CARPENTRY

BLESSING NOTES
• Carpentry – referring to technology and science of cutting, fitting, and
assembling
• thumb – used as guide

• working with piece of materials as in sawing, boring, filing and planing, always
use – Clamps
• marking the thickness – marking gauge
• squareness – Try square
• Angles – Sliding T bevel
• Carpentry – referring to technology and science of cutting, fitting, and
assembling
• thumb – used as guide
• working with piece of materials as in sawing, boring, filing and planing, always
use – Clamps
• marking the thickness – marking gauge
• squareness – Try square
• Angles – Sliding T bevel
• hardwood – 6-12 %
• Softwood – 20 %
• angle used in sawing soft and thin wood – 30-45 degrees
• Seasoning - process of drying the lumber
• Sawing – preparation of wood for commercial purposes
• common plywood is 4 x 8 feet
• provides greater holding power than nails – screw
• process of smoothening using sand paper – Sanding
• constructing tables and chairs – Mortise and Tenon
• CHB – bound together by a material called mortar
• artificial stone – Concrete
• most widely used masonry materials – Hollow blocks
• manufactured from clay – Bricks
• conglomerated mass – Aggregates
• aggregate components of a total mass of concrete – 90% (exact composition is
95%)
• 1: 3: 6 – class C concrete mixture
• hand mixing 1⁄2 kg of water + 1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3 kg of gravel
• vertical – Plumb bob
• classifications of masonry tools – none of the above (2 only, Roughing Up and
Surface Finishing Tools)
• finishing a surface – Float
• fine textured concrete plaster – Rubber foam
• Economy – NOT to be considered in proportioning concrete mixture
• commonly used in small and large construction – Portland cement
• practices in mixing cement EXCEPT, Add plenty of water
• purpose of footing in masonry, It prevents the foundation from sinking
• Has long period of curing time – Pozzolan

• smallest division of the metric scale – millimeter

• one inch to centimeters – 2.54
• best to use – Kiln dried
• caliper – cylindrical object
• Fastening materials – nails
• Plywood – three or more veneer slice
• strongest form – mortise and tenon
• sanding – done before the application of finishing materials
• S4S – four of its sides are smooth or planed
• splicing or joining of wood using two side blocks – Fishing
• simplest – Butt joint
• major horizontal support – Header
• series of triangles – Truss
• 60 degrees –tooth of a cross cut saw
• solid color instead of a wood pattern – Opaque finishes
• oldest and most commonly used building material – Wood
• conifers – Soft wood
• binding agent – Cement
• rough – cutting marks are visible
• put through planking machine – dressed
• been dresses and matched, ship lapped, or patterned – worked
• plank of wood that has been roughly cut – Lumber
• Flat-grain – parallel to the face
• Edge-grain – 90 degrees to the face
• art of building with stone, bricks, concrete – Masonry
• you hold on to – Handrail
• part do you step on – Tread (minsan READ ang kalagay sa option)
• Door hinge – door swing when you close and open it
• standard height of the riser – 6-8 inches
• protective equipment, EXCEPT – ear muffs
• Helmet – protects the carpenter from falling objects
• protects the carpenter from falling – Belt and harness
• compress baked clay – Bricks
• closely together – Close-grain
• do not run parallel to the board – Cross-grain
• picture frame – Miter joint
• shelves of a bookcase – Dado joint
• end of one member inserted to hole of the other member – Mortise and Tenon
joint
• Lap joint – one side over the other
• Butt joint – one end over the other

• rigid and durable – Mortise and Tenon joint

• 45 degrees angle – Miter joint
• protects the room occupants – Rabbet joint
• middle of a bench – Bridle joint
• English system – inch
• Metric system – meter
• measure long distances – Pull-push rule
• mark very rough objects – Chalk line
• vertical line – Plum bob
• fasten and remove nails – Claw hammer
• smoothen wood surfaces – Plane
• smooth finish of concrete after floating – Concrete trowel
• cut brick, block, or stone – Mason's hammer
• repair mortar joints – Pointing trowel
• and move mortar – Brick trowel
• mix concrete – Shovel
• lays bricks – Hawk
• flat with handle at the back usually made of wood – Float
• shaping and forming concrete edges – Edger
• mix concrete for column and slab – 1 : 1 1/2 : 3
• class B mixture – 1 : 2 1/2 : 5
• mix concrete for a slab in the ground – 1 : 2 : 4
• mix concrete for hollow block filler – 1 : 3 : 6
• can be molded without segregation – Plasticity
• degree of wetness or slump – Consistency
• results from mixing cement, sand, and water – Mortar
• results from mixing cement and water – Grout
• process of finishing using mortar – Plastering
• Start laying ceramic tiles – Center
• Start laying concrete hollow blocks – Left
• mix mortar for plastering – cement and sand
• toilet and bathroom flooring – Non-skid granite tiles
• Bricks longer side is exposed to view – Stretcher
• regulate the strength of concrete, EXCEPT , Dropping concrete mixture from high
elevation
• 1:2:4 – Class A
• set-up the lateral level of a concrete fence – Spirit level
• coarse aggregates – Gravel
• process of hardening of concrete – Curing
• widely used in small and large construction including roads and highways –
Portland cement
• added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing – Admixture
• the structural reinforcing member – Stirrups
• structure that holds the poured concrete – Forms
• days shall concrete be maintained above 10 °C temperature – 7 days
• 4" x 8" x 16" concrete hollow blocks – 55 to 60 pcs
COMPUTATION
• A carpenter bought 7 pieces of 2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is 35.00 per board
foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00 c. 1,950.00
b. 1,940.00 d. 1,960.00
2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
(8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 35.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 35.00
= Php 1,960.00
• Find the total number of board feet of six pieces of lumber with a dimension of 2"
x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.
2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8
8 bd. ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd. Ft.
• If you have 2 ft length of a piece of wood, how long is it in inches?
a. 25
b. 12
c. 22
d. 24
2 ft x 12 inches = 24 inches
• If you have 2 yards length of a piece of wood, how long is it in inches?
a. 82
b. 72
c. 84
d. 64 2 yards x 36 inches = 72 inches
• 10 yards length of wood is how many feet?
a. 36
b. 35
c. 30
d. 24
10 yards x 3 feet = 30 feet
• One decameter of G.I. sheets is how many centimeters?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 100
d. 1,000
1 decameter = 0.10 meter
1 meter = 100 centimeter
0.10 m x 100 cm = 10
• A 2" x 3" x 12' lumber is how many board feet?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
(2 x 3 x 12) /12 = 72/12
=6
• 5 pcs. of a 1" x 1' x 8' lumber is how many board feet?
a. 30
b. 35
c. 40
d. 45
1x1x8=8
8 x 5 pcs = 40
• 50 millimeters length of a piece of lumber is how many decimeter?
a. 5
b. 0.05
c. 0.005
d. 0.5
1 meter = 1000 millimeter
1 meter = 10 decimeter
50 mm / 1000 m = 0.05 m
0.05 m x 10 dm = 0.5 dm
• How tall is a 10 meter building in inches?
a. 3.937
b. 39.37
c. 393.7
d. 3,937
1 m = 39.37 inches
10 x 39.37 = 393.7
• A mason wants to lay concrete hollow blocks into a 10 sq.m. wall. How many
CHB are needed?
a. 100 pcs.
b. 120 pcs.
c. 122.5 pcs.
d. 125 pcs.
10 sq. m x 12.5 pcs (standard) = 125 pcs
• How many 8" x 8" wall tiles are needed in a wall 2.5 m width and 4.0 m height?
a. 300 pcs.
b. 500 pcs.
c. 550 pcs.
d. 600 pcs.
2.5 m x 4 m = 10 sq m
10 sq m x 25 pcs (8”x8”) = 250 pcs
(pwede yung 300 dahil nearest to 250)

• A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 3" x 8' lumber. If the price of lumber is ₱50.00
per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. ₱1,800
b. ₱1,900
c. ₱2,000
d. ₱2,100
2 x 3 x 8 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000
• A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 4" x 6' lumber. If the price of lumber is P50.00
per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. ₱1,800
b. ₱1,900
c. ₱2,000
d. ₱2,100

2 x 4 x 6 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000

• How many cubic yard of concrete do you need to cover a space with an area
of 25 square foot and a slab thickness of four (4) inches?
a. 0.34 cu. yd.
b. 0.32 cu. yd.
c. 0.25 cu. yd.
d. 0.51 cu. yd.
Convert 4 inches into foot
4 / 12 = 0.33
0.33 x 25 sq m
8.25 sq m / 27 (cu. yrd)
0.30555 ... or 0.31 cu. yrd
(0.34 is the nearest)

DRAFTING
BLESSING NOTES
• Isometric – 3 dimensional, 30 degrees, 30 x 60 degrees

• Orthographic – 3 view, exact shape, actual observation, planes of projection

• Geometric Construction – accurate shape / angles / lines

• Pictorial – can be seen by naked eye

• Perspective – most realistic, visual observation

• Glass box technique – extract

• Architectural delineation – detailed dimension

• Drafting – systematic representation

• Oblique – one side is parallel to another, 45 degrees

• Cavalier – actual or same measurement

• Cabinet reduce to 1⁄2

• General – reduce to 1⁄4

• Subtitle – 3/16 inch

• Good height of lettering 1/8

• Dimension line – 1⁄4 (dimensioning)

• Extension line – 1/16 to 1/8 (dimensioning)

• Drafting – systematic representation

• Drawing – international language

• Mechanical – with instruments

• Freehand – paper and pencil

• medium of communication between designers and clients – Drafting

• orthographic projection can be seen in an object including its unnecessary views, 6 views

• horizontal lines – T-Square

• Vertical lines – triangles

• angle or an arc – Protractor

• Sketches – ruler

• Meter stick - height

• Arc and circle – Compass

• Divider – dividing lines

• French curve – curves except circles and arcs

• Scale – reproduce, reduce or enlarge

• Protect rest of drawing, erasing shield

• Make pencil point sharp, pencil sharpener

• Indicate measurement – dimension line

• Center line – circle dimension, diameter

• Dark solid line, show visible edges – visible line

• Composed of dashes, show invisible edges – hidden line

• Has been cut away – long break line

• Cutting plane cut through – section line

• Gradual darkening – shading

• Never letter without Guidelines

• Most important part – Lettering

• English – inch

• Grade for lettering – HB

• I inch = 2.54 centimeters

• 1 ft = 12 inches

• 1 yard = 36 inches

• 1 yard = 3 ft

• 1 meter = 36 inches

• Caliper – cylindrical objects

• Like sketching – freehand

• Emphasis – pleasing to the eye

• Proportion – relation to one another

• CAD – Computer Aided Designing

• NOT accepted type of dimension, None of the options

• Create depth, add light and shadow

• If all letters spaced equally, used up too much space

• drawing pencil is better than an ordinary writing pencil except, There are different kinds of

drawing pencils for specific work

• good to follow when making lettering except, When using lower case letter only two horizontal

guidelines are used

• center of holes – Center lines

• increases in the enrollment of first year high school students this school year, bar graph

• horizontal lines – It is drawn from left to right

• one-point perspective, All horizontal line point towards the one vanishing point

• orthographic projection it contains – 3 views

• zero point of a line graph – origin

• percentage comparison – Pie graph

• descriptions of tangent lines except, The point of intersection is the radius.

• Boxing method – isometric (for clarification, ito po yung tama, hindi po oblique )

• After 2-dimensional drawing are done, next step is – Dimensioning

• Imaginary cut – Sectioning

• Manual drafting – lettering by hand

• Dimensiouns – Tolerancing

• Single-stroke letters – free and natural fashion

• Lines at end of every letter except O in Roman letters – Serifs

• Lettering box – tools made of plastic or aluminum for lettering

• 3rd angle projection, Right side view, Left side view, and bottom side view

• Additional plane of projection – Frontal plane

• Superfluous dimensioning – repetition

• Section to be detailed – assembly of parts

• Approach – Dual dimensioning system

• Size of reinforcement bars – Top view, Front view, Side view, and Isometric

• Parallel line – Lines of sight

• Commonly used in TLE drafting – Roman

BUSINESS MATH
BLESSING NOTES

• Statement cash flows, the information concerning the cash inflows and outflows

• Closing entries are made, in order to transfer net income/loss and owner's drawings to the

owner's capital account

• Trade companies – business to receive goods and services before paying

• example of external finance – Bank loan

• Capital gain – shareholder sells his shares for more than he paid
• point at which the level of sales of a business exactly equals its costs – Break-even point

• Current Assets-Current Liabilities – Working capital

• does not appear in a Balance Sheet – Depreciation Expense

• Net Income or Profit results from, revenues exceeding expenses

• Assets are normally recorded at – cost

• Requires 15 months of payment – Long-term liability

• Best applies to current asset – Accounts receivable

• Non-current assets – Properties and equipment

• Received in exchange for delivery of goods – Income

• Decreases in Owner’s equity – Expenses

• Resources owned – Assets

• Acquired assets through obligations – Liability

• Business owned will be due not to exceed a year – Current Asset

• Requires prompt payment – Current Liability

COMPUTATION

1. Jeff receives P2,500 from her parents as monthly allowance. He spends 3/5 for dormitory fee

and utilities, 1/5 for her other needs and saves the rest. How much does she save?

A. P1000

C. P850

B. P750

D. P500

3/ 5 + 1/5 = 4/5

2500 X 4/5 or 2500 / 5 = 500

500 X 4 = 2000

2500 – 2000 = 500

D. 500

2. Christine is a saleslady in Miniso Department Store. She received a salary of P 10,000 a month

plus a commission of 1% on all her sales. Last month, her total sales was P35,000. How much did she

earn for the month?

A. P 10,035.00

B. P 10,003.50

C. P 10,350.00

D. P 10,530.00

1 % / 100 = 0.01

35000 X 0.01 = 350

10000 + 350 = 10, 350

C. P 10,350.00

3. If a skirt marked down 25%, what will the purchase price be?

A. P25.00

B. 75% of its original price

C. 50% off

D. P75.00

B. 75% of its original price

4. Find the profit of Ronnel's water refilling business with revenue of ₱56,000,000 and costs

of ₱42,000,000

A. ₱14,000,000

B. ₱140,000

C. ₱1,400,000

D. ₱14,000

56,000,000 – 42,000,000

= 14,000,000

5. Niko's food stall has costs of ₱2,900. Her total food sales are ₱11,600. What percent of

her food sales do the food costs represent

A. 20%

B. 25%

C. 27%

D. 30%

2,900 / 11,600

= 0.25 X 100

= 25 %

6. Brea needs 250 cookies for a buffet. She will make oatmeal raisin, macaroons, and

chocolate chunk cookies. She wants 25% of the cookies to be oatmeal raisin and 15%

of the cookies to be macaroons. How many chocolate chunk cookies must Brea

bake?

A. 150

B. 125

C. 140

D. 100

25 % oatmeal
+ 15 % macaroons

40 %

100 % - 40 % = 60 %

250 (total cookies)

250 * 0.60

= 150

7. A customer places a special order through 480 Furniture Store. The list price in the

manufacturer's catalog is ₱1,600. 480 Furniture receives a 35% trade discount. What is the net

price for the furniture order?

A. ₱560

B. ₱1,535

C. ₱1,565

D. ₱1,040

Shortcut in getting net price in Trade Discount:

Subtract the given discount from 100% then multiply to the given amount

100% - 35% = 65%

1,600 x 0.65 = 1,040

8. Ron's Manufacturing offers discounts on most of its products. What is the trade

discount rate on an item with a list price of ₱16.79 and a net price of ?₱2.42?

A. 22%

B. 26%

C. 54%

D. 74%

Trade Discount = List Price x Trade Discount rate

Net Price = List Price – Trade Discount

TD = 16.79 x 2.42

= 40.63 But, in the given option, 26% is nearest to the correct answer.

COSMETOLOGY

BLESSING NOTES
• foundation serves as make-up base – cream

• best shear to use for thinning bulky hair – thinning shear

• process of thinning, tapering and shortening – hair cutting

• color to the cheeks – Rogue (also called blush)

• To correct misshaped eyebrows – eyebrow pencil

• makes eyelashes wavy – curl lash

• makes small eyes appear bigger, adding lines on the eyelids

• emery board is used to shape – free edge

• orange wood stick is used to – remove excess nail polish around the nails

• ability of the hair to absorb moisture – hair porosity

• Foot cosmetics with tiny particles – foot scrub

• best way of shaping the eyebrow with the use of shave – Depilation

• heavy make-up – evening affair

• first cosmetic applied on nail – base coat

• dividing the hair – Sectioning

• darker shade of eye color – Lighter

• lips are broad – use lip liner at the outer portions of the lips

• nail is composed – Keratin

• Customer A is complaining, Ask for an apology, maintain professionalism and ask what she wants.

• first thing the pedicurist should do, Ask the customer what she wants for her toenails like the shape,
color, etc.

• NOT desirable quality for effective client relation, discussing personal life

• statement is NOT true, Salon owners and managers do not consider appearance, personality

and poise to be as important as technical knowledge and manual skills.

• guidelines for good human relations and professional attitude, EXCEPT one, Make a good

impression by wearing obtrusive jewelry to look at your best.

• public teacher – Business attire

• make-up of public teacher – Light make-up

• a neatly finished up style – Chignon

• Long hair – Laced-up and Elegant

• makeup in wedding – Photographic

• short nails – Round nail

• implements – cuticle pusher, nail brush, cuticle nipper, nail file and orange wood stick

• cosmetics – top coat, base coat, assorted colored polish and cuticle remover

• equipment – manicure pillow, chair, and finger bowl

• correct way to use cuticle nail file, The dull spade side is used to push back and loosen the cuticles.

• nail to grow out straight – square nail

• massage applied before – base coat

• last step in manicuring/pedicuring – apply top coat

• imaginative and artistic process – nail art

• Expert – nail technician

• Protein in nail – Keratin

• Nail extenders – artificial nail

• Decorative / painting – nail tattoo

• statement is CORRECT, Adult fingernails grow at an average rate of 1/8 inch a month

• technical term of nail – Onyx

• Nail diseases – Onychosis

• Study of nail – Onychology

• hand-held tools used in manicure – Implements

• light, continuous stroking movement – effleurage

• Massage with pressure – petrissage

• Continuous stroke that create heat – friction

• not good to apply massage when a person, high blood pressure and heart condition

• shaping the nails, what comes first, Discuss with the client the nail shape best suited for

him/her. File the nails at the left hand starting with the little finger and working towards the thumb.

• exposed to the sunlight – SPF lotion

• drinks can take to hydrate – plain water

• color testing of a foundation – jawline

• aids in maintaining face – face cleansers

• moisturize the face – face cream

• first step in giving facial – apply cleansing cream

• NOT a concern in analyzing the client's skin – shape of the face

• NOT beneficial for facial treatments – weakening muscle tissue

• common skin disorder - whiteheads

• recommended for dry, scaly skin, or skin that is inclined to wrinkles – hot oil mask facial

• role of the cosmetologist, Work closely with the client's physician to carry out instructions as to

the kind and frequency of facial treatments.

• treatment for acne, EXCEPT – Apply moisturizer

• used to set the foundation – powder

• backdrop for entire make-up – foundation

• highlight is produced when, a lighter shade than the original one is applied to a particular part of the
face

• in giving facial manipulations to induce relaxation – tempo

• has some obvious abrasions on her scalp – Advise the client of her scalp condition and

reschedule her appointment

• cause of gray hairs at this early age – has defects in pigment formation occurring at birth
• arranging the hair with attractive shapes and styles – Hairstyling

• Who is an albino, an absence of coloring matter in the hair shaft, which is accompanied by no

marked of pigment coloring in the skin or irises of the eyes

• holds the shears at an angle to the hair strand other than 90 degrees – beveled cut

• safety measures in haircutting is NOT true, Cut past the second knuckle when cutting on the

inside of the hand

• partially wet and partially dry – Uneven

• texturizing performed most effectively, On dry hair styled the way it will typically be worn

• myths about hair growth, EXCEPT, Normal, healthy hair grows and sheds each follicle

repeatedly cycles through three stages

• graduated effect – taped haircutting

• art of creating curls or weaving – Hair setting

• to increase the circulation of the blood to the scalp – Scalp manipulation

• remove tangles before hairstyling – Nape of the neck

• strands of hair an average person shed per day – 40-100

• Hair is distributed all over the body, EXCEPT – Soles of the feet

• Assessing personal need of client – Consultation

• Manicure – hands and fingernails

• Ideal nail contour – Oval shaped

• Fits most fingers and toes – almond shape

• Lies underneath most of nail – nail bed

• Half-moon like – lunula

• First step in manicure/pedicure – cleaning

• Loosen cuticle – push in one direction

• Use to loosen cuticle – cuticle pusher

• Functions of top coat – protect enamel from chipping

• Small nail – round shape

• Do not shake bottle – air bubbles

• Prevent multiplication of micro-organism – disinfectant

• Ordinary occasions, work or going church – day make-up / light make-up

• Facial with normal skin – about a month / once a month

• Oily skin type – skin toner

• Hair structure above the skin – hair shaft

• Hair structure beneath the skin surface – hair root

• Haircut by analyzing – face shape

• Effective client relationship – good manners and emotional balance

• Long and casual hairstyle – rollers with large circumference

• Cutting straight across without thinning – layered cut

• Tweeze eyebrow – upward

• Tools and equipment be sanitized – before use

• Commercial hot-oil treatment

1. Apply hot oil product

2. Cover with plastic cap for 15-20 mins

3. Give scalp massage

4. Rinse hair

5. Shampoo hair

Answer – 1,3,2,5,4

• Arrange the following cosmetics in their order of use in applying make-up?

I. Curl lash

II. Eyeliner

III. Eye shadow

IV. Mascara

a. I, II, III, IV

b. II, III, IV, I

c. III, II, I, IV

d. IV, I, II, III

• If you are going to start a home service as a manicurist/pedicurist and your parents give you

₱500.00 to start with, which equipment, implements, cosmetics and materials should you buy

first?

I. Nail cutter, nail pusher, cuticle nipper, assorted nail polish, base coat, and top coat

II. Solvent, lotion, cuticle oil, and nail art designs

III. Tray basket, emery board, orangewood stick, nail brush, nail file, and nail polish remover

IV. Finger bowl, manicure pillows, hand towel, antiseptic solution, and nail buffer

a. I only
b. I and II

c. I and III

d. I and IV

• Arrange steps in cleaning the nails:

I. Apply cuticle remover

II. Cut & file nails

III. Push cuticle

IV. Trim cuticle

a. I, III, II, IV

b. II, I, III, IV

c. III, I, IV, II

d. I, III, IV, I