Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In Partial Fulfillment
RESEARCH CAPSTONE
Presented by
Herilla, Cassandra
Mauro, Jerome
1
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
42.52% of its total land area for the sole purpose of growing
at 27,142 hectares.
1
The World Bank. (2023) Agriculture. Retrieved on March 13, 2023, from:
https://bit.ly/42VDSut.
2
of income for poor rural people, and the only source for many of
2
Philippine Statistics Authority (2022). Agriculture. Retrieved on March 11,
2023, from: https://bit.ly/3MBIYqJ.
3
International Fund for Agriculture Development (2021). Agriculture.
Retrieved on March 11, 2023, from: https://bit.ly/3O5Ni2s.
3
water bodies; in the locality’s case, from the nearby river and
of money.
grown crops.
years. This method reduces pesticide and herbicide use, which can
needs.
that would filter the agricultural runoff from prior use of water
farming.
6
farming. This can also lessen their use of fertilizers and other
qualities.
7
Definition of Terms
conceptually defined.
fibers are removed from the shell by combing and crushing, the
and 14. pH value below 7.0 is considered acidic and pH value with
measured.
water and it can help route storm runoff and rain directly into
the soil, where it can nourish gardens and trickle down into the
water table6.
4
Yan, Y. (2016). Developments in Fibers for Technical Nonwovens. Woodhead
Publishing Series in Textiles. Retrieved on April 7, 2023, from:
https://rb.gy/67n2k
5
Department of Primary Industries (2013). Irrigation Water Quality. NSW
Government. Retrieved from: https://tinyurl.com/yj5zp34h
6
McMahon, M. (2023). What is Porous Concrete? About Mechanics. Retrieved on
April 8, 2023, from: https://rb.gy/gcdou
9
can absorb. The excess liquid flows across the surface of the
irrigation use.
7
Rutledge, K., McDaniel, M., Teng, S., Hall, H., Ramroop, T., Sprout, E.,
Hunt, J., Bourdreau, D., Costa, H. (2022). Runoff. National Geographic.
Retrieved on April 7, 2023, from: https://rb.gy/2etvq
8
Priya Sanmuga, E., Selvan Senthamil, P. (2017). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes) – An efficient and economic adsorbent for textile effluent
treatment – A Review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry Volume 10, Supplement 2.
Retrieved on April 9, 2023, from: https://rb.gy/ran7d
10
bioassay10.
9
Ambulkar, A. (2019). Salinity. Britannica. Retrieved on April 9, 2023, from:
https://rb.gy/6yoga
10
Cornell University (2019). Toxicology: Why Use Lettuce Seeds as Bioassays?.
Environmental Inquiry. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/42CltmS.
11
Chapter II
11
Statista Research Department (2022). Share of Employed Persons in the
Philippines as of January 2022, by Sector. Retrieved on March 14, from:
https://bit.ly/42Cxfxl.
12
showed that the growth rate rocketed from 2.4% to 3.3% from July
activities13.
needs of farmers.
rural population has been growing, farm sizes have also been
requirements.
14
Briones, R. (2021). Philippine Agriculture: Current State, Challenges, and
Ways Forward. ISSN 2508-0865. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3Bp4Krh.
15
Food and Agriculture Organization (2020). Land Use in Agriculture by
Numbers. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3BubCUd.
14
16
Westerveld, S. (2016). Small Plot Irrigation: Are You Applying Enough? On
Specialty Crops.Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3LWUACM.
17
International Rice Research Institute (2021). Water-Wise Rice Production.
Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3W68uHB.
15
runs off the field at the low end of furrows, border strips,
18
National Irrigation System. Construction of Irrigation System. Management
Information Division-CORPLAN. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3IbMB3E.
16
water bodies, and the soil will be degraded easily through the
contamination of chemicals.
combat pests and diseases. While the crop rotation system is not
19
California Agricultural Water Stewardship Initiative (2021). Wastewater
Management. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/453SgTx.
20
EOS Data Analytics (2022). Sustainable Agriculture Practices & Their
Management. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3M8graN.
17
can use during droughts. This way, farmers can reduce irrigation
water usage.
Water Recycling
security21.
global scale22.
Water Filters
21
Silva, J., Borges, A., Fernandes, R., & Celeri, M. (2023). Greywater as a
Water Resource in Agriculture: The Acceptance and Perception from Brazilian
Agricultural Technicians. Science Direct-Agricultural Water Management Volume
280. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3o9BGAK.
22
Patel, S., & Pandya, S. (2022). Reuse of Reverse Osmosis Wastewater – A
Sustainable Solution for Agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural
Sciences. Volume 18 | OCAEBGD- 2022 | 57-61. Retrieved from:
https://bit.ly/3I75wN1.
19
Coir fibers from coconut palm fruit hair are a by-product, if not
its growth24.
23
Cicconi, G., & Santulli, C. (2022). Use of Coir Fibers for Water and Air
Filter. Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering. p.
345-359. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/42EMvKg.
24
Rezania, S., Ponraj, M., Talaiekhozani, A., Mohamad, S., Din, N., Taib, S.,
Sabbagh, F., & Sairan, F. (2015). Perspectives of Phytoremediation Using
Water Hyacinth for Removal of Heavy Metals, Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
in Wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 163, 1 November
2015, Pages 125-133. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/42EMLZK.
20
features of phytoremediation.
porous concrete25.
Parameters to be Measured
25
Lange, A. (2015). Synthesis of Porous Carbon Monoliths by Using Porous
Concrete as Template. Part II: Investigations of Mechanical Properties. Wiley
Online Library. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3nZCTdV.
26
Zhang, R., Kanemaru, K., & Nakazawa T. (2015). Purification of River Water
Quality Using Precast Porous Concrete Products. Journal of Advanced Concrete
Technology. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/4537pEi.
21
27
Safdar, H. (2019). A Review: Salinity on Plant Growth. Institute of Soil and
Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Nature and Science 2019;17(1). Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3MpCYB0
28
Pascale, S., Orsini, F., & Pardossi, A. (2013). Irrigation Water Quality
for Greenhouse Horticulture. Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Agronomy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy. Retrieved from:
https://bit.ly/3pIh6Io.
22
toxicity of substances30.
29
Department of Primary Industries (2013). Irrigation Water Quality. NSW
Government. Retrieved from: https://tinyurl.com/yj5zp34h.
30
Hassan, S., Ginkel, S., Hussein, M., Abskharon, R., & Oh, S. (2016).
Toxicity Assessment Using Different Bioassays and Microbial Biosensors.
Environment International. Volumes 92–93, July–August 2016, Pages 106-118.
Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3W0JrWt.
23
RELATED STUDIES
32
The main basis of this study is G. Kratcha’s (2022) study
preventing eutrophication.
strong base anion exchange resins were the best medium to use in
31
Cornell University (2019). Toxicology: Why Use Lettuce Seeds as Bioassays?.
Environmental Inquiry. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/42CltmS.
32
Kratcha, G. (2022). An Innovative Approach to Manage the Environmental
Impact of Agricultural Drainage Water. Hankinson Public School. Retrieved
from: https://bit.ly/42SzzAc.
24
use.
level, and toxicity, were adapted from this study to prove its
33
Another study used as foundation in this study was J.
33
Kerr, J., DePinto, J., McGrath, D., Sowa, S., & Swinton, S. (2016).
Sustainable Management of Great Lakes Watersheds Dominated by Agricultural
Land Use. Journal of Great Lakes Research. Volume 42, Issue 6, December 2016,
Pages 1252-1259. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3OabMYc/
25
34
In line with this, K. Shah, B. Modi, H. Pandey, A. Subedi,
Aside from this, the method can also ensure field fertility
SYNTHESIS
wastewater.
The filters chosen for this study hinged upon the studies of
Hatzikiriakos (2015).
agricultural sector.
27
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Model Diagram
Water
Storage
28
Water
Filters
The model roughly shows how this system worked. The model
grown.
was designed and used for the purpose of testing the parameters
Water
Storage
29
Water Pump
Filter A
Field
Filter B Filter C
General Procedure
field is designated for rice crops, the soil was treated with
crops. This ensured that the water runoff used in irrigating the
Quantification Methods
study.
water toxicity level and the amount of filtered water were also
measured.
discussed as follows.
31
(IRRI) for the growth of rice crops which need a water salinity
Rice Research Institute (IRRI) for the growth of rice crops which
may affect the germination of the seed. The seeds were then
placed in a plate lined with tissue paper and watered with the
corresponding water samples and were left to grow for 2 days. The
Chapter IV
salinity of the water derived from the runoff, which was filtered
33
growth.
0.653 dS/m. It is worth noting that this result complies with the
5 0.626 dS/m
AVERAGE 0.636 dS/m
of other crops.
range between 5.5 and 7.5 in the water. The average pH level
37
SAMPLES pH LEVEL
1 7.96
2 7.92
3 7.96
4 8.08
5 7.70
AVERAGE 7.92
9.09. This also fails to adhere to the standards for the pH level
SAMPLES pH LEVEL
1 8.64
2 8.46
3 8.87
4 9.08
5 9.09
AVERAGE 8.82
5.5 to 7.5.
SAMPLES pH LEVEL
1 7.92
2 8.10
3 7.90
4 8.12
5 7.99
AVERAGE 8.01
40
the water samples collected using coconut husk fiber through the
membranes.
41
of the five filtered water samples using water hyacinth were able
membranes.
42
circumstances.
cell membranes.
43
Chapter V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
analysis.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
averaged.
was 0.636 dS/m, which was the lowest among the other treatments.
coconut husk fiber was found to be 7.92, which was the closest to
of 8.01.
roots.
CONCLUSIONS
questionable.
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
Hassan, S., Ginkel, S., Hussein, M., Abskharon, R., & Oh, S.
(2016). Toxicity Assessment Using Different Bioassays and
Microbial Biosensors. Environment International. Volumes 92–
93, July–August 2016, Pages 106-118. Retrieved from:
https://bit.ly/3W0JrWt.
Kerr, J., DePinto, J., McGrath, D., Sowa, S., & Swinton, S.
(2016).
Sustainable Management of Great Lakes Watersheds Dominated
by Agricultural Land Use. Journal of Great Lakes Research.
51
Rezania, S., Ponraj, M., Talaiekhozani, A., Mohamad, S., Din, N.,
Taib, S., Sabbagh, F., & Sairan, F. (2015). Perspectives of
Phytoremediation Using Water Hyacinth for Removal of Heavy
Metals, Organic and Inorganic Pollutants in Wastewater.
Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 163, 1 November
2015, Pages 125-133. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/42EMLZK.
52
Rutledge, K., McDaniel, M., Teng, S., Hall, H., Ramroop, T.,
Sprout, E., Hunt, J., Bourdreau, D., Costa, H. (2022).
Runoff. National Geographic. Retrieved on April 7, 2023,
from: https://rb.gy/2etvq
Safdar, H. (2019). A Review: Salinity on Plant Growth. Institute
of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Nature and Science
2019;17(1). Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3MpCYB0
Shah, K., Modi, B., Pandey, H., Subedi, B., Aryal, G., Pandey,
M.,
& Shrestha, J. (2021). Diversified Crop Rotation: An
Approach for Sustainable Agriculture Production. Volume 2021
| Article ID 8924087. Retrieved from:
https://bit.ly/3BrZrXZ.