Pengajian Malaysia 3

MPU 3173/3172
Chapter 1

(week 1)
AMIR AFFENDY BIN MOHD
MPU Department
SEGi University
amiraffendy@segi.edu.my

Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 1

 Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

1. Develop an awareness and appreciation of the existence of a highly
developed Malay civilization, second to none, during the Malacca Malay
Sultanate
2. Discuss the fundamental factors which contributed to the glory of the
Malacca Malay Sultanate as well as its downfall
3. Explain the existence of other Malays Kingdoms with their own respective
sovereign characteristic
4. Describe the nation’s history and based on it, develop a sense of
national identity

Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 2

 Learning Outcome

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

1. Understand the nation’s history and based on it, develop a sense of
national identity
2. Understand the fundamental factors which contributed to the glory of the
Malacca Malay Sultanate as well as its downfall
3. Understand of the existence of a highly developed Malay civilization

Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 3

 Body Contents

• Introduction
• The Malacca Sultanate
• The Johor Government
• The Formation of Sultanate in Other States
• Conclusion

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 Quizzes
Answer all the following questions:

1. List FOUR ministers or court officials in administration of the Malacca

Malay Sultanate
-Bendahara
-Temenggung
-Laksamana
-Penghulu Bendahari
2. List TWO factors that contributed to the Golden Age of Malacca
-Geographical
-Economic

Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 5

 Tutorial
1.List TWO role of the Bendahara
-He is the main minister
-An advisor of the King

2. List TWO of Old Johore Rulers

-Sultan Muzaffar Shah
-Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah
 References
Mardiana Nordin and Hasnah Hussiin, Malaysian Studies, Shah Alam:
Oxford Fajar Sdn.
Bhd. Muhammad Yusoff Hashim (1989), Kesultanan Melayu Melaka, Kuala
Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 7

 Key terms
Key
Key Terms:
Bendahara Advisor to the king, could act as regent

Penghulu Treasurer of the government

Bendahari
Temenggung Executor/ head of legal matters, head of police

Laksamana Leader of all warriors, diplomat

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 Founding of the Malacca Sultanate

• The oldest Malay Sultanate in the history of Malaysia

– Old Kedah and the Perak Empire
– Funan, Srivijaya, and Majapahit
• The Srivijayan heritage, centered in Palembang
– Maritime empire, traded with various countries
– Hub for spread of Hindu-Buddhism
 • The Malacca First king was Parameswara (The Founder 1403 century
• Parameswara was a prince from Palembang(Sumatra).
• He then fled from Palembang (Sumatera) to Temasik(Singapore)
because Palembang was attack by Majapahit, when Palembang tried
to declared its independence from Majapahit empire .
• Parameswara was killed Temasik local ruler of Kingdom Ayutthaya (Siam)
representative, Temagi ,and appointed himself as the local king
• Shortly afterward, Parameswara was driven out of Temasik by the kingdom
Ayutthaya to avenge Temagi .

Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 10

 • There’s a legend in Malacca that say ,while Parameswara and their men
resting under Melaka tree, he saw a mouse-deer(pelanduk) kicking his
hunting dog into the river.
• He was so impressed by the scene , and believed it as a good omen ,he
decided immediately to build his new city on that spot.
• He name the place as Malacca , after he rest on under the Malacca tree.

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Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 14
 Early age of Malacca

• Parameswara was established Malacca as an international port

• Infrastructure developed- Malacca grow as a great global trade center.

• Parameswara seeking chances by paying homage to The emperor of china.

• In 1403, China was sent an envoy named Yin Ching who brought a gift to

Parameswara.

• The chinese emperor Yung Lo from Ming dynasty, got word of Malacca

through emissaries and traders( Middle East).

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 Arrival of Islam

• According to the Malay Chronicle, Parameswara dreamt about a

Meccan (Makah) man named Sayyid Abu Al Hassan who lecture
him about Islam
• Later on the evening , the Meccan man came and his perform asar
prayer
• He then convinced about Islam ,and convert into Islam and took
Sultan Iskandar Shah as his Islamic name.
• In 1409 , he married a Pasai princess ,which his strengthen on
Islamic belief.

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 Malacca Golden
Age
1. Malacca a strategic location .
 It is located midway between India and China trade route which is
strategic location for trader and also contribute for the spread of
Islamic teaching. So , many east and west traders cross there .The
route is called The Spice Route .
2. Administration Efficiency .
 The efficiency of Sultan Muzaffar Shah, Sultan Mansur Shah ,Sultan
Alauddin Riayat Shah and chief minister Tun Perak of managing the
marine trade ( Harbour-Master) and a strong military system .
3. Reasonable taxing system .
 The taxation system was low that attract many traders to trade in
Malacca .
4. Trade relationship with foreign country.
 Malacca has strong tie with their regular trader such as China ,
Java ,India and Siam(Although Siam posed as a threat) .
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 Malacca
Downfall
Age

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 Ruling System of the Malacca
Kingdom

no Sultan of Malaca Period of Reign

1 Parameswara/Iskandar Shah 1400-1414

2 Sultan Megat/Mahkota Iskandar 1414-1424

Shah
3 Sultan Muhammad Shah 1424-1444

4 Sultan Abu Shahid 1444-1445

5 Sultan Muzaffar Shah 1445-1456

6 Sultan Mansur Shah 1456-1477

7 Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah 1477-1488

8 Sultan Mahmad Shah 1488-1510 & 1513-1528

9 Sultan Ahmad Shah 1510-1513

 Ruling System

• Highest position – king / “Yang di-Pertuan”

• After conversion to Islam – “Sultan” / “Shah”
– Sultan Iskandar Shah first to embrace Islam
• Ruling system – absolute monarchy
• Court language – titah, patik, murka, kurnia, etc.
Fourfold Dignitary System
The Fourfold System
Regions under Melaka’s governance
 Vassal territories

• Areas under responsibility of certain ministers, collect taxes from

these regions
• Bendahara – Bentan, Muar
• Laksamana – Siantan, Sungai Raya
• Penghulu Bendahari – Kampar, Sering Hujung
• Seri Bija Diraja - Singapore
The Johore Government
 The Foundation of the Johore Government

 After defeated by the Portuguese, Sultan Ahmad Shah and his

father Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated into Pahang, of which
Sultan Ahmad passed away in Kopak.
 Sultan Mahmud then appointed his prince, Raja Muzaffar as his
successor and gave him the title of Raja Muda.
 Raja Muzaffar’s right to the throne was revoked when Raja Ali
was given birth to and Sultan Mahmud installed Raja Ali as
Sultan Muda.
 After Raja Mahmud passed away in Kampar in 1528, Raja Ali was
installed as the successor and was given the title Sultan Alauddin
Riayat Shah.
 Raja Muzaffar who was previously denied the throne, went to Perak
and became the first Sultan of Perak.
 Then, Sultan Alauddin married the princess of Pahang and moved to
Johore to start a new settlement in Hujung Tanah.
 From there onwards, he was known as the first Sultan of Johore, with
the title Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah.
 The Rulers of Johore

No. Ruler Reign

1 Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II 1528-1564
2 Sultan Muzaffar Shah 1564-1570
3 Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah 1570-1571
4 Sultan Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II (Raja Umar) 1571-1597
5 Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah III (Raja Mansur) 1597-1615
6 Sultan Abdullah Muayat Shah (Raja 1615-1623
Seberang)
7 Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III (Raja Bujang) 1623-1677
8 Sultan Ibrahim Shah (Raja Ibrahim) 1677-1685
9 Sultan Mahmud Shah II 1685-1699

From 1528 to 1721, the capitals of the Johore kingdom constantly changed.
This was mainly caused by Acheh and Portuguese attacks and the change of
Sultans.
 In the Johore goevernment, the Bendahara was the second in demand
after the Sultan. However, during Sultan Ibrahim and Sultan Mahmud’s
reign, Laksamana Tun Abdul Jalil had more authority than the
Bendahara.
 It started in 1673 when Jambi attacked and defeated Johore. Sultan
Abdul Jalil Shah III retreated to Pahang and Laksamana Tun Abdul Jalil
was ordered to prepare for a counter attack on Jambi.
 In 1679, he succeeded in defeating Jambi and restored the dignity of the Johore
kingdom. For his efforts, the title of Paduka Raja was bestowed upon him.
This title is one of the highest honour and is usually bestowed upon the
Bendahara.
 Laksamana Tun Abdul Jalil’s position grew even stronger when his daughter
married Sultan Ibrahim and his sons were given posts in all aspects of the
government.
 The Johore Administration, 1721-1819

 Between 1718 and 1721, a king from Siak named Raja Kecil claimed to be the
true descendent of Sultan Mahmud of Johore and after overthrowing Sultan
Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV, declared himself the Sultan of Johore.
 With the help of the Five Bugis Brothers, Raja Kecil was defeated. Then, Raja
Sulaiman, the son of Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV became the 13 th Sultan
of Johore.
 After 1722, Yamtuan Muda and Raja Tua were added into the
administrative system and the positions were held by the Bugis
.
Formation of Sultanates in Other States
 Perak

• Kota Tampan, Gua Badak and Gua Kerbau-existence of early

settlements in Perak since prehistoric times.
• The Perak Sultanate have very close ties with Melaka
Sultanate.Raja Muzzafar was the son of the Sultan of Melaka,
Sultan Mahmud.
• After his father’s death and subsequently losing the crown to his
brother(who was born to the first wife, Raja Fatimah), he went to
Perak and was crowned the first Sultan of Perak, thus establishing
the Perak Sultanate.
 Pahang

• Arabic, European, Chinese explorers and classical texts referred to

Pahang as: Pam, Pan, Phang, Pan-Hang, Inderapura
• According to Sejarah Melayu: the first Sultan of Pahang, who was
the son of Sultan Mansur (Sultan of Melaka) Raja Muhammad was
exiled to Pahang after he accidentally killed the Bendahara’s son.
• Aceh attacked and took over Pahang in 1617. The then ruler, Raja
Bujang retreated to Johor and was made Sultan of both Pahang and
Johor
• Johor-Pahang was ruled by the Pahang Sultanate royal family until
1699, where the Bendahara dynasty took over the throne of Johor.
 Negeri Sembilan

• As the name suggests, made up of 9 states. Sg. Ujong, Naning,

Rembau, Jelebu, Johol, Klang, Jelai, Ulu Pahang and Segamat.
Klang and Segamat have been given to Selangor and Johor
respectively.
• Before the 16th century, N. Sembilan was just a territory of Johor. It
was in the 17th century that ministers elected Minangkabau kings as
rulers for N. Sembilan, as most residents were of Minangkabau
descent.
• The first 2 kings failed to make any impression of ruling the state
during that period. In the 18th century, Raja Melewar ascended as
the Yamtuan Negeri.
• In 1808, Raja Lenggang succeeded in keeping and controlling the
throne, maintaining the royal family’s stronghold as the Sultan.
 Selangor

• Bronze drums and bells in Klang and K. Langat dating back 2000
years were found.
• Sejarah Melayu: Selangor was a territory of Malacca in the 15th
century and after the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese, Selangor
came under Johor rule, also by descendants of the Melaka
Sultanate.
• The present-day royal family are descendants of Raja Lumu (Sultan
Sallehuddin Riayat Shah). Bugis origin, he released Selangor from
the rule of Johor and made it into a sovereign state upon itself.
 Terengganu

• Chinese called it ‘Tong-Ya-Nong’. Ptolemy’s maps in the 12th

century show K. Terengganu as Perimoula and Kole.
• The Stone Tablet of Terengganu shows that Islam has been
spreading in Terengganu since the 1300s.
• Tun Zainal Abidin, descendant of the Johor ruling Bendahara family
founded the Terengganu Sultanate in the 18th century.
 Kedah

• Kedah is one of the oldest settlements in the Malay Peninsula,

populated since the Pleistocene age.
• Mentioned in historical records of foreign countries. Arabian/Persian
records show Kilah, Kalah or Qalha. Its Sanskrit name was Kataha
and its Tamil name was Kadaram or Kalagam
• Early rulers of Kedah were unknown. One opinion states that early
rulers were from Gumrun Persia, and they bore the title of Maharaja.
Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa however states that a Roman king
established the Kedah kingdom.
• In the later years, Kedah was then invaded by Aceh, Siam, and then
transferred to the British through the Bangkok Agreement in 1909.
 Kelantan

• Kelantan was an early port and settlement. Chinese Tang recorded

as Ko-Lo. Others referred it as Kou-lo-tan.
• Kelantan was ruled by the Jembal Dynasty and then the Long
Yunus Dynasty, which is the present royal family.
• Female rulers also ruled the Kelantan state, like Puteri Saadong and
Cik Siti Wan Kembang.
• Long Yunus wanted to retrieve his throne from the hands of Long
Pandak, who ascended the throne with unrightfully ways. He sought
help from the Sultan of Terengganu, Sultan Mansur and after 3
revolts, retrieved the throne successfully.
 Conclusion

• By understanding the rise and fall of these malay kingdoms,one can

conclude that a great civilization existed in the past.for example, the malay
sultanate was on par with many other successful civilizations.
• The appearance and development of all the other malay states also proves
that each of these states has their own sovereignty

Last Updated:November 28, 2023 © SEGi education group 44