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Eda - Module 1
Eda - Module 1
Obtaining Data
Statistics - Statistics is the science that deals with Methods of Data Collection
● Collection ➢ Primary Data - Data collected fresh and for the
● Organization first time; original in character.
● Presentation ● Characteristics:
● Analysis - Originality
● Interpretation of data - Specific to Research
➢ Purpose - To aid decision-making ● Examples: Surveys, Observations, Experiments
Main Divisions of Statistics ➢ Primary Data | Observations - Gathering data
➢ Descriptive Statistics - Summarizes and directly from the field through observation.
describes quantitative data. ● Methods: Observer's presence or visits to the
Focus: Organizing and summarizing data. field.
Purpose: Describing data. ● Advantages: Subjective bias eliminated, current
Methods: Histograms, charts, measures of information.
central tendency, etc. ● Disadvantages: Time-consuming, limited
➢ Inferential Statistics - Draws conclusions about information, unforeseen factors.
a population based on a sample. ➢ Types of Observations
Focus: Making judgments or conclusions about ● Structured Observation - Observation
populations. with standardized conditions, recorded
Method: Using findings from a sample to make styles, and defined units.
inferences. Example: Inventory analysis in a store
Importance: Decision-making support. by an auditor.
● Unstructured Observation- Observation
Understanding Data in Statistics without prior planning.
Data - are values of qualitative or quantitative Example: Observing children playing
variables, belonging to a set of items. with new toys
➢ Data can be qualitative or quantitative. ● Participant Observation - Observer is a
➢ Data belongs to a set of items, often referred member of the observed group.
to the population. Advantages: Natural behavior, better
Population: The set of objects you are interested in. understanding, closeness to the group.
● Key Characteristics ● Non-participant Observation - Observer
- Comprehensiveness - The population includes observes without interaction.
every possible member that fits the defined Advantages: Objectivity, neutrality,
criteria. respondent willingness.
- Parameter Estimation - Population parameters ● Uncontrolled Observation- Observation
are the characteristics or values that describe in natural conditions for spontaneous
the entire population. data.
- Precision - Analyzing the entire population Purpose: Capturing life and behaviors
allows for the most precise and accurate as they occur.
statistical conclusions. ● Controlled Observation - Observation
Variables: A measurement or characteristic of with pre-arranged plans and
an item. experimental procedures.
➢ Qualitative Variables - Variables that are not Context: Often conducted in a
numerical; they describe data that fits into laboratory under controlled conditions.
categories. ➢ Considerations in Observation
➢ Quantitative Variables - Variables that involve ● Factors:
numerical measurements or values. - - Setting and context
Engineering Data Analysis - Module 1