WRITTEN REPORT

PROJECT FOR THE MIDTERM GRADING PERIOD IN READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

SIGAW NG PUGAD LAWIN

Group 3, BSAeE 1-1

Group Leader
Pascual, Geffrey C.
Group Secretary
Mariñas, Stephen E.
Group Member/s
Hecomo, John Patrick B.
Galgo, Gerick Griffin S.
Balaoro, Maxell S.
Thomas, Kurt Gerard G.

November 2023
Our group was assigned the topic Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin. This project seeks to find the
answers to the following questions:
1. Who are the sources and what are their accounts of the events?
2. What are the major arguments of each source, in relation to the accounts they
have provided?
3. In light of the evidence you have examined, what is the stand of your group? Do
you support any of the sources? Do you have other sources that disprove the
accounts of the sources in the reading material provided?

I. SOURCES AND ACCOUNTS

There are four main accounts regarding the Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin: Pio Valenzuela,
Santiago Alvarez, Guillermo Masangkay, and Gregoria de Jesus.

Pio Valenzuela
Pío Valenzuela y Alejandrino was born in Polo, Bulacan which is now known as the City
of Valenzuela. Pio was a Filipino physician and also a revolutionary leader. He was active
in organizing many Katipunan chapters, especially in Bulacan. He was 22 when he joined
the Katipunan. He was the close friend of Andres Bonifacio and the godfather of Andres'
eldest child. When the house of Andres burned down, Pio brought him and his family to
live in his house. Together with Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, they formed the
Camara Reina, a secret chamber of the society. There was a publication operated by the
Katipunan called Ang Kalayaan and he took over it. He was sent to Dapitan to convince
Jose Rizal to head the Revolution, but Rizal declined because he thought the Filipinos
were not ready for self-government. He was first tutored at home then went to Manila in
1884 to study at Colegio de San Juan de Letran. In 1888, he enrolled at the University of
Santo Tomas and there he finished his License in Medicine in 1895. He joined when the
Katipunan was barely a week old when he was still a medical student (Valenzuela LGU,
n.d.)
According to Gregorio Zaide (1990), In 1936, Pio Valenzuela, Briccio Pantas, and Enrique
Pacheco said that the first Cry of the Revolution did not happen in Balintawak where the
monument, but in Pugad Lawin. He stated that the first place of refuge of Andres
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio, Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and
himself was Balintawak. They arrived on August 19, and Pio Valenzuela on August 20,
1986. They first met on August 22, 1896, at the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at
Kangkong where some 500 members of the Katipunan met. Aside from the persons
mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago,
Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Although only views were exchanged,
and no resolution was debated or adopted. It was Pugad Lawin, Pio said. The house,
storehouse, and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchhora Aquino. Over 1,000 members of
the Katipunan gathered and carried out considerable debate and discussion. The
discussion was on whether the revolution against the Spanish government should be
started on August 29, 1896. After the meeting, many of the Katipuneros tore their cedula
certificates and shouted “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas! Mabuhay ang Katipunan!"
Santiago Alvarez
Santiago Alvarez, a Katipunero and Mariano Alvarez's son, the Magdiwang faction leader
in Cavite, stated in 1927 that the Cry took place in Bahay Toro, now in Quezon City on
August 24, 1896. He was a revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president
of the first directorate of Partido Nacionalista. He was known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” because
of his bravery and dedication as the commander of Cavite’s famous battles. He is the only
child of the revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez and Nicolasa Virata. He had his early
education under Sr. Antonio Dacon and later transferred to a private school in Cavite
where Don Ignacio Vilocillo taught him. He was sent to Manila and enrolled at a school
along Tondo, Manila because his parents wanted him to become a teacher. After the
revolution, he enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas but later transferred to the Colegio
de San Juan de Letran where he obtained a degree. He then took up law at the Liceo de
Manila.
They commenced their trek to Kangkong at around eleven that night. Through the rain,
they traversed dark expanses of muddy meadows and fields, their clothes drenched, and
their bodies numbed by the cold wind. Wordlessly, they plodded on. By nearly two in the
morning, they reached the house of Brother Apolonio Samson in Kangkong. Weary, they
crowded into the house to rest and warm themselves, hanging their wet clothes out to dry
before falling asleep. The Supremo began assigning guards at five o'clock the following
morning, Saturday, 22 August 1896, placing detachments at the Balintawak boundary and
the backyard to the north of the house where they had gathered.
No fewer than three hundred men assembled at the Supremo Andres Bonifacio's
command, armed with assorted weapons such as bolos, spears, daggers, a dozen small
revolvers, and a rifle belonging to Lieutenant Manuel, used for bird hunting. Restless due
to fear of a sudden enemy attack, the Supremo worried about the possibility of intercepted
couriers carrying a letter from Emilio Jacinto, which could reveal their whereabouts and
expose them to a sneak attack. Consequently, he decided it was safer to move to a site
called Bahay Toro.
By ten o'clock that Sunday morning, 23 August 1896, they arrived at Bahay Toro, their
numbers having swelled to more than 500. Cabesang Melchora's house, yard, and
warehouse were now crowded with Katipuneros. Like Apolonio Samson, Cabesang
Melchora extended generous hospitality, opening her granary and providing plenty of rice
and slaughtered animals to feed the tired rebels. The following day, Monday, 24 August,
more Katipuneros arrived, increasing their number to over a thousand.
The Supremo called a meeting at ten o'clock that morning inside Cabesang Melchora's
barn, flanked by Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, Enrique Pacheco,
Ramon Bernardo, Pantelaon Torres, Francisco Carreon, Vicente Fernandez, Teodoro
Plata, and others at the head of the table. The barn was so crowded that some stood
outside. The meeting approved the following matters:
• An uprising to defend the people's freedom was to be initiated at midnight on
Saturday, 29 August 1896.
• The Katipunan forces were to be on a state of alert so they could strike should the
situation arise where the enemy was at a disadvantage. Thus, the uprising could
start earlier than the agreed time of midnight on 29 August 1896 if a favorable
opportunity arose at that date. All were urged to steel themselves and be resolute
in the imminent struggle.
• The immediate objective was the capture of Manila.
After the adjournment of the meeting at noon, tumultuous shouts of "Long live the Sons
of the People!" filled the air.
Guillermo Masangkay
Guillermo Masangkay joined the Kataastaasang, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (KKK), also known as the Katipunan when he was just 17 years old, and
became one of its first members. He held a prominent figure in the Katipunan as he was
the personal counselor, confidant, and close friend.to Andres Bonifacio, the KKK’s
founder and Supremo (Inquirer, 2016).
Upon further study, it is said that he was born on June 25, 1867, in Meisic, Tondo, Manila,
and was the youngest out of the four children of Domingo Masangkay of Batangas and
Victoria Rafael of Tanza, Cavite. In the early chapters of his life, Masangkay navigated
the waters as a bangkero (a boatman) with no formal education, who despite his situation,
displayed an innate fluency in Spanish and a remarkable intellectual vigor.
To quench his thirst for knowledge, Guillermo Masangkay avidly read books that borrowed
from neighbors, transforming him into a man well-versed in the political and social
landscapes of his time. Seemingly fate and his inquisitiveness intertwined him with a
prominent figure in his neighborhood, Andress Bonifacio. A camaraderie was born with
this encounter and it further blossomed when they learned that they share similar patriotic
aspirations.
When Bonifacio, along with Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata, founded the Katipunan on
July 7, 1892, Masangkay became one of its inaugural members, standing alongside
individuals like Restituto Javier, Vicente Molina, Valentin Diaz, Briccio Pantas, and Roman
Basa. As Bonifacio sought to elevate the Katipunan into a revolutionary association,
Masangkay's approval was pivotal. Designated by Bonifacio himself, Masangkay took
charge of organizing the Katipunan chapter in Cavite. The turning point arrived in August
1896 when the Katipunan faced discovery. Masangkay, together with Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio
Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, Francisco Carreon, and the other leaders of the Katipunan
convened in a clandestine meeting at Apolonio Samson's house in Balintawak, Caloocan
on the 26th of that month. It was also composed of the board of directors of the
organization and delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong were present
as well.
In regards to the meeting that took place, according to Masangkay it started around nine
in the morning of August 26. This meeting at hand was presided and opened by Andres
Bonifacio, and Emilio Jacinto acted as its secretary. The purpose was to discuss when
the uprising was to take place. Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela shared
the view that initiating the revolution prematurely should be avoided. They argued that
starting the revolution without proper preparation would cause distress among the people.
In fear of losing the argument, Andres Bonifacio went out of the meeting with the leaders;
after which, he went to the people waiting for its verdict and gave them a fiery speech,
that led to the iconic moment of defiance where each member outside, including
Masangkay destroyed their cedulas, raising the cry of "Revolt" against Spain. Bonifacio
then returned to the meeting and informed the leaders of what took place outside.
According to Masangkay’s account Bonifacio said "The people want to revolt, and they
destroyed their cedulas. So now we have to start the uprising, otherwise the people by
hundreds will be shot. There was no alternative”. This led the board of directors to create
a vote, where the majority voted for the revolution. And once this decision was made, the
people shouted the words “Long Live the Philippine Republic”.
Gregoria de Jesus
Gregoria de Jesus, also referred to as the Lakambini ng Katipunan or the Mother of the
Philippine Revolution, played a huge role in the Philippine Independence as she was the
custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan, as well as one of the founders and
the vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines. In addition,
she was also the wife of Andres Bonifacio, whom they got married on one quiet evening
in March 1893, at Oroquieta Street, Santa Cruz, Manila under the rites of their secret
organization, the Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggang ng Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KKK).
Exploring her origins, it is said that Gregoria de Jesus was born on May 9, 1875, in
Baltazar Street, Caloocan, the place where the arms used in the revolution were buried
and the place where the revolutionary leaders would usually meet. She was born into a
pious middle-class family as her father was Nicolas de Jesus, a master mason, carpenter,
and a Gobernadorcillo during the Spanish regime; and her mother was Baltazara Alvarez
Francisco of the town of Noveleta in Cavite Province, a niece of General Mariano Alvarez
of Magdiwang in Cavite. She also had some siblings similar to the middle-class families
at the time, specifically one younger sister, and two older brothers. At the time, her family
would be far from being considered poor because they were part of an emerging class of
relatively well-off bourgeoisie-small landowners, This is also factored by the familial
connections she has, one example would be Gregoria’s cousin, Teodoro Plata, a court
clerk, and was sharing a dorm room with two other people, the University of Santo Tomas
law student Ladislao Diwa and warehouse clerk Andres Bonifacio.
In terms of education, it can be said that Gregoria de Jesus was a very bright student on
all accounts as she won a silver medal at an examination organized by the governor-
general and the local parish priest. Despite this, only her older brothers were given the
chance at education as they were sent to Manila to study. Meanwhile, she was left home
to look after her younger sister at the request of both her parents
On a side note, it was her cousin Teodoro Plata, who acted as the catalyst to spark her
relationship with Andres Bonifacio and went on to court her for over a year; given that
Teodoro was the one who consented the couple to getting married, despite Greogoria’s
fathers wishes because he didn’t like Andres on account of his freemasonry. She was
married to Andres Bonifacio twice, the first time was under the rites of the church and the
second time occurred a week later, this time under the rites of the KKK.
From here on out, she took the title of being the Lakambini of the Katipunan, where she
took on the duty of keeping the Katipunan’s documents safe, became the group's record
keeper, and even helped sew the first flag of the Katipunan alongside Benita Javier.
Around this time, the power couple moved to a house in Calle Anyahan along with Emilio
Jacinto, who also ran a printing press inside the same house.
Despite her duties to the KKK, both Gregoria and Andres still had time for each other,
which eventually resulted in Andres Jr, who was born in Caloocan. It was Dr. Pio
Valenzuela who was the godfather at the baptism of Andres Jr. During this time, the couple
moved to a house in Cervantes Street and once more became a hotbed of Katipunan
organizing — where at some point Emilio Aguinaldo was sworn in as a member in that
very house.
Afterward, the Bonifacio Family would be hit with a string of bad luck. First, beginning
when they once again moved to Dulongbayan, Tutuban, because a fire burned their
house down. The second tragedy struck when their son Andres Jr caught smallpox and
died as an infant. They then went temporarily onto their separate ways as Teodoro Patiño
exposed the Katipunan to colonial authorities. This caused the Spanish authorities to
swiftly take action against the Katipunan, resulting in the arrest or execution of numerous
individuals based on their perceived or actual connections to the organization. To avoid
such a fate the couple left Manila, and Gregoria returned to her parents in Caloocan.
At this point, she realized that Caloocan also wasn’t safe for her anymore and decided to
leave her home in the middle of the night, to return to Manila. She went and sought refuge
from her family and friends, moving from one home to the other, until the moment when
she was reunited with her husband at San Francisco del Monte, on November 1, 1896.
She later found out that the moments where she sought refuge from some people even
those who didn’t help her got punished by the Spaniards, resulting in seized properties,
various punishments, and even exile.
Additional Accounts:
The Memoirs of Emilio Aguinaldo (1967), refer to two letters from Andres Bonifacio
dated 22 and 24 August. They pinpoint the date and place of the crucial Cry meeting when
the decision to attack Manila was made:
“Noong ika-22 ng Agosto, 1896, ang Sangguniang Magdalo ay tumanggap ng isang lihim
na sulat mula sa Supremo Andres Bonifacio, sa Balintawak , na nagsasaad na isamng
mahalagang pulong ang kanilang idinaos sa ika-24 ng nasabing buwan, at lubhang
kailangan na kame ay mapadala roon ng dalawang kinatawan o delegado sa ngalan ng
Sanggunian. Ang pulong aniya’y itataon sa kaarawan ng kapistahan ng San Bartolome
sa Malabon, Tambobong. kapagkarakang matanggap ang nasabing paanyaya, an
gaming Pangulo na si G. Baldomero Aguinaldo, ay tumawag ng pulong sa tribunal ng
Cavite el Viejo… Nagkaroon kami ng pag-aalinlangan sa pagpapadala roon ng aming
kinatawan dahil sa kaselanang pagdararanang mga pook at totoong mahigpit at abot-
abot ang panghuli ng mag Guardia Civil at Veterana sa mga naglalakad lalung-lalo na sa
mag pinaghihinalaang mga mason at Katipunan. Gayon pa man ay aming hinirang at
pinagkaisahang ipadalang tanging Sugo ang matapang na kapatid naming si G. Domingo
Orcullo… Ang aming Sugo ay nakarating ng maluwalhati sa kanyang paroonan at
nagbalik din na wala naming sakuna, na taglay ang sulat ng Supremo na may petsang
24 ng Agosto. Doon ay wala naming sinasabing kautusan, maliban sa patalastas na
kagugulat-gulat na kanilang lulusubin ang Maynila, sa Sabado ng gabi, ika-29 ng Agosto,
at ang hudyat ay ang pagpatay ng ilaw sa Luneta. Saka idinugtong pa na marami diumano
ang nahuli at napatay ng Guardia Civil at Veterana sa kanyang mga kasamahan sa lugar
ng Gulod …”
The opening line in the Biak na Bato Constitution (1897) states “Ang paghiwalay ng
Filipinas sa kahariang España sa patatag ng isang bayang may sariling pamamahala’t
kapangyarihan na pangangalang “Republika ng Filipinas” ay siyang layong inadhika
niyaring Paghihimagsik na kasalukuyan, simula pa ng ika- 24 ng Agosto ng taong 1896…”
These lines- in a legal document at that – are persuasive proof that in so far as the leaders
of the revolution are concerned, the revolution began on 24 August 1896. The document
was written only one and a half years after the event and signed by over 50 Katipunan
members, among them Emilio Aguinaldo, Artemio Ricarte, and Valentin Diaz (Guerrero,
M., et al., June 6, 2003).

II. MAJOR ARGUMENTS OF THE SOURCES AND ACCOUNTS

A. PIO VALENZUELA’S ACCOUNT:
1. The Cry of the Rebellion happened in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896:
• According to Pio Valenzuela, one of the key figures in the Katipunan, the
Cry of Balintawak or the Cry of Pugad Lawin, considered the starting point
of the Philippine Revolution, did not happen in Balintawak where the
monument stands but in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
2. Meeting at Kangkong on August 22, 1896:
• The first meeting of some 500 Katipunan members took place at the house
and yard of Apolonio Samson in Kangkong on August 22, 1896.
• Views were exchanged, but no resolution was debated or adopted during
this meeting.

3. Significant Meeting at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896:

• The crucial meeting involving over 1,000 Katipunan members occurred at
Pugad Lawin, specifically at the house, storehouse, and yard of Juan
Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino (known as Tandang Sora).
• Extensive debate and discussion took place on August 23, 1896, focusing
on whether or not the revolution against the Spanish government should
start on August 29, 1896.

B. SANTIAGO ALVAREZ ACCOUNTS:

1. The Cry of the Rebellion happened in Bahay Toro on August 24, 1896:
• Santiago Alvarez, a key figure in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
rule, particularly in the province of Cavite, also played a significant role
during the early stages of the uprising. According to him, the First Cry of the
Rebellion happened in Bahay Toro on August 26, 1896.

2. Trek to Kangkong:
• The Katipunan members, including Santiago Alvarez, began their journey
to Kangkong around eleven at night.
• They walked through rain and muddy meadows, reaching the house of
Brother Apolonio Samson in Kangkong.

3. Assignment of Guards on Saturday, August 22, 1896:

• Andres Bonifacio, known as the Supremo, assigned guards starting at five
o'clock the following morning.
• Approximately three hundred men, armed with assorted weapons,
assembled at Balintawak.
• Bonifacio was concerned about a possible enemy attack and the
interception of couriers carrying a letter from Emilio Jacinto.

4. Move to Bahay Toro on Sunday, August 23, 1896:

• Due to Bonifacio's concerns, the group moved to Bahay Toro, arriving at
ten o'clock that Sunday morning.
• The number of Katipuneros had grown to more than 500, and Cabesang
Melchora's hospitality was acknowledged.
5. Meeting Inside Cabesang Melchora's Barn on Monday, August 24, 1896:
• The Supremo called a meeting at ten o'clock that morning, and the
attendance grew to more than a thousand Katipuneros.
• Key figures present at the meeting included Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio
Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, and others.
• The following matters were approved at the meeting:
• The uprising to defend people's freedom would start at midnight on
Saturday, August 29, 1896.
• The Katipunan forces should remain on alert for a favorable
opportunity to start the uprising earlier than the agreed date.
• All members should prepare themselves for the imminent struggle.
• The immediate objective was the capture of Manila.

C. Guillermo Masangkay’s Account

• The First Cry happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896.
-In 1932, Guillermo Masangkay recounted his experiences as a fellow friend
of Andres Bonifacio and as a Katipunero. During an interview with the Sunday
Tribune Magazine, he stated that the first cry happened in Balintawak on August
26, 1896. His account was recognized during the first decade of American rule as
the fix for the official date and place of the First Cry by the government.
• Changed his narrative of the date and place of the First Cry to August 23, 1896.
-During an interview that was published in a newspaper Bagong Buhay on
August 26, 1957, Masangkay changed his narrative that the revolution started on
August 23, 1896, similar to the account of Dr. Pio Valenzuela.
• The date was changed back to August 26, 1896.
-Masangkay’s date was later changed back to August 26, 1896, after her
granddaughter, Soledad Buehler-Borromeo, cited sources including the Masangkay
papers that the original date was August 26.

D. Gregoria de Jesus, Version of the First Cry, (Zaide 8, pp. 305)

• The First Cry occurred near Caloocan on August 25, 1896.
-According to Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Andres Bonifacio, the First Cry
occurred near Caloocan on August 25, 1896, after reuniting with her husband in the
mountains after she fled to Manila because the Spanish authorities were going to arrest
her. From the book by Gregorio Zaide, where the primary source was taken, the version
of Gregoria is as follows:

“The activities of the Katipunan had reached nearly all corners of the Philippine
Archipelago so that when its existence was discovered and some of the members
arrested, we immediately returned to Caloocan. However, as we
were closely watched by the agents of the Spanish authorities, Andres Bonifacio
and other katipuneros left the town after some days. It was then that the uprising began,
with the first cry for freedom on August 25, 1896. Meanwhile, I was with my parents.
Through my friends, I learned that the Spanish were coming to arrest me. Immediately, I
fled town at eleven o’clock at night, secretly going through the rice fields to La Loma, with
the intention of returning to Manila. I was treated like an apparition for, sad to say, in every
house where I tried to get a little rest, I was driven away as if the people therein were
frightened for their own lives. Later, I found out that the occupants of the house which I
had visited were seized and severely punished — and some even exiled. One of them
was an uncle of mine whom I had visited on that night to kiss hand, and he died in exile.”

III. ALTERNATIVE NARRATIVE/ OUR GROUP’S STAND

After thoroughly reading and analyzing the puzzling conflicting accounts presented, we
have decided that the cry of the Pugad Lawin occurred on August 24, 1896, in the barn
of Tandang Sora in Gulod, now located in Banlat, Quezon.
Many have been confused about Balintawak and Caloocan. In the past, Balintawak
encompassed modern Caloocan and wider areas, including parts of modern Quezon.
Caloocan, on the other hand, used to cover modern Caloocan, modern Quezon, and
modern Pasig. The areas of Pugad Lawin, Pasong Tamo, and Kangkong were part of
Greater Balintawak, leading to disagreements in these locations.
According to the National Historical Institute (NHI) research team for the Philippine
Historical Committee in 1940, with Valenzuela as a member, the precise site of Pugad
Lawin is in Sitio Gulod, Banlat, Caloocan City. This claim is supported by Pio Valenzuela
and the great-granddaughter of Tandang Sora, who asserts that Pugad Lawin was a nest
for birds on top of a Sampaloc tree in a hill, the highest elevated area near Balintawak.
Alvarez also supports the claim that the cry happened in the Barn or Warehouse of
Tandang Sora in Banlat, Quezon.
Pio claimed that the cry happened on August 23, Alvarez on August 24, and Masangkay
on August 26, later changing to August 23 and 26. Masangkay mentioned multiple
instances of tearing cedulas on the 24th and 26th. The memoirs of Emilio Aguinaldo
further support the August 24 claim, stating that there were two letters from Bonifacio
dated on the 22nd and 24th. The content of the first letter indicated an important meeting
to be held on August 24. Another piece of evidence supporting the August 24 claim is the
Biak-na-Bato Constitution, which states, "The separation of the Philippines from the
Spanish monarchy, with the establishment of a government truly its own under the name
of the 'Republic of the Philippines,' was proclaimed on the 24th of August, 1896."
In conclusion, it is most probable that the cry of Pugad Lawin took place on August 24,
1896, in the barn of Tandang Sora in Gulod, Banlat, Quezon.
SOURCES:
Aguinaldo, E. (1967). My memoirs.

Guerrero, M. (June 6, 2003). "In Focus: Balintawak: The Cry for a Nationwide

Revolution''. National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

https://ncca.gov.ph/.../balintawak-the-cry-for-a.../

INQUIRER.net. (2016, June 24). Did you know: Guillermo Masangkay | Inquirer News.

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792169/did-you-know-guillermo-masangkay

Philippine History -- The Cry of Pugadlawin. (2009).

https://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pugadlawin.html

Relocation of the “First Cry” monument from Balintawak to UP recalled. (2021, August

23). Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1151275

Quirino, C. (1995). Who’s Who in Philippine History. Manila : Tahanan Books.

https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LTQS-NLN/gen-guillermo-masangkay-y-

rafael-1867-1963

Valenzuela LGU. (n.d.). Philippine Revolution. City Government of Valenzuela.

https://valenzuela.gov.ph/article/news/72

Zaide G. (1990). "Cry of Balintawak". Documentary Sources of Philippine History.