NAME:

COURSE:

1. Discuss the following events. Provide an insight into what effect do these events have on the
situation in the Philippines during the Duterte Administration.

A. Extrajudicial Killings
B. B. Martial Law in Mindanao
C. President Duterte threatening to leave the United Nations
D. Oplan Tokhang
E. Release of Drug Lords

A. Extrajudicial Killings:

Extrajudicial killings have been a highly contentious and deeply troubling aspect of President
Duterte's war on drugs in the Philippines. This campaign, launched in 2016, aimed to eradicate drug-
related crimes, but its methods have been highly controversial. Thousands of alleged drug offenders
have been killed by both law enforcement and unidentified assailants, often without due process.

The effects of these extrajudicial killings have been profound. While supporters argue that
they have led to a decrease in drug-related crimes, critics point to the significant human rights
abuses associated with these actions. The international community has expressed grave concerns
over the widespread violence and the apparent lack of accountability for these killings.

One of the major consequences has been the damage to the Philippines' international
reputation. The human rights violations associated with the anti-drug campaign have led to strained
relations with several Western countries, particularly those in the European Union. These tensions
have had economic repercussions, as foreign investments and tourism have been negatively
affected.Moreover, extrajudicial killings have created an atmosphere of fear and mistrust within the
country. This climate of fear can deter individuals from seeking help for substance abuse, which
could hinder efforts to address the drug problem in a more humane and effective manner.

The lack of accountability for these killings has also eroded trust in the country's law
enforcement agencies and the justice system. It has raised concerns about the rule of law, due
process, and the protection of human rights in the Philippines.

B. Martial Law in Mindanao:

President Duterte declared martial law in Mindanao in May 2017, following clashes between
government forces and extremist groups like Abu Sayyaf and Maute. While the government's
intention was to restore order and combat terrorism, the declaration raised concerns about the
potential for abuses of power. Martial law grants the military significant authority, including the
suspension of civil liberties, curfews, and warrant less arrests. These measures can be necessary to
combat security threats, but they also carry the risk of human rights violations.

The effects of martial law in Mindanao have been mixed. While it may have improved security
in the region and reduced the threat of terrorism, it has also disrupted the lives of civilians,
particularly those in conflict-affected areas. Displaced populations have faced challenges accessing
basic services, and there have been reports of abuses by security forces.
 Additionally, the declaration of martial law has stirred tensions with minority communities,
such as the Moro people. These groups have historically faced discrimination and have concerns
about potential abuses of power by the military. Efforts to restore normalcy and address the root
causes of extremism in Mindanao are crucial for achieving lasting peace and security in the region.

C. President Duterte Threatening to Leave the United Nations:

President Duterte's threats to withdraw from the United Nations (UN) were a response to
criticism from the international community, particularly regarding the anti-drug campaign and
human rights abuses in the Philippines. While these threats were largely seen as expressions of
frustration, they had significant diplomatic consequences.

Threatening to leave the UN damages diplomatic relations and can affect the Philippines'
ability to seek international support and cooperation. The UN plays a crucial role in various areas,
including disaster relief, development, and trade. A strained relationship with the UN can hinder the
Philippines' access to these vital resources and partnerships. Furthermore, such threats can isolate
the Philippines on the global stage, potentially diminishing its influence and voice in international
affairs. Diplomatic dialogue and engagement with international organizations are essential for
addressing global challenges and advancing the country's interests.

These threats also underscored concerns about the Philippines' commitment to international
norms and human rights standards. International cooperation and adherence to these standards are
essential for fostering peace, security, and development worldwide.

D. Oplan Tokhang:

Oplan Tokhang, which translates to "Operation Knock and Plead," is a law enforcement
strategy in the Philippines aimed at addressing the drug problem. It involves house-to-house visits by
law enforcement officers to identify and encourage drug users to voluntarily surrender and seek
rehabilitation.

While the intention behind Oplan Tokhang is to provide a pathway to rehabilitation for drug
users, it has faced criticism and controversy. Critics argue that it can lead to abuse of power,
violations of privacy, and extrajudicial killings when implemented without proper oversight and
accountability.

The effects of Oplan Tokhang have been complex. It has contributed to the perception of a
surveillance state in the Philippines, with some individuals fearing that their privacy is compromised
during these visits. The fear of being wrongly accused or harmed can deter individuals with
substance abuse issues from seeking help, ultimately hindering efforts to address drug addiction as a
public health concern. Additionally, Oplan Tokhang has led to mistrust within communities. The
perception that law enforcement may abuse their power during these visits has created a climate of
fear and mistrust, making it difficult for law enforcement to build positive relationships with the
communities they serve.

Efforts to reform and improve the implementation of Oplan Tokhang, including increased
transparency, accountability, and protection of human rights, are essential to ensure that it achieves
its intended goals without compromising the rights and dignity of individuals.
E. Release of Drug Lords:

The release of alleged drug lords in the Philippines has raised significant concerns and
questions about the government's commitment to its anti-drug campaign. Critics argue that it raises
suspicions of corruption and undermines the credibility of the administration's efforts to combat
drug-related crimes.

The release of individuals accused of involvement in the drug trade can perpetuate a cycle of
drug-related crime. If these individuals return to their criminal activities, it can undermine the
progress made in reducing drug-related crimes and erode public trust in the government's efforts.
Furthermore, it raises questions about the transparency and fairness of the justice system. The
perception that powerful individuals accused of drug-related offenses can evade punishment can
lead to a sense of injustice among the population.

Efforts to address these concerns should include transparent and accountable legal processes,
effective anti-corruption measures, and clear communication about the government's stance on
drug-related offenses. Maintaining public trust in the justice system is essential for the rule of law
and the credibility of anti-drug efforts.

In conclusion, these key events during the Duterte Administration have had multifaceted
effects on the Philippines, impacting its international standing, human rights record, and the overall
well-being of its citizens. Balancing security concerns with the protection of individual rights and the
rule of law remains a critical challenge for the nation's leadership

2. Are human rights and human life different and inconsistent with each other?

Human rights and human life are not inherently different or inconsistent with each other;
rather, they are intricately connected and mutually reinforcing. In fact, human rights are a
fundamental framework designed to protect and uphold human life.

Human rights encompass a range of principles and protections that are inherent to all
individuals, simply by virtue of being human. Among these rights, the right to life is paramount. This
means that every person has the inherent right to live in dignity and without the threat to their life.
It serves as the foundation upon which all other human rights are built. However, human rights
extend far beyond the right to life. They include the right to liberty and security of person, freedom
from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, the right to a fair trial, freedom of
expression, and many others. These rights collectively work to ensure that individuals can lead
fulfilling lives with their dignity and freedoms intact.

While there may be situations where protecting one person's human rights might seemingly
endanger another person's life (e.g., self-defense or national security concerns), international human
rights law and legal systems in many countries are designed to navigate these complex moral and
ethical dilemmas. In such cases, there are legal principles that allow for a careful and considered
balancing of rights, aiming to minimize harm to both individuals. For example, the principle of
proportionality requires that any action that may infringe upon human rights must be proportionate
to the legitimate aim it seeks to achieve. This means that the action must not go beyond what is
necessary to protect a person's life or national security.
 In essence, human rights and human life are deeply intertwined, with human rights serving as
a set of guidelines and safeguards to protect human life and ensure that it is lived with dignity,
respect, and freedom.

3. What is your opinion about racial discrimination in the Philippines and how does it affect the
people in general?

Racial discrimination is a concerning issue in the Philippines, primarily affecting ethnic minority
groups, indigenous peoples, and Moro communities. Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or
cultural background can have significant social, economic, and psychological effects on the affected
individuals and communities.

My opinion on racial discrimination in the Philippines is that it is an unjust and harmful

practice that undermines the principles of equality, inclusivity, and social justice. Discrimination
perpetuates social divisions, hinders economic opportunities, and erodes the sense of belonging and
identity among minority groups.

The effects of racial discrimination in the Philippines are far-reaching:

Economic Disparities: Discrimination often leads to unequal access to education, employment

opportunities, and economic resources for marginalized communities. This perpetuates a cycle of
poverty and limits the potential for social mobility.

Psychological Impact: Discrimination can lead to feelings of exclusion, low self-esteem, and a sense
of being devalued among individuals from marginalized communities. This psychological impact can
have long-lasting effects on mental health and overall well-being.

Social Tensions: Racial discrimination can foster social tensions and conflicts within society,
disrupting social cohesion and harmony. Tensions between ethnic or cultural groups can hinder
social progress and development.

Barriers to Development: Discrimination can limit the participation of minority groups in decision-
making processes, hindering their ability to advocate for their rights and needs. This can impede
community development and perpetuate cycles of marginalization.

Efforts to address racial discrimination in the Philippines should focus on education, awareness
campaigns, legal reforms, and economic empowerment initiatives for marginalized communities.
Promoting cultural sensitivity and inclusivity is essential for fostering social cohesion and ensuring
that all individuals, regardless of their race or ethnicity, have equal opportunities to thrive and
contribute to society.

4. What do you think are the reasons why a person would resort to discriminating others who are
different from them? How can these reasons be addressed?

Discrimination against individuals who are different from oneself can be driven by various
factors, including fear, ignorance, insecurity, and societal norms. Here are some reasons why a
person might resort to discrimination and how these reasons can be addressed:

Fear of the Unknown: People often fear what they do not understand or are not familiar with. To
address this, education and exposure to different cultures, religions, and perspectives are essential.
Schools, media, and community programs can play a significant role in promoting understanding and
empathy.

Insecurity: Discrimination can be a response to personal insecurities and feelings of inadequacy.

Building self-esteem and promoting self-acceptance can help individuals become more comfortable
with themselves and less likely to project their insecurities onto others.

Societal Norms: Discriminatory attitudes can be perpetuated by societal norms and biases that have
existed for generations. Challenging and changing these norms through cultural sensitivity training,
diversity programs, and legal reforms are crucial steps in addressing discrimination.

Economic Competition: In some cases, economic competition for limited resources or opportunities
can fuel discrimination. Addressing economic disparities and ensuring equitable distribution of
resources can reduce the incentives for discrimination.

Political Manipulation: Discrimination can be exploited for political gain. Addressing this requires
vigilant monitoring of political rhetoric and promoting inclusive and diverse political leadership.

Historical Biases: Deep-rooted historical biases and prejudices can continue to influence attitudes
and behaviors. Acknowledging historical injustices and promoting reconciliation can help address
these biases.

Efforts to address discrimination should be multi-pronged and include both individual and
societal approaches. These efforts should include educational initiatives that promote empathy and
diversity, legal frameworks that protect against discrimination, and social programs that empower
marginalized communities. Creating a culture of inclusivity and acceptance is essential in reducing
discrimination at all levels of society.

5. As a future law enforcer, why should you learn how to respect differences? How important is
respecting others' rights regardless of race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin?

As a future law enforcer, learning how to respect differences is not only a moral imperative
but also a fundamental aspect of effectively carrying out the responsibilities of the profession. Here's
why it is crucial:

Upholding the Law: Law enforcement officers are responsible for upholding and enforcing the law
impartially. Respecting differences ensures that every individual is treated fairly and justly,
regardless of their race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin.

Building Trust: Trust and cooperation from the community are essential for law enforcement's
effectiveness. Respecting differences fosters trust and positive relationships with diverse
communities, which are vital for maintaining law and order.

Preventing Bias and Discrimination: Learning to respect differences helps law enforcers recognize
and address their own biases. It ensures that decisions and actions are based on objective
assessment rather than prejudiced judgments.

Protecting Rights: Respecting others' rights, regardless of their background, is a fundamental duty of
law enforcement. It ensures that individuals' rights to due process, equal protection under the law,
and freedom from discrimination are upheld.
Community Policing: Effective community policing relies on understanding and working
collaboratively with diverse communities. Respecting differences allows law enforcement to engage
with communities, identify issues, and develop solutions together.

Promoting Social Cohesion: Law enforcement can play a role in promoting social cohesion by
demonstrating respect for diversity. This contributes to a harmonious and inclusive society.

Respecting others' rights, regardless of race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin, is not
only a professional obligation but also a reflection of democratic principles and the rule of law. It
ensures that justice is blind and that every individual, irrespective of their background, is afforded
the same protection and opportunities under the law. Ultimately, it is essential for the credibility and
legitimacy of law enforcement agencies and the broader criminal justice system.