UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

J. P. Rizal Ext., West Rembo, Makati City

HIGHER SCHOOL NG UMAK
DEPARTMENT OF MATH AND SCIENCE/RESEARCH
Course Title Title
Module
2 Quantitative Research:
No.
Practical Research 2 The Kinds and Its Importance Across Fields
Prepared by Prof. Junlor C. Dacsa I
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
Learning Objectives 1. describe the kinds of quantitative research; and
2. illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields.

INTRODUCTION
It is easier to understand the different types of quantitative research designs if you consider how the
researcher designs for control of the variables in the investigation.

If you view quantitative design as a continuum (see the figure below), one end of the range represents a
design where the variables are not controlled at all and only observed. Connections amongst variable are only
described. At the other end of the spectrum, however, are designs which include a very close control of
variables, and relationships amongst those variables are clearly established. In the middle, with experiment
design moving from one type to the other, is a range which blends those two extremes together.

There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-
Experimental, and Experimental Research.

EXPERIMENTAL/
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
QUASI_EXPERIMENTAL

After reading and understanding this module, you are expected to answer the assessment and assignment.

CORE CONTENT

Methods in quantitative research can be used for different kinds. The type of research inquiry and research
methods used to analyze data differentiates the varied kinds of research. It means that the kind of quantitative
research use in the research study will depend on the type of research inquiry. Each type is suitable for answering
the different types of research questions and accomplishing different research objectives. Note that if the
researcher has one research objective, then there could be only one kind of quantitative research to choose. The
table below shows the different kinds of quantitative research.
 Kinds of
Quantitative Description Example/s
Research
Ø It is the most fundamental method in
quantitative research.
Ø It is generally concerned with investigating,
measuring and describing one or more
aspects or characteristics of one or more
groups, communities, or phenomenon at a
specific point in time.
Ø It needs a clearly defined phenomenon of
1. The teacher wants to determine
interest that is systematically and precisely
the test preparation and test
measured.
taking skills of grade 11
Ø It uses survey research tools: online polls,
students.
Descriptive Research online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-
2. The researcher wants to
intercept surveys, etc.
determine the common errors
Ø Traditionally, it was conducted via face-to-
of students when solving word
face or via phone calls/emails/social
problem.
media.
Ø It is useful in answer research questions
that deals with measurement that starts with
“How many…?”, “How much…?”, “How
often…?”, “How long…” and similar
questions. The research question could also
starts with what question (e.g. what is the
perception…?, what is the attitude…?, etc.)
Ø It is a type of descriptive-survey research
that be conducted through observing 1. Similarities and differences in
situations where the researcher tends to spending trends related to
collect data from a sample of the target gender in a specific age level.
population at a given point in time. 2. The research wants to discover
Ø These are popular with retail, SMEs, how students who scored in a
Cross-sectional healthcare industries. particular grade range in the
Survey Research Ø In this research, multiple samples can be same courses perform in a new
analyzed and compared. curriculum.
Ø The only disadvantage of this research is 3. The scientists want to
that the cause-relationship of variables understand how children ages
cannot be established as it usually 2-12 across the Philippines are
evaluates variables at a particular time and prone to calcium deficiency.
not across a continuous time frame.
Ø It is a type of descriptive-survey research 1. A research is planning to
that can be conducted to observe change in analyze the change in buying
participant or respondent behavior and habits of teenagers over 5
thought-processes across various time years.
Longitudinal Survey durations. The time can be days, months, 2. Business strategists want to
Research years, or even decades. gather social, lifestyle and
Ø It is extensively used in the field of financial information from the
medicine and applied sciences. target population. Then they
Ø This can also be used to observe a change study the effect of these
in market trends, analyze customer factors, both separately and in
 satisfaction, or gain feedback on
products/services.
Ø It can be used in situations where the
sequence of events is high essentials.
Ø It is conducted to establish the relationship
between two or more characteristics or
variables of one or more groups that uses
statistical analysis methods.
Ø It can verify or disprove systematic
relationship between two characteristics or
variables.
Correlational Ø In correlational research, a positive
Research relationship means that high values of one
variable correspond with high value of
another variable. A negative relationship
means that high values of one variable
correspond with low values of another
variable.
Ø This research does not have independent
and dependent variables
Ø It is also known as ex post facto.
Ø It examines the effects of one variable
(independent variable) that cannot be
manipulated on other variable (dependent).
Casual-Comparative Ø It compares two or more groups in a
Research different variable (dependent variable).
Ø It is not restricted to statistical analysis of
two variables but extends to analyze how
various variables or groups change under
the influence of the same changes
Ø There are three types: pre-experimental,
true experimental and quasi-experimental.
Ø Both true-experimental and quasi-
experimental research examine the effect of
a treatment on a dependent variable.
Ø Both true experimental and quasi-
experimental need two groups:
Experimental
experimental group and control group.
Research
The experimental group will receive the
treatment and the control group will receive
a placebo.
Ø The difference between true experimental
and quasi-experimental is the assignment of
control group. In true experimental, the
participant of a group are randomly
combination, and build an
action plan related to the
business offerings from these
findings.
1. The relationship between stress
and depression.
2. The equation between fame
and money.
3. The relation between activities
in a third grade class and its
students.
4. The researcher is interested to
know whether the time spent
by students playing computer
games affects their grades.
1. The effect of gender on
examination malpractice.
2. Investigation on why students
from two sections that have the
same teachers at the same
grade level in the same school
perform differently.
3. The impact of drugs on a
teenager.
4. The effect of good education
of a freshmen.
5. The effect of substantial food
provision in the villages of
Africa.
1. The effect of story telling
stories on children’s reading
fluency.
2. The effect of learning
management system on the
academic performance of
students in learning
exponential and logarithms.
3. The effect of innovative
devices in a fine dine in
restaurant on the quality of
staff performance.
 assigned while in quasi-experimental the 4. The effect of organic fertilizers
participants of a group are not randomly on the number of leaves of
assigned. tomatoes.
Ø Quasi-experimental are used in field setting
where random assignment is either
irrelevant or not required (e.g. school or
classroom)
Ø True experimental is commonly occurred in
physical sciences.

General Importance of Quantitative Research

1. More reliable and objective.
2. Can use statistics to generalize a finding.
3. Often reduces and structures a complex problem to a limited number of variables.
4. Looks at relationships between variables and can establish cause and effect in highly controlled
circumstances.
5. Test theories or hypothesis.
6. Assumes sample is representative of the population.
7. Subjectivity in recognized less.
8. Less detailed than qualitative data and may miss a desired response from the participants.

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

Ø Quantitative can be used in political surveys by political candidates and
voters to assess chances of winning and to determine the areas where they
need to develop support.
Ø Government agencies also used quantitative research to systematically
collect and analyze information to better perform their mandates. For
Politics, Governance and example, Philippine Statistics Authority collected and released information
Public Administration to enable us to gain a better understanding of poverty, underemployment,
education, and other aspects of the national situation. The results from
these can be used as basis for planning government programs and policies.
Ø Government agencies use quantitative research to evaluate the
effectiveness and impacts of the policies and programs implemented. For
example, the assessment of government assistant.
 Ø Business sectors use quantitative research to study and analyze information
on customer preferences, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, product
performance and business performance. For example, companies who wish
to improve sales of their products can collect information such as which of
their products are in demand, which of the groups tend to buy their
products and what improvements potential customers want to see in their
products. From the results collected from the target customers, the
companies can be able to come up with better marketing strategies and
better products.
Ø Quantitative research is mostly used in economics. Economists can use
Business, Management and
quantitative research by collecting information on the production,
Economics
distribution and consumption of goods and services. They can also study
rich information covered in economics such as per capita income,
economic growth rate, interest rates, inflation rates, gross domestic
products, etc.
Ø For banks and investments companies can also use quantitative research for
analysis and predictions in making business decisions.
Ø Government agencies involved in business such as National Economic
Development Authority (NEDA) and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
(BSP) use quantitative research to determine how the Philippine economy
are performing.
Ø Quantitative research is also widely used in field of developmental studies.
International organization like United Nations and other international
development organization use developmental studies to track and monitor
the progress of different countries such as people living in extreme poverty.
They conduct surveys, censuses and other data-gathering activities and can
be used for development programs and projects. Then, they can use
Environment and quantitative research to monitor progress and to assess their impact and
Development Studies effectiveness.
Ø Quantitative research are used in environmental studies. Government
agency such as Department of Environment and Natural Resources and
other environmental organizations use quantitative research to study
environmental issues such as the depletion rate of forest covers, the
impacts of increasing greenhouse gases, the effects of dynamite fishing on
the environment and communities, and status of different animal species.
Ø Quantitative research is very important in education sector both public and
private. Education sectors can assess and evaluate performance of
administrators, school staffs, teachers and students. They can also study
about the effectiveness of teaching strategies or approaches, learning
materials and classroom management.
Ø Quantitative research is also important in the field of psychology
Education, Sociology and
specifically in psychometrics. This field can study to measure the
Psychology
intelligence, skills, knowledge, attitudes, personality traits and educational
achievement of individuals.
Ø Quantitative research is also used in sociology to discover trends and
patterns in the behavior of individuals or group of people. A study in
prevailing social beliefs or attitudes on racism, charity, health can also use
quantitative methods .
 ASSESSMENT
Practice Exercise 2.1
Directions: Identify the kind of quantitative research using the following scenarios. Write your answer on the
third column. Explain why you choose that kind of quantitative research for each scenario and write explanation
on the last column. Explanation should not exceed more than 2 sentences.

Kinds of
No. Scenario Quantitative Explanation
Research
A research wants to determine which student
characteristics influence the sources of mathematical
1 self-efficacy of college freshmen utilizing a valid
assessment tool aligned with the tenets of the self-
efficacy theory.
A teacher wants to determine if reflective learning
2 journal can help students perform in achievement in
Mathematics.
A research wants to profile the leadership of women
engineers licensed in the province Cavite by using
the Leadership Practices Inventory to
3 operationalized leadership and explore the
association to levels of education, executive
coaching, years of engineering practice, and the
location of practice as rural versus urban.
A team of researchers want to determine if
proficiency-based education has an effect on school
4 climate. The study consists of 87 teachers in
proficiency – based high schools and 125 teachers
in non-proficiency-based high schools.

ASSIGNMENT
Reflective Learning Journal
Create one to two paragraphs of reflecting learning journal on the things you have learned in this module. To
create an effective reflective learning journal, you should answer the following questions:
1. What I have learned? (Explain in your own words)
2. What did I read/watch but did not understand? (Bullet form)
3. How will I apply the topic I learned in real life? (Bullet Form)
4. What question do I still have in my mind in relation to this topic/lesson/module? (Bullet form)
5. From #4, What are my own strategy/ies to answer this question that I still have in mind? (Bullet
form)
6. How do you rate (1-Poor, 2-Good, 3-Satisfactory) your learning of this topic? Explain why you
chose that rating? (Bullet form)
Use the Activity Sheet in writing your weekly reflective learning journal. Submit it on Moodle on specified date
 REFERENCES
1. McLeod, S. A. (2019, July 30). Qualitative vs. quantitative research. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html.
2. Bhat, A. (n.d). Quantitative research. QuestionPro. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-
research/
3. Torneo, A. and Clamor-Torneo, H. (2017). Practical research 2: An introduction to quantitative
research. SIBS Publishing House, Inc. | Quezon City, Philippines.