Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion Grade 12

2nd Semester
Brainstorming for Research Topics Quarter 3
Lesson 1

Natural Inquiry Inquiry-based Learning

Research
● is an investigation or experimentation
aimed at the discovery and
interpretation of facts, revision of
accepted theories or laws in the light

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of new facts, or practical application
of such new or revised theories or
laws.
Qualitative Quantitative

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Research Research
Involves processes, Aims to characterize
feelings, and motives trends and patterns
(the why’s and the
how’s) and produce
in-depth and holistic ● Focus. An ill-structured problem
data demands consideration of diverse
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perspectives.
Usually concerned with
generating
Usually starts with
neither a theory nor
● Decide on a topic. Think-aloud, asks
hypothesis from data hypothesis about the probing questions, monitors and
rather than testing a relationship between encourages participants to decide a
hypothesis two or more variables topic.
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● Understanding the problem. This

Uses either Uses structured will include clarifications of
unstructured or research instruments misconceptions and possibilities.
semi-structured like
instruments questionnaires or ● Design on the problem. This is the
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schedules final stage done to address problems

within manageable scales and extend
Uses small sample sizes Uses large sample sizes their learning pathways.
chosen purposely that are
representatives of the Brainstorming
population
● a way of inquiring ideas that will help
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Has high validity Has high output you to develop concepts and focusing
replicability
techniques by asking questions and
Used to gain greater Used to gain greater knowing the interests of the persons
understanding of understanding of involved in the said issues.
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individual differences in group similarities

terms of feelings, Criteria in Choosing a Research
motives and experiences Topic
Uses more flexible Uses structured 1. It should be something new or
processes processes
different from what has already been
Methods include field Methods include census, written about.
research, case study survey, 2. It must be original.
and secondary analysis experiments and 3. It should be significant to the field of
secondary analysis study or discipline.
4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual
curiosity.
Lesson 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics Kyle Dober 1
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion Quarter 3 Lesson 1
5. It should be of researcher’s interest.
6. It should be a modest one for a
beginner to be carried out within a
limited period of time.
7. It should be clear, not ambiguous.
8. It should be specific, not general.
9. It should consider the training and
personal qualifications of the
researcher.
10.It should consider the availability of
data involved in the study and the

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methods and techniques to be
employed in gathering them.
11.It should consider the availability of
effective instruments for gathering the
data and their treatment.
12.It should consider the financial

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capacity of the researcher to support
the project.
13.It should consider the time factor
involved in the undertaking.
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Lesson 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics Kyle Dober 2

Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question
Background of the Problem
Problem statements or background of the
study have three elements:
● The problem itself, stated clearly and
with enough contextual detail to
establish why it is important;
● The method of solving the problem,
often stated as a claim or a working
thesis;
● The purpose, statement of objectives
and scope of document the writer is
preparing.
Research Problem
● a statement about an area of concern,
a condition to be improved, a difficulty
to be eliminated, or a troubling
question that exists in scholarly
literature
● points to the need for meaningful
understanding and deliberate
investigation
● typically posed in the form of a
question
Conceptual Framework
● an analytical tool with several
variations and contexts that can be
applied in different categories of work
where an overall picture is needed to
come up with the desired goal
● It is necessary to make conceptual
and theoretical distinctions and
organize ideas.
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
● provide evidence of academic
standards and procedures that
validates the authenticity of the study
● proposed an explanation and
clarification of why the study is
relevant and how the researcher
expects to fill the gap in the literature.
Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question
Grade 12
2nd Semester
Quarter 3
Lesson 2
How to create a Conceptual Framework
● Conduct a Literature Review
○ Conducting a literature review
can help you to refine your
central argument or hypothesis
○ organize your work within the
larger and greater area of study
in your conceptual framework
● Create a Flow Chart
○ present this in whatever way
makes the most sense for your
work, which can include a flow
chart, mind gap or diagram
○ showcase the variables that
influence it
● Write a Narrative
○ should recap the variables
influencing your research and
explore how they may change
the hypothesis
○ explain and enlighten the basic
methodology for your research
● Return and Revise
○ you may discover that certain
elements of your conceptual
framework are no longer
needed
○ you will discover new variables,
or you may identify that your
hypothesis is incorrect
○ you may discover additional
research that challenges your
theory and ideas
○ hence, return to your framework
and revise it if necessary
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 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
Research Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis is vital to all research
endeavors, whether qualitative or
quantitative, exploratory or explanatory.
● The hypothesis in your study, you are
predicting the relationship between
two variables
Following are some hints for the formulation
of your hypothesis:
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● Be certain to read on the subject
matter to explain with it before
making a final decision
● As noted, a research hypothesis is
more than just a topic. It has two
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elements (variables) that are in
relation to each other. Your
hypothesis is what you propose to
“prove” by your research. As an
outcome of your research, you will
arrive at a conclusion, a theory, or
understanding that will be useful or
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applicable beyond the research itself.
● Avoid judgmental and critical words in
your hypothesis.
● Your hypothesis must involve an issue
or question that cannot be answered
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exclusively by the discipline of law.
Writing a Hypothesis
You will be expressing your hypothesis in 3
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ways:
● As a one-sentence hypothesis.
● As a research question.
● As a title for your paper.
Statement of the Problem
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After identifying a research problem, the
next step is to write a problem
statement. It has to be concise and concrete.
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Writing a problem statement can help
the researcher put the topic in context and
have a deeper understanding of its
significance. A problem statement may be
written in several paragraphs or in several
sentences incorporated in the introduction.
Problem statement should address the
relevance of the research: why is it
important to resolve the problem. The
problem statement need not lay world-
Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question
Quarter 3 Lesson 2
changing impact. What is important is that
the problem statement should lay how
you intend to address the problem. Your goal
should not be to find a conclusive
solution, but to seek out the reasons behind
the problem and propose more effective
approaches to understanding it.
You may start with the following phrases:
a) The aim of this study is to determine...
b) This project aims to explore...
c) I aim to investigate...
Purpose of the Statement of the Problem
● To describe the substantive focus of
the research study;
● To frame it as a larger theoretical
policy;
● A practical problem and thereby,
develop its significance;
● To pose initial research questions;
● To forecast the literature to be
discussed in the second section; and
● To discuss the limitations of the
study.
Importance of the Study
(Significance of the Study)
Significance of the Study
● provides information to the reader on
how the study will contribute.
● It must be exactly stated, however,
what the study will contribute and
who will benefit from it.
Scope and Limitations of the
Study
set borders and limitations of the
●
problem inquiry and narrow down the
scope of the inquiry
● delimit by geographic location, age,
sex, population traits, population size,
or other similar aspects.
● Makes the study more manageable
and feasible
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 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion Quarter 3 Lesson 2
Examples of Delimitation of Research
➢ This study covers only those families in
Barangay San Jose, Pasig City,
benefited by the government’s Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program.
➢ This study includes only those English
freshman classes that use both
Blended Learning and standard ways of
Language teaching.

Definition of Terms

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Glossary of Research Terms- this glossary
is intended to assist you in understanding
commonly used terms and concepts when
reading, interpreting, and evaluating

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scholarly research in the social sciences.
Types and Functions
● Conceptual Definition
○ Refers to the dictionary
meaning.
● Operational Definition
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○ The meaning of the concept or
terms as used in a particular
study.
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Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question Kyle Dober 5
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
Reading on Related Studies
Selection of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature,
● one of the major components of a
research paper
● gives an overview of all the writings
relative to a specific topic
1. Primary source - publications or
writings wherein a researcher reports
the results of his studies.
Example: Monthly, quarterly or
annual journals.
2. Secondary source - publications or
writings wherein a certain author
describes the work of another author.
Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias,
yearbooks as much as possible,
use the primary sources to avoid
tampering and miscommunications
on the data
Citation of Related Literature
1. American Psychological Association
(APA)
● commonly used when a researcher
works in social science-related
researches
● follows an author-date format
● APA follows different formats for
varying authors and their number.
Citing in APA format is shown on the
next page.
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)
● commonly used citation style in
research papers usually used in
liberal arts and humanities
● MLA follows an author- page format
3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
● a citation style that presents two basic
documentation systems:
○ notes and bibliography
○ author-date.
● the use of the two documentation
systems differs from the subject
matter and the sources cited
Lesson 3: Reading on Related Studies
Grade 12
2nd Semester
Quarter 3
Lesson 3
Vocabulary List
Author-date the needed information for its
format in-text citation is the author’s
surname and the year of
publishing
Author-page authors’ surname and the page
format number where it could be found
is needed.
Statistics a branch of mathematics that
deals with the
analysis and interpretation of
numerical data in
terms of samples and
populations.
Synthesizing Information
from Relevant Literature
● defined as a combination of
information and discussion from one
or more relevant sources of
information.
● there is a need to extract the
important information coming from all
your sources.
● find the similarities and differences
from one source to the other
● instill the importance of this
information in your research study.
TYPES OF SYNTHESIS
● Explanatory synthesis deals with
presenting the information through
explanations and presents it
objectively.
● Argument synthesis, on the other
hand, enables a researcher to present
his/her point of view from a certain
topic in a logical manner. Information
that is written using an argument
synthesis is usually debatable.
CATEGORIES OF SOURCES
1. Documents - these sources include
those materials that are written or
printed such as books, newspaper
reports, research articles, etc. This
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 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
source can come in a published or
non- published state.
2. Numerical records - This source is
considered a subcategory of
documents. This source includes
numerical data in written form such
as census reports, school budgets,
etc.
3. Oral statements - Stories, myths,
legends, songs and other forms of oral
data compose this type of source.
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4. Relics - this source commonly
composes information about the past.
WRITING A SYNTHESIS
Suggested Ways to Follow
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1. You must consider your purpose in
writing.
2. You must select and read carefully your
sources, according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main idea
that you want to present in your synthesis.
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4. Decide how will you use your source
materials and take down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according
to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis,
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following your organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis
Techniques in Writing Synthesis
1. Summary - the simplest way of organizing
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a synthesis. When using this technique, you
are going to write the most relevant
information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or illustration - it is a
technique wherein you are going to
synthesize information by giving examples
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and illustrations of your specific information.
3. Two (or more) Reasons- this technique
includes presenting the thesis and
supporting it with reasons why it is factual.
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4. Comparison and Contrast- In using this
technique, you are going to show the
similarities and differences of two or more
data.
Writing a Coherent Review
of Related Literature
The review of related literature is commonly
composed of three major sections: a)
Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question
Quarter 3 Lesson 3
Introduction, b) Main Body, and c)
Conclusion.
Introduction
● composed of a single paragraph
wherein information about the general
topic of your research is presented
● provides the overall statement of
knowledge about your research topic
● gives an overview of the contents of
your RRL highlighting the points
(main idea) that can be seen in this
chapter
Body
● second section of your RRL
● focuses on presenting all the relevant
information that you have gathered
● presenting your relevant information
must follow a logical manner,
addressing the order of your
objectives of the study
● the contents of this section come from
your synthesis matrix
Conclusion
● last section of your RRL
● a single paragraph that functions in
providing a summary of the overall
state of knowledge about your topic
● must show how significant is your
research study
Guidelines in Writing Literature Review
Prieto et al. (2017) crafted the following rules
that you can use to produce a quality
RRL.
Rule 1. Define the topic and the
audience. When defining a topic, consider
factors such as interest, significance, and
recency.
Rule 2. Search and research reference
list.
Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of
the need for the different types of
literature review.
Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
Rule 5. Choose the type of review you
wish to write.
Rule 6. Keep the review focused and
make it of broad interest.
Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
Rule 8. Find a logical structure.
Rule 9. Make use of feedback.
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Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
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Use of Ethical Standards in
Citing Related Literature
● help researchers in maintaining their
integrity.
●
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means of making right decisions
relating to the conduct of the study
● Some researchers consciously or
unconsciously break some ethical
standards leading to some
complications.
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The Relationship of Ethics and
Research
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1. Honesty- secure honesty in
producing his/her study.
Transparency is the key to upholding
honesty in research. Researchers
must see to it that all borrowed
intellectual property must be cited
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accurately.
2. Objectivity- free from any form of
bias in all aspects of his/her research
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paper.
3. Integrity - must secure that the
study holds sincerity and consistency;
The researchers must see to it that all
of the parts promised and presented
during the presentation of the
proposal must be kept
4. Carefulness- the conduct of the study
must be free from any carelessness
and errors of negligence. All important
data must be kept for future uses.
Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question
Quarter 3 Lesson 3
5. Openness- open-minded persons
wherein they can accept suggestions
from others and they can handle
constructive criticism
6. Respect for intellectual property
practices respect for intellectual
property. This principle can be
executed upon proper citation of
borrowed statements and giving due
credit to the owner.
7. Trustworthiness - any data or
information in the research, especially
those data from surveys and other
data gathering procedures, must be
used according to its proper and
allotted usage only. The researchers
must also keep the confidentiality of
every data gathered and must protect
its privacy.
8. Social and legal responsibility -
abide by the legalities, rules, policies,
and regulations set by his/her partner
institution or organization
The need for ethics is very vital in research
because of these reasons:
1) Norms promote the aims of research such
as knowledge, truth, understanding, and
avoidance of error.
2) Norms promote the values that are
essential to collaborative work such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
They also protect intellectual property
interests and encourage confidentiality even
in collaboration.
3) Norms ensure that researchers can be
held accountable to the public. To a certain
extent, they draw parameters on which ideas
to write and how they should be written.
4) Norms promote a variety of other
important moral and social values. Ethical
lapses in research can significantly harm
human and animal subjects, students, other
individuals, and the public in general.
5) Norms help build public support for
research. This happens when individuals
and organizations believe in the integrity and
credibility of the researcher/s, thus they will
offer support for the project.
For you to further understand the function
of ethics in research, here are some
terminologies that may aid you:
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 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
1) Ethical relativism- this refers to the view
that values are relative in the sense that a
person feels his/her value is better than any
other person’s value.
2) Ethical principles- this term refers to
values that are translated into rules or
standards of conduct.
3) Ethical dilemma- this refers to situations
where there is an evident conflict between
values and principles and the choice of
action needs to be decided.
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The following are the possible scientific
misconducts that can be done in research:
1. Fabrication and falsification of data
● also known as “cooking of data”
● involves producing data
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without actual experimentation
or altering data in recording for
the intention to fit them to
what is expected
2. Non-publication of data-
● involves choosing not to
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not conform to the
well-established body of
knowledge or are unsupportive
of the research hypothesis
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● Only the results that do not
reject the hypothesis are
reported and published.
3. Faulty data gathering procedures
● referred to as negligence or
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carelessness that leads to
errors in measurement or
faulty research instruments.
● An Error may also be caused
by inappropriate application of
treatment to the subjects and
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poor data recording.
4. Plagiarism
● a fraudulent act that involves
claiming another person’s
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ideas, work, or publication
● a form of intellectual property
stealing and dishonesty that
usually happens in scientific
publications.
There are four types of Plagiarism.
a. Copy and Paste Plagiarism-
involves copying information
word-by-word without giving
due credit to the source
Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question
Quarter 3 Lesson 3
b. Mosaic Plagiarism- changing
only some words in the copied
information
c. Misattribution Plagiarism - if
an author wrongly cited
information, maybe to the
wrong authors or to the non-
existing authors
d. Self-Plagiarism - can be
committed if an author
republishes his/her work.
Self-plagiarism comes in two
forms, duplication, and
replication.
i. Duplication can be
committed once a
researcher copies and
submits without proper
citations.
ii. Replication is multiple
cases of duplication.
Presenting Written Review
of Related Literature
Characteristics of a Good Literature
Review
1. Focused- your RRL must be
composed of information that is
related to yourbresearch topic.
2. Concise- ideas must be presented
economically.
3. Logical- the flow of ideas and
information must be based on logic. It
should be smooth-flowing.
4. Developed- your RRL must be
composed of complete information.
5. Integrative- in instances of
combining information, links between
these ideas must be evident. The
contribution of the reviewed materials
on the topic must also be shown.
6. Current- researchers must only use
the new and trendy information about
a research topic.
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Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
Understanding Ways to Collect Data
Research Design
● states to the whole approach that
you decide on to add the different
components of the study coherently
and logically, thereby, ensuring you
will effectively address the research
problem
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● constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis
of data
Take Note!
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Your research problem determines the
type of design you should use.
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Qualitative Research
● A systematic subjective approach
used to describe life experiences and
give them meaning.
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● gain insight; explore the depth,
richness, and complexity inherent in
the phenomenon
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Types of Qualitative Research
1. Ethnography - you immerse yourself
in the target participants’
environment to understand the goals,
cultures, challenges, motivations, and
themes that emerge.
2. Narrative - weaves together a
sequence of events, usually from just
one or two individuals to form a
cohesive story.
Lesson 4: Understanding Ways to Collect Data
Grade 12
2nd Semester
Quarter 3
Lesson 4
3. Phenomenological - is an
appropriate qualitative method when
you want to describe an event,
activity, or phenomenon.
4. Case Study - a way of explaining an
organization, entity, company, or
event which involves a deep
understanding through multiple types
of data sources.
Quantitative Research
● An objective, systematic empirical
investigation of observable
phenomena through the use of
computational techniques.
● Highlights numerical analysis of data
hoping that the numbers yield
unbiased results that can be
generalized to some larger population
and explain a particular observation
Types of Quantitative Research
1. Survey Research - uses interviews,
questionnaires, and sampling polls to
get a sense of behavior with intense
precision.
2. Correlational Research - tests for the
relationships between two variables.
3. Causal-comparative - research looks
to uncover a cause-and-effect
relationship. This research is not
conducted between the two groups on
each other.
4. Experimental Research - is guided
specifically by a hypothesis.
Population and Sampling
Procedure
Vocabulary List
Population refers to a total number of
people who serve as subjects or
respondents of the study.
Sampling
Procedure
method in identifying part of the
respondents of the study.
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 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion Quarter 3 Lesson 4

Statistics a branch of mathematics that

deals with the
analysis and interpretation of
numerical data in
terms of samples and
populations.

Population
Persons who have been invited to participate
in a particular study and have taken part in
the study.

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Sampling Procedure
Sampling Methods

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1. Random Sampling is a technique
that uses randomization to make sure
that every element of the population
gets an equal chance to be part of the
selected sample.
2. Stratified Sampling is a technique
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that divides the elements of the
population into small subgroups
(strata) based on the similarity in
such a way that the elements within
the group are homogeneous and
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heterogeneous among the other

subgroups formed.
3. Convenience Sampling where the
samples are selected based on
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availability.
4. Purposive Sampling is based on the
intention or the purpose of the study.
5. Quota Sampling, this type of
sampling depends on some pre-set
standard. It selects the representative
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sample from the population.

6. Referral/Snowball Sampling is used
in situations where the population is
completely unknown and rare.
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Lesson 4: Understanding Ways to Collect Data Kyle Dober 11