana ig sos Sy apse wey cote soe esa py ee ay an pas anor ep wae Very ig psy oe tam PEN) ick abn ys Sea aS a nF igure 33: The interpretation was based on NEHAP Site Gassfiatior Systm‘Table 11: The estimated SPTN was calculated by using this formula a reference Vans Demin [_SPEN [one 100-150 Sa Si Very Loos os 150.300 | Fim Sol/ Loose | 5.10. 300-250” | Sffsoi Mediu Dense | 10-16 : Vary Slt Mass Dense | 16.25, arson Si — 3580 400 600 Wevewed Rock | *Gtade IV ‘ o> Sigh Wears Rock | “Gade 3 “Based on Weathering dssification suggested by RM Working Pary Base on the result of inversion madel of resistivity survey, the apparent sistiviy (a) value rangife from 20 to 3000 Om, A large variation of apparent resistiity vale indicating heterogenepus Meg 1) sale tow a Val efi of weak zone. The joi att a of electric medium resstiity value ranging from: ‘material, boulder, and fresh granite ‘Based onthe inversion model of MASW technique, the survey yielded Shear Wave (Vs) and SPT-N imaging profiles wth depths ranging from 25 m to 30 m. From the Vs profile, anomalies of diferent zone were identified as Zone 1 to Zone 4 Zone 1 was defined as sc to fim soil with 9 velocity of 0-200 m/s. Zone 2 was interpreted a5 2 Soll condition of StIm/. Sif with a velocty of 200-300 m/s. Zane 3 was defined as hard/dense soll witha velocty of 300-200 m/s. Meanwhile, zone 4 was interpreted as Weathered Rock with a veloc greater than 400 m/s,‘From the shear wave value, by using the formula (Table 10) as reference, estimated SPT-N value was calculated, SPT-N:0-2 was interpreted as Very Soft, SPT-N: 2-4 Soft), SPT-N: 4-8 (Fim), SPT.N: 8-15 (Sif, SPT-N: 15-30 (Very Stiff) and SPT-N: 30-50 (Hard). From the results, MASW survey shown that the subsurface profil ofthe slope is made up of stifvery si, hard/dense sil and weathered rock Frony €® 1 profile; the resistivity and chargeabilty values obtained vary from low to high ‘cross both scales. Low resistivity areas are characterised as having values lower than 100 Q.m and fram this, there are two areas that can be considered as weak zones or saturated zones; the first i located from the distance of 55.5 m to 80.0 m atthe elevation of 725.0 m and below ‘whereas the second one is located from the distance 150.0 m to 180.0 atthe elevation of 735.0 are found to by are mostly consist of franite boulders materials fit the majority being stiffer stiff and hard/dense materials. The whathered rock material fh the highest value of Vs can be found atthe elevation of 720.0 m andfbelow. As for the sPT-vbrofil, the result can be sai close to similar with the borehole logs due tofne boreholes being not exaciyon the survey ine From ER 2 profile, the resistivity and chargeability values obtained vary from low to high ‘across both scales. Low resistivity areas are characterised as having values lower than 100 0.m and from ths, there are some areas that canbe considered as weak zones or saturated zones near ‘the surface but the mast significant is found located from the distance from 125.0 m to 160.0 m atthe elevation of 680.0 m and below. This consistent with the chargeabilty profile where this ‘area is found ta have lw chargeablty values and could aso bea potential contact zone between rani area (upper section of ER profle) and metamorphic rock area (lower section of ER profil) ‘This is supported by borehole data (BH6) that encounter metamorphic racks at 16.5 m-30-mdepth onthe lower section of ER profile. As forthe resto the area aside from the saturated zones, they are mostly deduced as granite boulders. From MASW 2 profile, the Vs value distribution consists of soft/frm to weathered rock ‘materials with the majority being stff/very stiff and hard/dense materials. The weathered rock ‘material with the highest value of Vs can be found at the elevation of 720.0 m and below. As for the SPTN profile; the result can be sad lose to similar withthe borchole logs cue tothe boreholes being not exactly onthe survey ine. From ER 3 profile, the resistivity and chargeabilty values abtained vary rom low to high ‘across both scales, Low resistivity areas are characterised as having values lower than 100 1m _and from this, there ae some areas that canbe considered as weak ones or sturated zones near ‘the surface which can be deduced a originated fom the surface coneltion cnsists of mostly soll, materials material withthe highest value of Vs can be found at the elevation of 705.0 m and below. As for the SPT-N profile, the result canbe sald lose to similar with the borehole logs duet the boreholes being not exactly onthe survey ine, From €R 4 profile, the resistivity and chargeabilty values obtained var from low to high ‘across both scales. Not that this profile was done on the debris accumulation one. Low resistivity ‘areas are characterised as having values lower than 100 0.m and from this, there are some areas STUthat can be considered as weak zones or saturated zones near the surface butthe most significant. {is found located from lstance 80,0 m to 90.0 m at the elevation of 685.0 m and below. This is consistent withthe chargeablty profile where this area is found to have low chargeabilty valves. Potential contact zone between granite area and metamorphic rock area ars deduced by sharp change of sil esstiity properties at 102.m, As for the rest of the area aside from the saturated ones, they are mostly deduced as granite boulders From MASW 4 profile, the Vs value distribution consists of softfiy to weathered rock materials, The weathered rack material with the highest value of Vs canbe found atthe elevation ‘of 680.0 m and below. From ERIS profile, the resistivity and chargeabilty values obtained vary from low to high cross both scales. Low resistivity areas are characterised as having values lower than 100 0.m and from ns saturated zone the frst i located from the dstance of 30 the elevation of 720.0 m apd below ed. as weak zones oF whereas the scond one is located! rom the distance 65.0 m to end of profi around #1 thik This i consistfnt Spare jgund to fave low chargeabilty vues. Rifor £ jot stlyFonsist of, ranite boule debris accumulation zone. The weathered rock material withthe highest value of Vs can be found at the elevation of 715.0m and below.om are(w) soueisia 2 coe ost owt Olt ost Ot om okt oct om ote Z COfamOGt ORT OLE ODT CSE OPT oer oor 0s OF LOCOS CCC TOs ANT MSV Gabon Fann msn ersuy Aauns wor eme we - CHB ay dann 0) Aeme WET CHE (wi) c2ucrsia ‘ou han oy he wee ZOOL O6t OT GT OST OST OME GET OT OIL oor OF 8 M% O OS or ow MK OH 0 3 z Z OGmmOSt OG OLI OBE OS Ov EL Oct OIT Ot OF OF M% OW OF Oo oO m © o | TOs 3NIT MSVINpusten | _ swwounwog vor ney/aiyduoweroyn g 210899 iieaas's pug \ 9 paeames saig 8 8 (us) NOLLWA3T3 a 1 aan tit Z OO OGT ORT OLE ODT OH OM OE Oct OIT Oot 06 OF OL 0 OF Gr 70s ANTI MSV vowQOHLWV LaS5 ~ Z 2UN1 NaNUNS MSYHE paste (w) aonvisia Ost OPE O82 OFT 00t re 00 ost 0 8 op DST PUR T0530 POXIATT=IO (w) NOLLWAgT3 Me oe Ost ORE Octo 70S INIT MSV DGt OPE Oc Oct Or oot 05 8 &% 0S OF oO o wm Oo OO (ria 2 aN SHOTSuate | oaydioweoy ue = crocs tans Iz vonfunsoy sugea Suipys aoa serra 0ST ass PUR PETS PRAT HOT uydioweo g 214629 Suez meen sas04 ssuowwoy |(w) z0NvISIC GSE OFT Oct Okt OT Or 0s oe OS T Te cox ost ost act ost o% a oo ‘POI pUE TOF PEKIN) I=SIO] T 7 ap —*peoy se1| a Ef os & 8 (w) NOLWASTA 1 O02 Os OBE OLT OST OST OPE ET Ort OI cor 05 €0S INIT MSV a ee ee TIDoaA ESN SHES‘pus8a1 | : sswouwo | (w) soNvISIa OW 00 ost ost oct ost ost ont oct Of Gr 06 OF OL OS Ot (501 pu 1105 30 pax) 159103 *peoy ser | OFZ OO O6t OBT OLT ORT OST OF ET OZ OIL OO U6 OB OL 03 OS mw oF w& at 0 | €0s INN MSVIN (ris eau newerpavesnes 1210N4 “Sus2 wOREIRUURODY HAST auduoweayy ewes ‘suoz YeIueD eqaIEsOG 7 any” = pareimes sem “inde ‘Baz woReInuRDay snaeOi Oct Ot OST. OMT OKT | otras v0s ANT MSVIN kano yan SH TETposse | sivowuwen | (w) aouersia | oct 09 OSt © OFT OET_ et OTE tL Sw = —— 7 > oss ‘BuO7 uOlje|nWNoDy sLuqad (wu!) wonenaia tort Ot OG vos ANT MSV Ce ee wias) yan MSOATTTS |Tay =) | pavesraes 200m, hy Smiem a. SLVR ST ealy mes sae, semenposter sswounoy (ut) uonensya + sreguoneinumaysuasa SS NZ OG OGT ORT OLE OST OST OM CEL Oct OI OM 05 OF O& 0 OF w of @ a 0 SOs 3NTI MSV TaDomA aN MSH DFTs(w) eouessig 2 00k OG ORT OLE OMT OSE OME ET OLE OT OOF 05 ve M% Ow OF w O @ % 0 {w) uopenaia ‘BUST UO eIURSSY HIRO % OO OGt OBL OLT ODE Os OFF OE OCC OIL Ot 06 OF O& 0 OS w oF &@ O 0 sos ANT MSV ‘wetas] SN SUN STS‘ANAS WWOIEAHAO39 40 NOU8.2.7. Interpretation of Survey Lines at the Fallure Zone (Source: IMG Report) ‘The survey lines around the allected consist of Lines A A’, B-B!,C-C’ and D- D. The results ofthe interpretation indicate the boundaries of lithological changes and anomalies on the resistivity cross-section of ach survey line. The low resistivity zone has a resistivity valve ranging from 1.4m to 3 fm ands seen locally in the cross sections of ines 8B and C=C" which secre to the rubble core, This zone is interpreted as a Water Saturated Zone which is believed to consist cof materials with high poresty and permeability causing water and electri current to flow easly ‘Medkum resistivity zones have resistivity values ranging from 10 Om to S00 Cm and are found in layers. This zone is interpreted a5 a weathering layer surface and r rn ag intebpreted as ‘embankment fil as esl i v on iefr008. The cutting procefs tokellila o io Wf with an around 4 m aif Line DD’ with a thickness of round 20 m, ‘The next layer has resistivity value ranging from 5D1 Om to 15000 rr and is found locally fon Lines A A, B-B, and CC’. This layer is nterpreted asa granitetype bedrock based on the {geological Information ofthe survey area.8.2.8 Interpretation of Survey Lines Around the Fallure Zones (Source: JMG Report) ‘The survey lines in the affected area consist of Lines E- , F-F, G-G' and W-H. The ‘results ofthe interpretation indeate the boundaries of ithologcal changes ard anomalies onthe ‘esistivity cross-section of each survey line, The low resistvty zone has a esitivty value ranging {rom $ (im to 50 Or ands seen locally on cross sections of Lines EE’, G-G' and HH (refer to Figure $0). This zone is interpreted as water-saturated material within the rubble debris aye: The medium resistivity zone has a resistivity value ranging from 31m to 500 Om. This zone was found tobe dominant in layer in each survey ine ofthe area around the affected and8.2.9. Findings from ER Survey and MASW. ‘The findings of the field observation and geophysical survey were simpiieé as below; +A total of thirteen (13) electrical resistivity imaging (ER)) and Five (5} MASW profiles were collected in this study, The resstity profile had been penetrated ‘the subsurface up to almost 80 m (depends on spread length) deep in average, rmeanvtile MASW is <30 m. ‘+ Resistivity mage was used asthe main guide to determine the electical properties of soil and potential of original ground. As forthe sol properties, the sll with high resistivity values, $1000 fm were probably due tothe presence of dry material, boulder, and granite, Intermediate Resistivity; SO ~ 1000 A.m is considered as Weathered Granite/Metamarphic Rock. Meanufile, the low resistivity values from 10-50.0.mindicate the sil condition of ether saturated/weak one. The presence of low resistivity value also acts as an indicator for the presence ef fault zone. In ieneral, the study area made up of mixed soll material from clay, si, sand, and boulder. The difference of resistivity value was interpreted due tothe strength of material, site conditions and the presence of high-water content. The resstity Image and boreholes eld test result give almost similarity in result “+The survey yielded Sheat Wave {Vs} and SPT-N imaging profiles with depths ranging from 25m to 30m, From the Vs profile, anomalies of eliferent zone were identified as Zone 1to Zone 4, Zone 1 was defined as soft to frm sol witha velocity of 0-200 fs, one 2 was interpreted 2 a soll condition of tif/V. stiff withaveloctyof200- 300 m/s, Zane 3 was defined as hard/ense soll with a velocity of 300-400 m/s ‘Meanwhile, zone 4 was interpreted as Weathered Rock wth avelocty greater than 400s + From the shear wave value, by using the formula (Table 5) a reference, estimated SPTN value was caleulated. SPT'N: 0:2 was interpreted as Very Soft, SP-N: 2-4 (Soft), SPT-N: 48 (Frm), SPT-N: 8-15 (Si), PEN: 15-30 (Very Sif) and SPT-N: 320-50 (Hard), From the results, MASW survey show thatthe subsurface profile of the slope is made up of stif/very sti, hard/dense sll and weathered roc. + Geologically study area is cavered by collivium material and underain by granite _andmetamorphicrock. Fromesstivity profile, possible contactzoneis shown at ERI