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RESEARCH 2 PRELIMS REVIEWER : ➢ The data preparation and assessment is

GROUP 1 by the use of tools and numerical
analyzation of researchers’
RESEARCH PROCESS
Dissemination Phase
The Research Process ➢ Most Valuable phase
Conceptualization Phase ➢ It is recommended that the results of
A. Topic is identified your study be shared with the general
➢ Not-too-broad but not-to-specific public, a specific population, or a
concept - flexibility and further professional group that will benefit from
explanation the findings.
➢ Literature Reviews- necessary in
quantitative research but optional to
qualitative inquiries QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH
B. Objective Framing
● Statistical, mathematical or
➢ Classifying the “Central Question” -
computational methods
In the qualitative study it is more
● Aim is to find the relationship between
focused on the understanding of human
one variable to another
narratives.
● unchanging data and detailed
● Gathered using structured research
Design Phase
instruments
● Based on larger sample size
➢ It is widely known as the planning
● Generalize more concepts widely,
phase
predict future results
➢ Researchers are the one that decide on
● Clearly defined research questions
the detailed strategy when gathering and
interpreting data
RESEARCH DESIGN UNDER
➢ At this point, the researcher must
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
consider the questions of how, when,
and where in order to determine where
1. Non- experimental research- Does not
to begin their investigation.
involve the manipulation of variables.

Empirical Phase
● Survey research ; is a quantitative
method to collect information from a
➢ Data gathering and collection
pool of respondents by asking multiple
➢ Key informants and co-researchers are
survey questions.
other terms for respondents.
● Cross-sectional design - use
Analytical Phase
groups that already exist, This

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comparison is done at the same
time.
● Time series/ Longitudinal - data
in which an outcome variable is
measured at different time
points
● Correlational research - use when
interested in relationships between
continuous variables.
● Comparative research - use when
interested in differences between
continuous variables.
2. Experimental research - Uses a
scientific approach to manipulate
variables.
● Quasi Experimental- an independent
variable is manipulated, but the
participants of a group are not randomly
assigned.
● True Experimental- relies on statistical
analysis to prove or disprove a
hypothesis, making it the most accurate
form of research.
● Pre- Experimental - A group, or various
groups, are kept under observation after
implementing factors of cause and
effect.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TITLE
● Limited to (12) words and less
● Easy to understand
● Accurately and Specifically describe
the content
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● No abbreviations, jargons and
formulas
● No verbs
● Avoid low-impact words (eg. “Study
of…”, “Effect of..”)
● Straightforward, No flashy titles like in
newspapers
● Describes the subject than the results
EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH TITLES
1. Interrogative Form
(eg. What is the Motivation for Using Facebook?)
2. Combinatorial: Questions and Title
(eg: Who uses facebook? An investigation into
relationships…)
3. Combinatorial: Powerful Phrase and Title
(eg. Too much face, not enough books: The
relationship between…)
4. Use of Novel Method
(eg. …An Application of Q-methodology)
5. Result of the Paper
(eg. Preventive health behaviors influenced by
self-perception of aging)
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC
FOUR TYPES SOURCE OF
RESEARCH TOPIC
1. Own Experience and Interest-
Determine your own
interest then compose a problem
that reflects them.
2. Critical Friends - Specialists
are good sources when finding a
research problem.
3. Colleagues - Brainstorming
your friends' problems can help
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you clarify some potential
research topics.
4. Literature- Some previous
research and discovery where
the gaps were pointed out can
help you to create a quality
topic.
RESEARCH ORIENTATION
Introduction
● Write something motivational about
your study
● “Why was the study undertaken?”
● Explain the scope of your work, what
and will not be included.
● Cite those who had the idea/s first and
those who have done the most recent
and relevant work
Theoretical Framework
● Brief description of the chosen theory
● Must state the application of the theory
to the study
Conceptual Framework
● Used to organize ideas
● Should be easy to remember and apply
Statement of the Problem
● Indicates a possible framework for
reporting of findings and how these
will be presented
● Gives an overview on the relevance of
research under study
Hypothesis
● Predictions about the variables’
relationship
● Must only include null hypothesis
● Must be aligned with the Statement of
the Problem
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RESEARCH PROBLEM
● Clear statement of an inquiry or gap
that needs to be addressed through
systematic approach.
● Blind spot
● Blank spot
Guidelines in Making a Research Problem
S- specific M- measurable A-
attainable R- realistic T- time-bound
● Formulate - Reflects the significance of
seeking solutions and answers.
● Restrict - State the problem that is not
answerable by yes or no.
● Statement - Can be stated in a
declarative or interrogative manner.
○ Answerable by an appropriate
statistical method.
○ Aligned with your research
topic.
Sample Research Inquiries
Correlation
● There is a significant relationship
between 2 variables
Comparative
● Is there a significant difference between
(Group 1&2/ or Groups) ?
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
● Synthesis of evaluated literature that
is related to the research topic
● Composed of 3 steps
○ Searching of articles
○ Validation of articles
○ Rewriting the related article in
mannerly and ethical form
● Allows researchers to identify possible
research problem
● Aids to the improvement of research
question and hypothesis
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● Assist researchers to identify research
gaps
● There are 2 types of literature
○ Literature that is based on
research findings (Research
literature) (eg. Abstract,
Dissertation, Journal)
○ Literature that are not based
on research findings
(Non-research reference) (eg.
Literature review, Abstract
prepared by reviewer,
Presentation of research done
by someone else)
● There are 2 sources of literature
○ Literature that is written by
the researchers themselves
(Primary sources)
○ Literature that is not written
by the researcher, but by
someone else ( Secondary
sources)
CITATION AND PLAGIARISM
Proper Citing Sources
● Implicit –
Statement_(AUTHOR,YEAR)
● Explicit –
Author_(YEAR)_Verb_Statement
or Verb_Author_(YEAR)_Statement
Plagiarism – is stealing. It is offensive whether
it is done intentionally or by accident.
FIVE TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
1. Plagiarism of words – The use of
another author's exact words without
citing him/her.
2. Plagiarism of Structure – The author
cited the source, but he just paraphrased
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another's words by changing sentence
construction or word of choice.
3. Plagiarism of Ideas – Presenting
another's ideas as if they are your own
without giving the owner credit.
4. Plagiarism of Authorship – Turning in
a replication of another's work.
Submitting a paper that you got off the
internet or from a friend and presenting
it as your own. This is the worst type of
plagiarism.
5. Plagiarism of Self – This type refers to
the use of one's previous work for a
separate assignment or requirement.
HOW TO PREVENT PLAGIARISM;
● Develop a topic based on previously
written material but ensure that you also
write something new and original.
● Although you can rely on experts'
opinions regarding a certain topic ensure
that you are making a contribution by
improving upon those opinions.
● Do not fail to give credit where and
when it is due.
● It is advisable that the researcher
follows a certain documentation format
like the American Psychological
Association
PENALTIES FOR PLAGIARISM
● Receiving zero in an assignment or
project, suspension & expulsion.
● Losing one's earned degree.
● Possible penalties are failing the course.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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CONCEPTUAL MODELS OR
FRAMEWORK
● Like theories, deal with abstractions
● Provide a perspective regarding
interrelated phenomena
● More loosely structured than theories
● Broadly
● Graphical presentation
● Based on an existing established theory
PURPOSE
● To make research findings meaningful
● To link observation and facts into a
meaningful and orderly structure or
scheme
● To allow researchers to make prediction
on the occurrence of phenomena
● To serve as catalyst for future research
endeavors
DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK IN A
QUANTITATIVE STUDY
Induction - Process of reasoning from
specific observation.
STEPS
➢ Select a topic and clarify your objectives
➢ Review the literature and discuss
problem with colleagues
➢ Develop ideas based on the reviewed
literature and based on one’s own
experiences
➢ Create a conceptual scheme based on
the developed ideas
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS -A statement of
prediction or expectation that the research question
proposes that will be tested in the research.
I. Types of Hypothesis
1. Null Hypothesis- a statistical theory that no
statistical relationship and significance in the given
measured data in the variable, the null Hypothesis is
written as H0
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Example: On the Average, the dosage of this
drink is 75 mg(population mean dosage=75 mg)
2. Alternative Hypothesis- a statistical theory
that states that there’s a relationship and significance
to the given measured data in the variable, simply it’s
the contradictory of null and it’s written as HA or H1
Example: On the Average, the dosage of this
drink is not 75 mg(population mean dosage ≠ 75 mg)
II. How to formulate an Effective Research
Hypothesis
❖ State your problem
-Make sure that the hypothesis clearly
defines the topic and focus of the research
❖ Define the variable
➢ Independent Variable- the ones
that are manipulated or controlled,
the Independent variables are
isolated from the factors through
the study
➢ Dependent Variables- the factors
are dependent and vary by the
change of the independent Variable.
For example; Effect of caffeine in
your appetite
The amount of caffeine is
the independent variable and your appetite
would be the dependent variable.
SAMPLING- The process of selecting a subset of a
population.
Probability Sampling - Is a random selection
and the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
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1. Simple Random Sampling - Often use Dependent Variable

the fishbowl technique and sampling ● Effect
frame. Variable Y
2. Systematic Random Sampling - This ● observed and measured by the
method uses the kth interval formula. researchers.
3. Stratified Random Sampling - The ● affected by other independent
population is divided into subgroups. variables.
4. Cluster Sampling (Multi-stage
Sampling) - Done in several stages. Controlled Variable
● Anything that is held constant in a
Non-probability Sampling - There is a form of study.
bias and the findings are limited to the sample. ● Influence the outcome.
1. Convenience Sampling (Accidental ● Extraneous/Erroneous Variable
Sampling) - Involves most conveniently ● Known as confounding variables &
people to take part in the study. unwanted variables.
2. Snowball Sampling - Referral system ● Influence the outcome of the study in an
3. Purposive Sampling - The selection is undesirable way.
based on judgment or criteria of the
researcher. EXAMPLE
4. Quota Sampling - The researcher will
determine the population's section and The higher the temperature, the faster the
the number of participants needed in meat will boil.
each section.
Independent variable - temperature
Steps In Implementing A Sampling Plan In Dependent variable - time to cook the meat
Quantitative Study Controlled variable - type of meat
1. Identify the population
2. Specify the eligibility criteria
3. Specify the sampling plan
4. Recruit the sample Biason, Macy
Dela Cruz, Christyl Ann
Escanlar, Jay-jay
RESEARCH VARIABLES
Esguerra, Mikaela Margarette
● Anything that varies and has quantity Factor, Kathleen Faith
or quality. Gemina, Renz Lloyd
( e.g., age, gender, height, weight, Kaur, Harfried
temperature, hobbies, fashion, etc. ) Mellendrez, Seaya
Normor, Carl Justine
TYPES OF VARIABLES Peralta, Jacklyn
Independent Variable Tabios, Dianna
● Cause Torres, Andrea Beatriz
● Variable X
● Manipulated by the researchers.
● Not affected by other variables.

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