Lesson 2. Japan´s Pacific Campaign (6 points) illustration 5 points.

As you read this lesson,

answer the questions about the war in the Pacific.

a. What happened, and b. What is the significance of the battle or attack?

1. Bombing of Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack carried

out by Japan against the Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii
on December 7, 1941. This attack marked the United
States' entry into World War II. Japan sought to eliminate
the US military presence in the Pacific to secure its own
interests in the region. The attack resulted in the
destruction of American warships and caused numerous
casualties, being a key event that changed the course of
the war and had global repercussions.

2. Fall of Southeast Asian colonies

The fall of the Southeast Asian colonies occurred mainly

after World War II. During the war, Japan occupied several
colonies in the region, but after its defeat in 1945, European
colonial powers had difficulty maintaining their control.
Subsequently, many Southeast Asian nations gained
independence, marking the end of the colonial period in the
region.

3. Doolittle’s raid on Japan

The Doolittle Raid was a surprise air raid carried out by the
United States during World War II. On April 18, 1942,
Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led a group of B-25
bombers from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet to conduct an
attack on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Although the
damage caused was limited, the raid had a great
psychological and strategic impact, showing that Japan was
not beyond the reach of American attacks.

4. Battle of the Coral Sea a.

The Battle of the Coral Sea was a crucial naval engagement

between American and Japanese forces during World War II,
taking place from May 4 to 8, 1942. It was the first battle in
history in which the enemy fleets did not meet. they saw
directly, as the attacks were mainly carried out by carrier-
based aircraft.

Both sides, led by admirals such as Chester W. Nimitz for

the United States and Shigeyoshi Inoue for Japan, suffered significant losses of ships and aircraft.
Although technically a tactical victory for Japan, the battle halted their advance toward Port
Moresby in New Guinea and marked a strategic turning point, setting the stage for the Battle of
Midway in June 1942.

5. Battle of Midway a.

The Battle of Midway, which took place from June 4 to 7,

1942, was a crucial turning point in the Pacific during World
War II. It was a confrontation between American and
Japanese forces, and resulted in a significant victory for the
United States.

American intelligence managed to break the Japanese codes,

allowing the United States Navy to anticipate the movements
of the Japanese fleet. In the battle, the American aircraft carriers surprised the Japanese fleet,
sinking four of its carriers. This defeat marked a crucial shift in the balance of power in the Pacific,
weakening Japan's offensive capabilities and giving the United States a strategic advantage.

6. Battle of Guadalcanal

The Battle of Guadalcanal took place between August 1942 and

February 1943 on the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific during
World War II. It was a crucial campaign between the Allied forces,
primarily Americans, and Japanese forces.

The fight for control of Guadalcanal was fierce, with land, naval
and air combat. Both sides suffered significant losses, but
American forces managed to hold the island. The victory at
Guadalcanal marked a turning point in the Pacific theater,
consolidating the Allied offensive and weakening the Japanese ability to threaten supply routes to
Australia.

Lesson 3. The Hollocaust.

A. As you read about the Holocaust, use the following questions to help summarize information in
this section. Then write a summary about the lesson. Content 10

1. Who?

Who were the victims of the Holocaust?

R= The victims of the Holocaust during World War II were primarily Jews, although they also
included other groups persecuted by the Nazi regime. Among the victims are gypsy communities,
people with disabilities, political prisoners, Jehovah's Witnesses and others considered
"undesirable" by the Third Reich.

It is estimated that approximately six million Jews died as a result of the systematic persecution
and genocide carried out by the Nazi regime led by Adolf Hitler and his collaborators. The
Holocaust is one of the darkest episodes in history and is remembered as an atrocious act of
intolerance, discrimination and violence.
Who were members of the “master race”?

R=The Aryans.

2. What?

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

R= The Nuremberg Laws were a series of anti-Semitic laws enacted by the Nazi regime in Germany
in 1935. These laws led to the systematic discrimination and persecution of Jews and laid the legal
foundation for the implementation of the Holocaust. Some of the most notable laws included:

1. Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor: Prohibited marriage and sexual
relations between Jews and German citizens or citizens of "Aryan" descent to preserve the purity
of German blood.

2. Reich Citizenship Law: It deprived Jews of German citizenship and turned them into subjects of
the State, depriving them of many civil and political rights.

These laws marked the beginning of the legal and social exclusion of Jews in Nazi Germany and
were the prelude to the more extreme measures that would follow, such as deportation and
extermination in concentration and extermination camps during the Holocaust.

What happened on the night of November 9, 1938?

R= The night of November 9 to 10, 1938 is known as "Kristallnacht" or the "Night of Broken Glass"
(Reichspogromnacht in German). During this night, violent anti-Semitic pogroms broke out in
Germany and Austria under the Nazi regime.

What was Hitler's “Final Solution”?

R= The "Final Solution" was the genocidal plan implemented by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime
during World War II with the goal of systematically exterminating the Jewish population of Europe.
This plan was carried out by establishing and operating extermination camps, where millions of
Jews and other victims were murdered in gas chambers and by other means.

3. Where?

Where did German Jews try to migrate to find safety from Nazi terror?

R= Some Jews sought refuge in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and
Palestine (at the time under British mandate). However, immigration quotas, restrictions, and the
unwillingness of some countries to accept Jewish refugees significantly limited the possibilities of
escape. Many Jews found themselves caught in a desperate situation as they attempted to flee the
growing anti-Semitism and discriminatory policies of the Nazi regime.
Where were Jews forced to live in German-controlled cities?

R= During World War II, especially during the Nazi occupation of Europe, ghettos were established
to confine and control the Jewish population. These ghettos were specific areas in cities and were
often surrounded by walls or barbed wire. The main purpose of the ghettos was to isolate Jews
from the rest of the population and subject them to extremely precarious living conditions.

Some of the best-known ghettos were established in cities such as Warsaw, Krakow and Lodz in
Poland, as well as other parts of German-occupied Europe.

Where were the concentration camps?

R= During World War II, Nazi concentration camps were scattered throughout Europe, occupying
areas in both Germany and German-occupied territories. Some of the most notorious
concentration camps were located in Poland

4. Why?

Why did Hitler believe that Jews and other “subhumans” had to be exterminated?

R= Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime's belief in racial superiority and the need to exterminate
certain groups, especially Jews, was based on an anti-Semitic and extremist ideology. Hitler held
pseudoscientific theories of racial superiority that viewed Aryans as a "master race" and other
ethnic groups as inferior. He expressed his belief in the Jewish conspiracy to control the world and
advocated the elimination of what he considered "inferior" or "subhuman" races, including Jews,
Gypsies, people with disabilities, and others.

Why did the Germans build extermination camps?

R= The extermination camps were built by the Nazis as part of their implementation of the "Final
Solution", a systematic plan for the genocide of millions of people, mostly Jews, during World War
II and also by Nazi ideology, based in the belief in Aryan racial superiority and in extreme
discrimination against groups considered "inferior", especially the Jews, led to the justification of
extreme measures, including extermination.

5. When?

When did the final stage of the Final Solution begin?

R= The "Final Solution" was implemented during World War II by the Nazi regime. The final stage,
which involved the construction of extermination camps, began in 1941 and reached its peak in
1942.

6. How?

How did non-Jewish people try to save Jews from the horrors of Nazism?

R= 1. Rescue Networks: There were clandestine networks and humanitarian organizations that
helped hide and remove Jews from Nazi-occupied areas.
2. People who hid Jews: Many ordinary people risked their lives to hide Jews in their homes, attics,
or in secret places.

3. Forgery of documents: Some individuals forged documents to allow Jews to escape Nazi
persecution.

4. Help from diplomats: Some diplomats issued false visas and documents to allow Jews to leave
Nazi-controlled areas.

5. Resistance: Resistance groups, both inside and outside the ghettos, strove to help Jews and
resist the Nazi occupation.

How many Jews died in the Holocaust?

R=It is estimated that approximately six million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust.
B. Use following website or more if you like to research about the German Concentration

Camps.
Lesson 4. The Allied Victory (21 points)

As you read this lesson, note how each of the following events or campaigns contributed to

the Allies’ victory in World War II. (16 points) (5 points illustrations)

1. Battle of El Alamein

R= The Battle of El Alamein was a series of key engagements

in North Africa during World War II, fought primarily
between Axis and Allied forces. They were fought in two
main phases: the First Battle of El Alamein (July 1942) and
the Second Battle of El Alamein (October-November 1942).
The Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein marked
a significant turning point in the war in North Africa,
inflicting decisive defeats on the Axis forces led by General
Erwin Rommel.

2. Operation Torch
R= Events: siege of Stalingrad, soviet resistance,
Extreme conditions, Operation Uranus, German
surrender.

3. Battle of Stalingrad
R= Events: Landing in Sicily (Operation Husky), Fall of
Mussolini, Italian armistice.
Invasion of Italy.

4. Propaganda campaigns on home fronts

R= Recruitment campaigns, Sale of war bonds, Censorship and

control of information.
5. D-Day invasion
R= Events: Events: D-Day Date, Landings on beaches,
Parachutists and gliders.

6. Battle of the Bulge 8. Battle of Okinawa

R= Disembarkation in Okinawa, Japanese resistance,
Operation Ten-Go, Use of intense kamikazes, Shuri
Capture, End of battle, Human costs.

Lesson 5. Europe and Japan in ruins.

A: As you read this lesson, create a graph by writing notes to describe postwar
conditions.
Europe and Japan. Use the following guidelines. (12 points)
Postwar Europe:
1. Notice three ways the war affected the land and people of Europe.
R= Physical destruction and devastation, Population displacements and Political change
and reconfiguration of borders.
2. Look at three political problems that postwar governments faced.
R= Decolonization processes, territorial issues and reconfiguration of borders and
reconciliation and reconstruction of international relations.

3. Look at one way the Allies approached the Holocaust.

Postwar Japan.
R= Tokyo trials, dismantling of Japanese imperialism and demobilization and denazification
4. Observe two effects of the Allied bombing of Japan.
R= Destruction of cities and loss of life and impact on Japan's surrender.
5. Look at three ways the American occupation changed Japan.
R= Demographic and constitutional reforms, economic reconstruction and social and
cultural changes.
6. Consider three provisions of Japan's new constitution.
R= Article-9 renunciation of war, guarantees of fundamental rights and popular
sovereignty and parliamentary system
B. Watch this video and prepare a video response. Use an infographic design.
Be sure to include the following aspects. (15 points)
A. Facts (about the two atomic bombings Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
b. I agree. Indicate facts that support your approval of these events.
C. I do not agree. State facts that support your conviction of these facts.
d. Personal opinion. In a paragraph express your opinion about the facts.
and. Illustrations. Includes several photographs of the aftermath in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. Make sure that nclude hibakushas

Atomic bombings Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
occurred in August 1945, at the end of World
War II. They were carried out by the United
States, dropping atomic bombs on these
Japanese cities, causing a large number of victims
and having a significant impact on world history and geopolitics.
On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb named "Little Boy" was dropped on the Japanese city
of Hiroshima by an American plane named Enola Gay. The explosion caused massive
destruction and loss of life, estimated at between 90,000 and 166,000 people.

Three days later, on August 9, another atomic bomb called "Fat Man" was dropped on
Nagasaki. This time, the death toll is estimated between 39,000 and 80,000 people. These
bombings led to the surrender of Japan and marked the end of World War II in the Pacific.

The long-term effects of radiation caused numerous health problems in the decades that
followed, and the atomic bombings remain the subject of ethical and political debate to
this day.

The reasons why I disagree are:

Some reasons why some people disagree with the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
include:

1. Humanitarian Impact: Many argue that the bombings caused unnecessary human
suffering and the loss of civilian lives, including women, children and the elderly,
indiscriminately.

2. Diplomatic Alternatives: Some believe that the United States could have sought
diplomatic alternatives to end the war with Japan, rather than resorting to such extreme
measures.

3. Ethics and Morality: The ethical question of using nuclear weapons is raised, given the
devastation and long-term effects on health and the environment. This has led to debates
about the morality of nuclear war.
4. Imminent Surrender: There are those who maintain that Japan was already close to
surrendering, and that the atomic bombings were excessive and could have been avoided.

Reasons why I agree:

1. Quick Conclusion of the War: It is argued that the bombings hastened Japan's surrender
and therefore helped to quickly end World War II in the Pacific, thus preventing a land
invasion that could have resulted in even more loss of life.

2. Justification in War Context: Those who support bombing often argue that in the context
of war, where both sides had already inflicted significant suffering, the use of nuclear
weapons was a strategic measure to end the conflict.

3. Avoiding Military and Civilian Losses in an Invasion: It is argued that a ground invasion
of Japan could have resulted in large numbers of casualties, both among the military
and the civilian population, and that bombing helped prevent this scenery.

4. Deterrence for Future Conflicts: Some maintain that the use of nuclear weapons served
as an effective warning and deterrent against future large-scale conflicts, thus contributing
to international stability during the Cold War.
Lesson 1. Hitler´s Lightning War. (7 points)

As you read about war in Europe and North Africa, answer the questions about the timeline.

Hitler bought time to consolidate his positions before

launching the invasion of Poland, while Stalin sought to
buy time to strengthen his armed forces and prepare for a
possible conflict.

The strategy Hitler used to conquer Poland in 1939 is known as Blitzkrieg,

which means "blitzkrieg" in German. This tactic was based on rapid and
coordinated attacks using motorized forces, infantry and air support. The
Luftwaffe, the German air force, plays a crucial role in weakening Polish
defenses and facilitating the advance of ground troops.

Hitler's plan to conquer France during World War II was known

as the "Blitzkrieg in the West" and was carried out in 1940. The
strategy was based on the application of blitzkrieg tactics similar
to those used in the invasion of Poland.

The Dunkirk evacuation was a key event during World War II that took place in May
and June 1940. Following the German invasion of France, Allied forces, mainly
British and French, were trapped near the city of Dunkirk, in the northern France,
by German advances. The Dunkirk evacuation allowed large numbers of soldiers to
be rescued and return to Britain. This event was perceived as something of a
"miracle" and provided a basis for subsequent Allied resistance during the war.

The result was a strategic victory for the British, as RAF resistance
prevented the German invasion of Britain. This battle marked a crucial
turning point in the war, weakening the German offensive and beginning
a series of events that would change the course of the conflict in favor of
the Allies.

Were fought during World War II, primarily in 1941. Allied forces, led by
Australia, successfully resisted attacks by the Axis, composed primarily
of the forces of the Third Reich and the Kingdom of Italy. Tobruk was
besieged, but Allied forces eventually managed to break the siege in
December 1941. The Allied victory at Tobruk was a turning point in the
North African campaign during World War II.

Both invasions shared similar characteristics, such as geographical

extent, logistical and climatic difficulties, as well as fierce
resistance by local forces. Both leaders underestimated the
magnitude of the challenges they would face in these vast
territories However, there

are notable differences. Napoleon's invasion was in the context of

the Napoleonic Wars and faced scorched earth tactics by the
Russian army, while Hitler's invasion was during World War II and
was met with fierce resistance from the Red Army and the harsh