t – Test Formulas

Comparison Between Sample Mean and Existing Norm/Standard

𝑥−𝑢
t= 𝑠
𝑛
Where
t = t – test value df = n - 1
x = sample mean
μ = population mean
s = sample standard deviation
n = sample size (number of cases/observations)
 Comparison between the Means of Two Groups, equal σ2

Where
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
t=
t = t – test value 1 1
𝑠 𝑝 +
𝑥1 = mean of 1st group 𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑥2 = mean of 2nd group
𝑛1 − 1 𝑠12 + 𝑛2 − 1 𝑠22
𝑠𝑝 = pooled standard deviation 𝑠𝑃 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
𝑠1 = standard deviation of 1st group
𝑠2 = standard deviation of 2nd group ⅆ𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
n1 = sample size of 1st group
n2 = sample size of 2nd group
 Comparison between the Means of Two Groups, unequal σ2
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑡=
Where 2 2
𝑠1 𝑠2
t = t – test value +
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑥1 = mean of 1st group
𝑥2 = mean of 2nd group Satterthwaite Approximation Formula

𝑠1 = standard deviation of 1st group 2

𝑠1 𝑠2 2 2

𝑠2 = standard deviation of 2nd group 𝑛1 + 𝑛2

𝑑𝑓 =
2 2 2 2
n1 = sample size of 1st group 1 𝑠1 1 𝑠2
𝑛1 − 1 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 1 𝑛2
n2 = sample size of 2nd group
Comparison between the Means of Two Paired Groups
𝑥𝑑 − 𝜇𝑑
𝑡=
𝑆𝑑
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑛 𝑋𝑑 =
𝑛
𝜇𝑑 = 𝑢1 − 𝜇2
ⅆ𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1

𝑥𝑑 − 𝑥𝑑 2
𝑠𝑑 =
𝑛−1