XII Current Electricity QN Ans - 230914 - 115259

1 (XII : Physics) S Cube: Academy for Excellence
Class 12 Physics - Important Questions

Chapter 3 Current Electricity
Very Short Answer Type the metal are moving in the same direction? (Delhi 2012)
Question 1.The plot of the variation of potential difference Answer:
across a combination of three identical cells in series, versus
current is as shown in the figure. What is the emf of each cell?
(Delhi 2008)
No, only the drift velocities of the electrons are superposed

over their random (haphazard) thermal velocities. The solid
Answer:Total emf of three cells in series = P.D corresponding line shows the random path followed by a free electron in the
to zero current = 6V absence of an external field.
∴ The emf of each cell = 6/3 = 2V The electron proceeds from A to B, making six collisions on its
Question 2.A wire of resistance 8R is bent in the form of a path. The dotted curve shows how the random motion of the
circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of a same electron gets modified when an electric field is applied.
A diameter 2AB? (Delhi 2008) Question 6.Show on a graph the variation of resistivity with
temperature for a typical semiconductor . (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Answer:The effective resistance between A and BO
Resistivity of a semi conductor decreases rapidly with

Question 3.Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter temperature.
across a battery. If the number density of electro in X is twice Question 7.Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the
that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two other of manganin have the same resistance. Which wire is
wires. (All India 2008) thicker? (All India 2012)
Answer: Answer:
For both wires R and l are same and ρ copper < p manganin.
∴ A copper < A manganin
i.e. Manganin wire is thicker than copper wire.
Question 8.A 10 v battery of negligible internal resistance is
Question 4.A resistance R is connected across a cell of emf ε connected across a 200 V battery and a resistance of 38Ω as
and internal resestance r. A potentiometer now measures the shown in the figure. Find the value of the current in circuit.
potential difference between the terminals of the cell as V. (Delhi 2013)
write the expression for ‘r’ in terms of ε, V and R. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
1
Question 5.When electrons drift in a metal from lower to

higher potential, does it mean that all the free electrons of
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Answer:Applying Kirchhof s rule, we get 200 -10 = 190 V
Question 9.A 5 V battery of negligible internal resistance is Question 16.Show variation of resistivity of copper as a
connected across a 200 V battery and a resistance of 39 Ω as function of temperature in a graph. (Delhi 2014)
shown in the figure. Find the value of the current (Delhi 2013) Answer:
Answer:
Question 10.The emf of a cell is always greater than its

terminal voltage. Why? Give reason. (Delhi 2013) Question 17.Define the term ‘electrical conductivity’ of a
Answer: metallic wire. Write its S.I. unit. (Delhi 2014)
Emf is the p.d. when no current is drawn. When current is Answer:Conductivity. The reciprocal of the resistivity of the
drawn, there will be potential drop across the internal material of a conductor is called its conductivity ‘σ’
resistance of the cell. So, terminal voltage will be less than the
emf.
Question 11.A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ draws a The SI unit of conductivity is Ohm-1 metre-1 (Ω-1im-1’).
current ‘I’. Write the relation between terminal voltage ‘V’ in Question 18.Define the term ‘drift velocity’ of charge carriers
terms of E, I and r. (Delhi 2013) in a conductor and write its relationship with the current
Answer:V = E – I flowing through it. (Delhi 2014)
Question 12.Two identical cells, each of emf E, having Answer:Drift velocity. It is the velocity with which a free
negligible internal resistance, are connected in parallel with electron in the conductor gets drifted under the influence of
each other across an external resistance R. What is the current the applied external electric field
through this resistance ?
Answer:
[When cells are connected in parallel, emf remains

unchanged]
Question 13.Why is the terminal voltage of a cell less than its Question 19.How does the random motion of free electrons
emf? (Comptt. All India 2013) in a conductor get affected when a potential difference is
Answer:Terminal voltage of a cell is less than emf because applied across its ends? (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
some curent, however small, may be is drawn to measure Answer:Random motion of free electrons gets directed
terminal voltage due to internal resistance of the cell. towards the point at a higher potential.
Question 14.Two students A and B were asked to pick a Question 20.State the underlying principle of a
resistor of 15 kΩ from a collection of carbon resis-tors. A potentiometer. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
picked a resistor with bands of colours : brown, green, orange Answer:When a constant current flows through a wire of
while B chose a resistor with bands of black, green, red. Who uniform cross-section and of uniform composition, the
picked the correct resistor? (Comptt. All India 2013) potential difference across any length of wire is directly
Answer:Student ‘A’ picked up the correct resistor of 15 kΩ. proportional to its length, i.e., Vl∞ l
Question 15.Define the term ‘Mobility’ of charge carriers in a Question 21.Write the expression for the drift velocity of
conductor. Write its S.I. unit. (Delhi 2014) 2
charge carriers in a conductor of length T across which a
Answer:Mobility of charge carriers is defined as the potential difference ‘V’ is applied. (Comptt. All India 2014)
magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field E.
Answer: why a potentiometer is preferred over a voltmeter to measure
emf.
Question 27.Nichrome and copper wires of same length and
same radius are connected in series. Current I is passed
Question 22.How does one explain increase in resistivity of a through them. Which wire gets heated up more? Justify your
metal with increase of temperature? (Comptt. All India 2014) answer. (Outside Delhi 2017)
Answer:With increase in temperature, the relaxation time Answer:Nichrome :
(average time between successive collisions) decreases and Nichrome wire gets heated up more because of higher
hence resistivity increases. Also, resistivity of nichrome.
ResistivityNI > ResistivityCu
Question 28.Define the conductivity of a conductor. Write its
resistivity increases, as x decreases with increase in SI unit. (Comptt. Outside Delhi 2017)
temperature. Answer:Conductivity is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity,
Question 23. i.e., σ = 1/ρ
Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a Its SI unit is S(Siemen)
material GaAs is shown in the figure. Identify the region of
(i) negative resistance Short Answer Type I
(ii) where Ohm’s law is obeyes (Delhi 2014) Question 29.Two metallic wires of the same material have the
versus for a GaAs is in the Identify the region of same length but cross-sectional area is in the ratio 1 : 2. They
Answer:DE : Negative resistance region. are connected
AB : Where Ohm’s law is obeyed. (i) in series and
Question 24.I – V graph for a metallic wire at two different (ii) in parallel. Compare the drift velocities of electrons in the
temperatures, T1 and T2 is as shown in the figure. Which of two wires in both the cases (i) and (ii). (All India 2008)
the two temperatures is lower and why? (All India 2015) Answer:
Answer:The temperature T1 is lower. Larger the slope of V-I
graph, smaller the resistance. As the resistance of a metal
increases with the increase of temperature, resistance at
temperature T1 is lower.
Question 25.The plot of the variation of potential difference A
across a combination of three identical cells in series, versus
current is shown along the question. What is the emf and
internal resistance of each cell? (All India 2016)
Answer:
(From the graph, current is 1A corresponding to V = 0)

Question 26.Why is a potentiometer preferred over a
voltmeter for determining the emf of a cell? (Comptt. Delhi 3
2016)
Question 30.Derive an expression for the resistivity of a good
Answer:Potentiometer does not draw any (net) current from
the cell; while Voltmeter draws some current from cell, when conductor, in terms of the relaxation time of electrons. (All
India 2008)
connected across it, hence it measures terminal voltage. It is
Answer:Drift speed gained by an electron under the effect of the conductor, the electrons will experience an acceleration, a
electric field E in a conductor is = eE/m.
If the average time for the acceleration is x, the velocity
required is
Question 34.Calculate the current drawn from the battery in

the given network. (All India 2009)
ρ=m/ne2τ between resistivity and relaxation time of electrons.

Question 31.Using the mathematical expression for the
conductivity of a material, explain how it varies with
temperature for
(i) semiconductors,
(ii) good conductors. (All India 2008) Answer:
Answer:Conductivity σ = ne2τ/m
(i) Semiconductors: With increase in temperature, conductivity
of semiconductor increases. It is due to increase in V. It
dominates the effect caused by decrease in ‘x’.
(ii) Good conductors : With increase in temperature,
conductivity of good conductors decreases. It is due to
decrease in the value of relaxation time. The effect of
increased value of V is negligible.
Question 32.
A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance V is connected across
a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing the variation of
terminal potential ‘V’ with resistance R.
Predict from the graph the condition under which ‘V’
becomes equal to ‘E’. (Delhi 2009) Question 35.Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity
Answer:(i) V = ε – Ir gives the terminal voltage and can be of a galvanometer. Increasing the current sensitivity may not
plotted as shown in Figure 1. necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer.
(ii) The graph between V and R, is shown in Figure 2. Justify. (All India 2009)
Answer:Current sensitivity is defined as the deflection
produced in the galvanometer when unit current is passed
through its coil.
Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in

V becomes E when no current is down.
the galvanometer when unit voltage is applied across the coil
Question 33.
of the galvanometer.
Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a
conductor in terms of relaxation time. (Delhi 2009)
Answer: 4
In the absence of electric field the electrons motion is random
and the net velocity is zero. In the presence of electric field, Since Vs = Is/R, increase in current sensitivity may not
they tend to flow opposite to that of the electric field in the necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity. It may be affected
conduction. If an electric field ‘E’ is applied across a length l of by the resistance used.
Question 36.A wire of 15 Ω resistance is gradually stretched ammeter. The current in the circuit is measured in four
to double its original length. It is then cut into two equal different situations:
parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 3.0 (i) without any external resistance in the circuit
volt battery. Find the current drawn from the battery. (All (ii) with resistance R2 only
India 2009) (iii) with R1 and R2 in series combination
Answer:R = 15 Ω (iv) with R1 and R2 in parallel combination
On stretching to double its original length, the resistance The currents measured in the four cases are 0.42A, 1.05A,
becomes R1 = 60 Ω, as on stretching volume is constant and 1.4A and 4.2A, but not necessarily in that order. Identify the
Rα l2. currents corresponding to the four cases mentioned above.
The two cut parts will have a resistance of 30 Ω each as they Answer:
are connected in parallel, the
Question 37.
A wire of 20 Ω resistance is gradually stretched to double its
original length. It is then cut into two equal parts. These parts
are then connected in parallel across a 4.0 volt battery. Find
the current drawn from the battery. (All India 2009)
Answer:
On stretching, the resistance of the wire will get to four times,
i.e., 80 Ω as volume is constant and
R α l2. Question 41.
So the two equal parts will have a resistance of 40 Ω each. A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected
When connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance will be to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, find
20 Ω (i) the resistance of the resistor;
(ii) the terminal voltage of the battery. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Question 38.In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at

zero potential, use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential
A at point B. (All India 2011)
Question 42.A battery of emf 6 V and internal resistance 2Ω is

connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.25 A,
find (i) the resistance of the resistors;
(ii) the terminal voltage of the battery. (Comptt. Delhi)
Answer:Applying Kirchhoff’s law by moving along ACDE,
we get, Answer:
Question 40.A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is

connected to two external resistances R1 and R2 and a perfect
Question 43.The network PQRS, shown in the circuit diagram, Applying loop rule to loop PRQP
has the batteries of 4 V and 5 V and negligible internal
resistance. A milliammeter of 20 Ω resistance is connected
between P and R. Calculate the reading in the milliammeter.
(Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:Applying loop rule to loop PQRP

-4 = 60(I – I1) – 20 I1 = 0
or – 4 = 60I – 60I1 – 20I1
or 20I1 -15 I = 1 …[+ by 4 …(i)]
Applying loop Yule to loop PRSP, we get
-5 + 200 I + 20 I1 = 0
4I1 + 40 I = 1 …[+ by 5 …(ii)]
Reading in milliammeter = 0.08A
Question 46. An ammeter of resitance 1 Ω can measure
current upto 1.0 A
(i) What must be the value of the shunt resistance to enable
the ammeter to measure upto 5.0 (A)?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the
shunt? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
∴ Reading of milliammeter = 0.064 A

Question 44.The network PQRS, shown m the circuit diagram,
has the batteries of 5 V and 10 V and negligible internal
Question 47. Explain the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons in a
resistance. A milliammeter of 50Ω resistance is connected
conductor. Hence obtain the expression for the current
between P and R. Calculate the reading in the milliammeter.
through a conductor in terms of ‘drift velocity’
Answer: Definition : Drift velocity is defined as the velocity
with which fress electrons in a conductor get drifted in a
direction opposite to the direction of the applied field. Its unit
is m-1s and dimensions [LT-1]
Answer: 6
Applying loop rule to loop PSRP
-10 + 100 I + 50 I1 = 0
or 100 I + 50 I1 = 10 Expression : The magnitude of electric field set up across the
or 10 I + 5 I1 = 1 …[+ by 10 …(i)
conductor is given by Question 50. Write a relation between current and drift
E = V/l velocity of electrons in a conductor. Use this relation to
Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the explain how the resistance of a conductor changes with the
conductor. rise in temperature. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)
Then, total number of free electrons in the conductor Answer: Relation between current and drift velocity :
= n × Volume of the conductor
Hence, Q = (nAl)e
Time taken by the charge to cross the conductor length l is On increasing temperature, the resistance of the conductor
given by increases due to increase in frequent collisions of electrons
with each other, resulting into decrease in the drift velocity.
Question 51. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the value of
the current I1 flowing in the circuit shown in the figure.
(Comptt. Delhi 2013)
Question 48. Write the expression for the current in a

conductor of cross-sectional area A in terms of drift velocity.
Answer: Drift velocity. Drift velocity is defined as the velocity
of the free electrons with which they get drifted towards the
positive terminal under the influence of the external electric Answer: Using Kirchoff’s first law at junction E, we get
field. The drift velocity of electron is of the order of 10 - I3 = I3 + I2
5
m/sec. Expression for current in terms of drift velocity is : In loop ABCDA, using Kirchoff’s second law, we get
Expression : Consider a conductor of length l and of uniform

cross-section area A .
∴ Volume of the conductor = Al
If n is the number of the conductors, then total number of
free electrons in the conductor = Aln
If e is the charge on ” each electron, then
total charge on all A the free electrons in the conductor, q = 80 – 20 I2 + 30 I1 = 0
Alne
The electric field set up across the conductor of potential
difference V is given by,
Due to this field, the free electrons present in the conductor

will begin to move with a drift velocity vd towards the positive So (-) sign of current indicates that the direction of current is
terminal of the battery opposite to that as shown in the circuit diagram.
∴ Time taken by free electrons to cross the conductor, Question 52. Draw a graph showing variation of resistivity
with temperature for nichrome. Which property of nichrome
is used to make standard resistance coils? (Comptt. All India
2013)
Answer: Temperature coefficient of resistivity (α) is very small
for nichrome.
7
SinceA, n and e are constants,
Therefore, the current flowing through a conductor is directly

proportional to the drift velocity.
Question 53. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r when Question 56. State Kirchhoff’s rules. Explain briefly how these
connected across an external resistance of 12 ft, produces a rules are justified. (Delhi 2014)
current of 0.5 A. When connected across a resistance of 25 ft, Answer: Kirchhoff’s rules.
it produces a current of 0.25 A. Determine 1. Kirchhoff’s junction rule : At any junction, the sum of the
(i) the emf and currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of
(ii) the internal resistance of the cell. (Comptt. All India 2013) currents leaving the junction.
2. Kirchhoff’s loop rule : The algebraic sum of changes in
potential in any closed loop involving resistors and cells
is zero.
These two laws are justified on the basis of law of
conservation of charge and the law of conservation of energy
respectively.
Question 57. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance V is
connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing
variation of terminal voltage ‘V’ of the cell versus the current
‘I’. Using the plot, show how the emf of the cell and its
Question 54. Define mobility of a charge carrier. Write the
internal resistance can be determined. (All India 2014)
relation expressing mobility in terms of relaxation time. Give
Answer:
its SI unit. (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer: Mobility. Mobility of electron p is defined as the
magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field E
Question 55. A uniform wire of resistance 12 Ω is cut into

three pieces so that the ratio of the resistances R1 : R2 : R3 = 1
: 2 : 3 and the three pieces are connected to form a triangle
across which a cell of emf 8V and internal resistance Intercept of Y-axis will give the value of ‘E’; while the slope of
the line will give the value of internal resistance.
1 Ω is connected as shown. Calculate the current through Question 58. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction
each part of the circuit. (Comptt. All India 2013) electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.0 × 10 -
7
Answer: m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume the density of
conduction electrons to be 9 × 1028 m-3. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Question 59. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction 8

electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 2.5 × 10-
7
m2 carrying a current of 1.8 A. Assume the density of
Answer: Question 63. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain conditions for the
balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge. (Delhi 2015)
Answer: Conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone
bridge :
Question 60. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction

electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 2.5 × 10-
7
m2 carrying a current of 2.7 A. Assume the density of
Answer: 0.75 × 10-3 ms-1
Question 61. Draw a plot showing the variation of resistivity
of a
(i) conductor and
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to closed loop ADBA,
(ii) semiconductor, with the increase in temperature.
How does one explain this behaviour in terms of number
density of charge carriers and the relaxation time? (Comptt.
Delhi 2014)
Answer: (i) For conductor :
(ii) For semiconductor :
This is the required balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge

arrangement.
Question 64. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential
difference between the points A and D when no current flows
in the arm BE of the electric network shown in the figure.
(iii) Behaviour :
In conductors, average relaxation time decreases with

increase in temperature, resulting in an increase in resistivity.
In semiconductors, the increase in number density (with
increase in temperature) is more than the decrease in
relaxation time; the net result is, therefore, a decrease in Answer: Let us consider the loop ABED.
resistivity. Using Kirchhoff’s second law, we have
Question 62. Distinguish between emf (ε) and terminal
voltage (V) of a cell having internal resistance r. Draw a plot
showing the variation of terminal voltage (V) vs the current (I)
drawn from the cell. Using this plot, how does one determine Question 65. Calculate the current drawn from the battery by
the internal resistance of the cell? – (Comptt All India 2014) the network of resistors shown in the figure. (Comptt. All India
Answer: emf is the potential difference between two terminals 2015)
of the cell, when no current is drawn from the cell I while
• terminal voltage is the potential difference between two
terminals when current passes through it.
• negative slope of the graph gives internal resistance.
9
Answer: Given : Circuit diagram can be rearranged as shown
below : It forms a wheatstone’s bridge
Answer: Given : E1 = 1.5 V, E2 = 2.0 V,
It is the condition of null point when no current flows through

BD arm, i.e. 5 Ω.
Resistances P = (1 Ω) and R = (2 Ω) are in series;
Similarly, Resistances Q = (2 Ω) and S in series,
Question 68. A battery of emf 12V and internal resistance 2 Ω

is connected to a 4 Ω resistor as shown in the figure.
(a) Show that a voltmeter when placed across the cell and
across the resistor, in turn, gives the
(b) To record the voltage and the current in the circuit, why is
voltmeter placed in parallel and ammeter in series in the
Question 66. Using the concept of drift velocity of charge circuit? (All India)
carriers in a conductor, deduce the relationship between
current density and resistivity of the conductor. (Comptt.
Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The drift velocity is given by,
Answer:
We find from the equations (i) and (ii), the voltmeter gives the
same reading, i.e. 8 V.
(b) An ammeter is connected in series because same current
is flowing in the circuit, while voltmeter is connected in
parallel to measure potential difference across two points in
the circuit.
Question 69. The figure shows a plot of terminal voltage ‘V’
versus the current ‘i’ of a given cell. Calculate from the graph
(a) emf of the cell and
Question 67. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal 1
(b) internal resistance of the cell. (Comptt. Outside Delhi
resistance 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω respectively are connected in 0
2017)
parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the
equivalent cell.(Delhi 2016)
Answer: No. of electrons in length l of the conductor = n x volume of

the conductor = n × Al
Total charge contained in length l of conductor is q = enAl (i)
All the electrons which enter the conductor at the right end
will pass through the conductor at the left end in time,
Question 70. A cell of emf 4 V and internal resistance 1 Ω is

connected to a d.c. source of 10 V through a resistor of 5 Ω.
Calculate the terminal voltage across the cell during charging.
Answer:
Hence the current density of a metallic conductor is directly

proportional to the drift speed of electrons.
Question 72. A number of identical cells n, each of emf e,
internal resistance r connected in series are charged by a d.c.
source of emf elr using a resistor R.
(i) Draw the circuit arrangement. (ii) Deduce the expressions
for (a) the charging current and
(b) the potential difference across the combination of the
cells. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Short Answer Type II

Question 71. Prove that the current density of a metallic
conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed of
electrons. (Delhi 2008)
Or
Derive an expression for the current density of a conductor in
terms of the drift speed of electrons. (All India 2008)
Answer: Suppose a potential difference V is applied across a
conductor of length l and of uniform cross-section A. The
electric field E set up inside the conductor is given by
E = V/l
Under the influence of field E, the free electrons begin to drift
in the opposite direction E with an average drift velocity vd.
Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron
density = n 1
Charge on an electron = e
1
(ii) Being a balanced wheatstone bridge
Question 74. Define resistivity of a conductor. Plot a graph
showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a
metallic conductor. How does one explain such a behaviour,
using the mathematical expression of the resistivity of a
material. (Delhi 2008)
Answer: (i) Resistivity of conductor : It is the resistance of a
conductor of unit length and unit area of cross-section.
Question 82. Write any two factors on which internal
resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high resistance
voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.2 V. When
the terminals of the cell are also connected to a resistance of
(ii) Variation of resistivity with temperature : 5 Ω as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to 1.8
The resistivity of a material is given by V. Find the internal resistance of the cell. (All India 2010)
Answer: (a) Internal resistance of a cell depends upon :

(i) nature of electrolyte of the cell
(ii) separation between the electrodes.
(b) Given: emf of cell, e = 2.2 V, R = 5 Ω, V = 1.8 V
On increasing temperature, average speed of drifting
electrons increases. As a result collisions are more frequent.
Average relaxation time τ decreases, hence ‘ρ’ increases.
Question 75. (i) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the
given electrical network between points A and B.
Question 83. Write any two factors on which internal

resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high resistance
voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.0 V.
(ii) Also calculate the current through CD and ACB, if a 10 V

d.c. source is connected between A and B, and the value of R
is assumed as 2 Ω. (All India 2008)
Answer: (i) Equivalent circuit of the given problem is shown in
the given diagram. The simplified circuit is equivalent to a
balanced wheatstone bridge.
Hence there will be no current in arm CD, When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a
resistance of 3Ω as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading
drops to 1.5 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell. (All
India 2010)
Answer: Factors affecting internal resistance of a cell : 1
(a) Internal resistance of a cell depends upon : 2
(i) nature of electrolyte of the cell
(ii) separation between the electrodes.
(b) Given: emf of cell, e = 2.2 V, R = 5 Ω, V = 1.8 V
Let r be the internal resistance of the cell

Answer: Kirchhoff’s rules :
(i) Kirchhoff’s junction rule : At any junction, the sum of the
currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents
leaving the junction.
(ii) Kirchhoff’s loop rule : The algebraic sum of changes in
Question 84. State Kirchhoff’s rules. Use these rules to write potential-in any closed loop involving resistors and cells is
the expressions for the current I1 I2 and I3 in the circuit zero.
diagram shown. (All India 2010) (b) According to Kirchhoff’s junction rule,
Answer:
(i) Kirchhoff’s junction rule : At any junction, the sum of the
currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents
(ii) Kirchhoff’s loop rule : The algebraic sum of changes in
potential-in any closed loop involving resistors and cells is
zero.
(b) According to Kirchhoff’s junction rule,
Numerical : Applying Kirchhoff’s rule in loop ACBPA, we have
In loop ACBQA, by Kirchhoff’s rule, we have

12I3 + 1I2 = 10 …(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we have
1
Question 85. State Kirchhoff’s rules. Apply Kirchhoff’s rales to 3
the loops ACBPA and ACBQA to write the expressions for the
currents I1, I2 and I3 in the network. (All India 2010)
Question 87. Define the terms Question 88. In the circuit shown, R1 = 4Ω, R2 = R3 = 15 Ω,
(i) drift velocity, (ii) relaxation time. R4 = 30Ω and E = 10V. Calculate the equivalent resistance of
A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source of emf e. the circuit and the current in each resistor. (Delhi 2010)
If this conductor is replaced by another conductor of same
material and same area of cross-section but of length 3L, how
will the drift velocity change? (Delhi 2010)
Answer: (i) Drift velocity : It may be defined as the average
velocity gained by the free electrons of a conductor in the
opposite direction of the externally applied field.
(ii) Relaxation time : The average time that elapses between
two successive collisions of an electron is called relaxation Answer:
time.
When length is tripled (3L), drift velocity becomes one-third

of the original.
For details :
(i) Drift velocity. Drift velocity is defined as the velocity of the
free electrons with which they get drifted towards the positive
terminal under the influence of the external electric field. The
drift velocity of electron is of the order of 10~5 m/ sec.
Derivation. Let ‘m’ be the mass of an electron and ‘e’ be the
charge on it. When an external electric field ‘E is applied, the
acceleration
acquired by an electron is given by
Let v1 v2, v3 … vn be final velocities of electrons then average

velocity of the electrons is given by Question 89. In the circuit shown, R1 = 4Ω, R2 = R3 = 5Ω, R4
= 10Ω and E = 6V. Work out the equivalent resistance of the
circuit and the current in each resistor. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
1
4
Therefore, when length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes
one-third.
Answer:
Question 91. Using Kirchoff’s rules determine the value of

unknown resistance R into circuit so that no current flows
through 4ω resistance. Also find the potential difference
between A and D. (Delhi 2012)
Question 93.
Answer: Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in
the figure so that the current is 0.2 A. What would be the
potential difference between points A and B?
Answer:
Question 92. Calculate the value of the resistance R in the

circuit shown in the figure so that the current in the circuit is
0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points
B and E? (All India 2012)
Question 94. Define relaxation time of the free electrons 1

drifting in a conductor. How is it related to the drift velocity of 5
free electrons? Use this relation to deduce the expression for
the electrical resistivity of the material. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Relaxation time : The average time that elapses between two Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and a
successive collisions of an electron is called relaxation time. battery of 3 V. When the galvanometers in each arrangment
do not show any deflection, obtain the ratio R1/R2.
(All India 2012)
Answer: Current sensitivity of a galvanometer : Current
sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is defined as
deflection produced in the galvanometer per unit current
Suppose a potential difference V is applied across a
passed through it. Its SI unit is rad A-1
conductor of length T and of uniform cross-section A, then
(i) For circuit on the left side—
Electric field E set up inside the conductor is given by
If G has zero deflection, then
Under the influence of field E→, the free electrons begin to

(ii) For circuit on the right side—
drift in the opposite direction E→ with an average drift
If galvanometer and battery are inter-changed, there is no
velocity vd.
change in the circuit as such.
Question 102. Answer the following :

Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron (a) Why are the connections between the resistors in a meter
density = n bridge made of thick copper strips?
Charge on an electron = e (b) Why is it generally preferred to obtain the balance point in
Number of electrons in length l of the conductor = n × the middle of the meter bridge wire?
volume of the conductor = nAl (c) Which material is used for the meter bridge wire and why?
Total charge contained in length l of the conductor, q = enAl (All India 2012)
According to the electrons which enter the conductor at the Answer: (a) The connections between the resistors in a meter
right end will pass through the conductor at the left end in bridge are made of thick copper strip, so as to have the
time, minimum possible resistances.
(b) It is generally preferred to obtain the balance point in the
middle of the meter bridge, so as to minimise the error of
balance.
(c) The material used for meter bridge is an alloy ‘constantant’
or ‘manganin’ because of
(i) hight resistivity and
(ii) low temperature coefficient of resistivity.
Question 104. In the electric network shown in the figure, use
Kirchhoffs rules to calculate the power consumed by the
resistance R = 4 Ω. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Question 97. Define the current sensitivity of galvanometer.

Write its S.I. unit.
1
6
Answer: -12 + 2I1 + 4(I1 + I2) = 0

-12 + 2I1 + 4 I1 + 4I2 = 0 velocity of the electrons is given by
6I1 + 4I2 = 12 ⇒ 3I1 + 2I2 = 6 … (i)
For loop ADFEA
-4(I1 + I2) + 6 = 0
-4I1 – 4I2 = -6 ⇒ 2I1 + 2I2 = 3 … (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
I1 = 3A and I2 = -1.5A
∴ Power consumed in 4Ω resistance (R) = I2R
= (I1 + I2)2 × R
= (3 – 1.5)2 × 4 W
= 9 watt
Question 107. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance V is
connected across a variable load resistor R. Draw the plots of
the terminal voltage V versus
(i) R and (ii) the current I.
It is found that when R = 4 Ω, the current is 1 A and when R is
increased to 9 Ω, the current reduces to 0.5 A. Find the values
of the emf E and internal resistance r. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Therefore, when length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes

one-third.
Question 110. In the two electric circuits shown in the figure,
determine the reading of ideal ammeter (A) and the ideal
voltmeter (V). (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Question 109. Find the relation between drift velocity and

relaxation time of charge carriers in a conductor. A conductor
Answer: (i) In circuit (a)
of length L is connected to a d,c. source of emf ‘E’. If the
Total emf = 15 V, Total Resistance = 2Ω
length of the conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping ‘E’
constant, explain how its drift velocity would be affected. (All
India 2012)
Answer: (i) Drift velocity. Drift velocity is defined as the Potential difference between the terminals of 6 V battery
velocity of the free electrons with which they get drifted V = E – iR = [6 – (7.5 × 1) = -1.5 V
towards the positive terminal under the influence of the (ii) In circuit (b)
external electric field. The drift velocity of electron is of the Effective emf = (9 – 6)V = 3V,
order of 10-5 m/ sec. Total Resitance = 2Ω
Derivation. Let ‘m’ be the mass of an electron and ‘e’ be the
charge on it. When an external electric field ‘E is applied, the
acceleration
acquired by an electron is given by Potential Difference across 6 V cell, 1
V = E – (- I)R = V + IR 7
(∵ Current is in opposite direction to 6 V cell)
= 6 + 1.5 × 1 = 7.5 V
Let v1 v2, v3 … vn be final velocities of electrons then average
Question 111. In the circuit shown in the figure, find the
current through each resistor. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer: Total emf of the circuit Due to this electric field, the electrons gain a drift velocity
=8V – 4V = 4V Vd opposite to direction of electric field. If q be the charge
Since two resistors 30 and 60 are connected in parallel, their passing through the cross-section of wire in t seconds, then,
combined resistance is current in wire, I = q/t
The distance transversed by each electron in time (t) = drift
velocity × time = Vdt
Since all resistors are in series, If we consider two planes P and Q at a distance Vdt in a
R = 0.5 + 4.5 + 2 + 1 = 8Ω conductor, then the total charge flowing in time t will be
equal to the total charge on the electrons present within the
cylinder PQ.
The volume of this cylinder = cross sectional area × length =
0.5Ω A current will flow in 3 resistors, i.e., 0.5Ω, 4.5Ω and 1Ω.
A Vdt
Current through resistors 30 and 60
If n is the number of free electrons in the wire per unit
volume, then the number of free electrons in the cylinder =
n(A Vdt)
If charge on each electron is -e (e = 1.6 × 10-19 C), then the
total charge flowing through a cross-section of the wire,
Question 112. (a) Deduce the relation between current I

flowing through a conductor and drift velocity vd of the
electrons.
(b) Figure shows a plot of current ‘I’ flowing through the
cross-section 5 of a wire versus the time ‘t’. Use the plot to This is the relation between electric current and drift velocity.
find the charge flowing in 10s through the wire. Negative sign shows that the direction of current is opposite
to the drift velocity.
(b) Charge = Current × time
(i) For 0 to 5 seconds, the current
Hence, q1 = (2.5) × (5) = 12.5 C

(ii) For 5 sec to 10 sec, the current = 5A
Hence, q2 = 5 × (10 – 5) = 5 × 5 = 25 C
q = q1 + q2 = 12.5 + 25 = 37.5 C
Answer:
Qn 115. (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity of free
(a) Relation between electric current and drift velocity :
electrons.
Consider a uniform metallic wire XY of length l and cross-
(ii) How does drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor
sectional area A. A potential difference V is applied across the 1
vary with increase in temperature? Explain. (All India)
ends X and Y of the wire. This causes an electric field at each 8
Answer:
point of the wire of strength :
(i) Expression for drift velocity : When a potential difference is
applied across a conductor, an electric field is produced and
free electrons are acted upon by an electric force (= -Ee). Due Two resistors, R1 and R2 made from materials A and B,
to this, electrons accelerate and keep colliding with each respectively, have resistances of 200Ω and 100Ω at 0°C. Show
other and acquire a constant (average) velocity vd on a diagram, the ‘colour code’, of a carbon resistor, that
would have a resistance equal to the series combination of
R1 and R2, at a temperature of 100°C.
(Neglect the ring corresponding to the tolerance of the
carbon resistor) (comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
(ii) The drift velocity of electrons decreases with temperature,

because the time of relaxation decreases.
Question 116. The reading of the (ideal) ammeter, in the
circuit shown here, equals :
(i) I when key K1 is closed but key K2 is open.
(ii) I/2 when both keys K1 and K2 are closed.
Find the expression for the resistance of X in terms of the
resistances of R and S. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Question 118. A student connects a cell, of emf E2 and

internal resistance r2 with a cell of emf E1 and internal
resistance r1, such that their combination has a net internal
combination resistance R.
Answer: Draw a diagram of the ‘set-up’ and obtain an expression for
Finding the expression for the resistance X the current flowing through the resistance R. (Comptt.
(i) Current I when K2 is open and Kj is closed E Outside Delhi 2016)
Answer: Since the net internal resistance of two cells is less
than r1 it means that the two cells must have been
connected in parallel. The diagram of the setup is as shown
1
9
Question 117. The temperature coefficient of resistivity, for
two materials A and B, are 0.0031/°C and 0.0068/ °C,
respectively.
Potential difference (V), across the ends of a conductor of
length ‘l’ where field ‘E’ is applied, is given by
Question 120. (a) The potential difference applied across a

given resistor is altered so that the heat produced per second
increases by a factor of 9. By what factor does the applied
potential difference change?
(b) In the figure shown, an ammeter A and a resistor of 40 are
connected to the terminals of the source. The emf of the
source is 12 V having an internal resistance of 2 O. Calculate
the voltmeter and ammeter readings. (Outside Delhi 2017)
So, as potential is doubled, drift velocity also gets doubled,

therefore, there will be no change in mobility.
Question 123. Define the term current sensitivity of a
galvanotmer. In the circuits shown in the figures, the
galvanometer shows no deflection in each case. Find the ratio
of R1 and R2. (Comptt. All India 2017)
Answer: (a) Heat produced in a resistor ‘R’ when applied,

potential difference V, is :
Answer:
Long Answer Type

Question 124. (a) Derive the relation between current density
Question 122. Derive the expression for the current density of ‘J‘ and potential difference ‘V’ across a current carrying
a conductor in terms of the conductivity and applied electric conductor of length area of cross-section ‘A’ and the number
field. Explain, with reason how the mobility of electrons in a density of free electrons.
conductor changes when the potential difference applied is (b) Estimate the average drift speed of conduc¬tion electrons
doubled, keeping the temperature of the conductor constant. in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.0 × 10-7 m2 carrying
(Comptt. Delhi 2017) a current of 1.5 A. [Assume that the number density of 2
Answer: (i) Derivation of expression for current density— conduction electrons is 9 × 1028 m-3] (Comptt. Delhi 2012) 0
Using Ohm’s law, (a) Suppose a potential difference V is applied across a
conductor of length l and of uniform cross-section A. The
electric field E set up inside the conductor is given by
E = V/l is shown in the figure.
Under the influence of field E, the free electrons begin to drift If now the resistances of the arms BC and CD are
in the opposite direction E with an average drift velocity vd. interchanged, to obtain the balance condition, another
Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron carbon resistor is connected in place of R. What would now
density = n be the sequence of colour bands of the carbon resistor?
Charge on an electron = e (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer: (a) Derivation of balance condition from Kirchhoff’s
laws :
No. of electrons in length l of the conductor = n x volume of

the conductor = n × Al
Total charge contained in length l of the conductor is
q = enAl … (i)
All the electrons which enter the conductor at the right end
will pass through the conductor at the left end in time,
Hence the current density of a metallic conductor is directly Thus this equation relating to the four resistors is called the
proportional to the drift speed of electrons. balance condition for the galvanometer to give zero or null
deflection.
Question 125. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain the balance

condition in a Wheatstone bridge.
2
1
Calculate the value of R in the balance condition of the
Wheatstone bridge, if the carbon resistor connected across
the arm CD has the colour sequence red, red and orange, as
Question 127. (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric successive collisions of an electron is called relaxation time.
network. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain the . balance
condition in terms of the resistances
of four arms of Wheatstone bridge.
Answer:
(a) Kirchhoff’s Rules:
Suppose a potential difference V is applied across a
(i) Junction rule. At any junction of circuit elements, the
conductor of length T and of uniform cross-section A, then
algebraic sum of currents entering the junction must be equal
Electric field E set up inside the conductor is given by
to the sum of currents leaving it. i.e. ΣI = 1
(ii) Loop rule. The algebraic sum of changes in potential
around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the
loop is zero. Under the influence of field E, the free electrons begin to drift
in the opposite direction E with an average drift velocity vd.
Balance condition of wheatstone bridge :
(a) Derivation of balance condition from Kirchhoff’s laws :
Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron

density = n
Charge on an electron = e
Number of electrons in length l of the conductor = n ×
volume of the conductor = nAl
Total charge contained in length l of the conductor, q = enAl
According to the electrons which enter the conductor at the
right end will pass through the conductor at the left end in
time,
Thus this equation relating to the four resistors is called the

balance condition for the galvanometer to give zero or null
deflection.
Question 128. (i) Define the term drift velocity.
(ii) On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for
resistivity of a conductor in terms of number density of free
electrons and relaxation time. On what factors does resistivity
of a conductor depend?
(iii) Why alloys like constantan and manganin are used for (iii) Because constantan and manganin show very weak
making standard resistors? (Delhi 2017) dependence of resistivity on temperature. .
Answer: (i) Drift velocity may be defined as the average Question 129. Twelve wires, each of resistance r ohms are
connected to form a cube (as fig). 2
velocity gained by the free electrons of a conductor in the
2
opposite direction of the externally applied field.
(ii)
Relaxation time : The average time that elapses between two
It is, therefore, a wheatstone bridge
Question 131. (a) Why do the ‘free electrons’, in a metal wire,

‘flowing by themselves’, not cause any current flow in the
wire?
(a) What is the equivalent resistance of the cube when current Define ‘drift velocity’ and obtain an expression for the current
enters through one corner and leaves from diagonally flowing in a wire, in terms of the ‘drift velocity’ of the free
opposite corner. electrons.
(b) If ε = 10 volt and r = 6Ω, find current in GF arm? (b) Use the above expression to show that the ‘resistivity’, of
Ans – (a). Let the current 6 I enter at point A and leave at G at the material of a wire, is’ inversely proportional to the
the opposite end of the diagonal ‘relaxation time’ for the ‘free electrons’ in the metal. (Comptt.
On applying Kirchhoff's Law to a path ABFG between AG , we Outside Delhi 2016)
get Answer: (a) (i) The free electrons, in a metal, (flowing by
2Ir + Ir + 2Ir = V = 6 I R themselves), have a random distribution of their velocities.
5Ir = 6IR Hence the net charge crossing any cross section in a unit time
is zero.
(ii) The drift velocity equals the average (time dependent)
velocity acquired by free electrons, under the action of an
(b) I = ε/R = 10/(5x6/6) = 2 A
applied (external) electric field.
Question 130. (a) Obtain the condition under which the
(iii) Expression for current in terms of drift velocity :
current flowing, in the ‘current detecting device’, used in the
Definition : Drift velocity is defined as the velocity with which
circuit shown in the figure, becomes zero.
fress electrons in a conductor get drifted in a direction
opposite to the direction of the applied field. Its unit is m -1s
and dimensions [LT-1]
Answer:
(a) The given circuit can be redrawn as : Expression : The magnitude of electric field set up across the
conductor is given by
E = V/l
Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the
conductor.
2
Then, total number of free electrons in the conductor
3
= n × Volume of the conductor
Hence, Q = (nAl)e
Time taken by the charge to cross the conductor length l is
given by passing through the cross-section of wire in t seconds, then,
current in wire, I = qt
The distance transversed by each electron in time (t) = drift
velocity × time = Vdt
If we consider two planes P and Q at a distance Vdt in a
conductor, then the total charge flowing in time t will be
equal to the total charge on the electrons present within the
(b) We know from above cylinder PQ.
The volume of this cylinder = cross sectional area × length =
A Vdt
If n is the number of free electrons in the wire per unit
volume, then the number of free electrons in the cylinder =
n(A Vdt)
If charge on each electron is -e (e = 1.6 × 10-19 C), then the
total charge flowing through a cross-section of the wire,
This is the relation between electric current and drift velocity.

Negative sign shows that the direction of current is opposite
Question 132. (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity of to the drift velocity.
electrons in a conductor. Hence deduce Ohm’s law. (b) Charge = Current × time
(ii) A wire whose cross-sectional area is increasing linearly (i) For 0 to 5 seconds, the current
from its one end to the other, is connected across a battery of
V volts. Which of the following quantities remain constant in
the wire? Hence, q1 = (2.5) × (5) = 12.5 C
(a) drift speed (ii) For 5 sec to 10 sec, the current = 5A
(b) current density Hence, q2 = 5 × (10 – 5) = 5 × 5 = 25 C
(c) electric current (d) electric field Justify your answer. (Delhi q = q1 + q2 = 12.5 + 25 = 37.5 C
2016) (ii) (c) Electric current will remain constant in the wire.
Answer: (i) Reason : All other quantities depend on the cross sectional
(a) Relation between electric current and drift velocity : area of the wire and hence will not remain constant.
Consider a uniform metallic wire XY of length l and cross- Question 133. (a) State the two Kirchhoff’s laws. Explain briefly
sectional area A. A potential difference V is applied across the how these rules are justified.
ends X and Y of the wire. This causes an electric field at each (b) The current is drawn from a cell of emf E and internal
point of the wire of strength : resistance r connected to the network of resistors each of
resistance r as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for
(i) the current drawn from the cell and
(ii) the power consumed in the network. (Delhi 2016)
2
Answer: (a) Junction Rule : At any Junction, the sum of 4
currents, entering the junction, is equal to the sum of currents
Due to this electric field, the electrons gain a drift velocity
Vd opposite to direction of electric field. If q be the charge
Loop Rule : The Algebraic sum of changes in potential,
around any closed loop involving resistors and cells, in the
loop is zero.
Justification : The first law is in accordance with the law of

conservation of charge. The second law is in accordance with
the law of conservation of energy.
(b) Given : EMF = E, internal resistance = r, resistance of each
resistor = r
The equivalent circuit diagram is shown below
(i) The two resistances of V each between points C and D are

in parallel
Similarly two resistances between points E and F are in

parallel,
Now these resistances rCD and rEF are in series,
2
5

XII Current Electricity QN Ans - 230914 - 115259

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1 (XII : Physics) S Cube: Academy for Excellence

Class 12 Physics - Important Questions

No, only the drift velocities of the electrons are superposed

Answer:The effective resistance between A and BO

Resistivity of a semi conductor decreases rapidly with

Question 5.When electrons drift in a metal from lower to

Question 10.The emf of a cell is always greater than its

[When cells are connected in parallel, emf remains

(From the graph, current is 1A corresponding to V = 0)

Question 34.Calculate the current drawn from the battery in

ρ=m/ne2τ between resistivity and relaxation time of electrons.

Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in

Question 38.In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at

Question 42.A battery of emf 6 V and internal resistance 2Ω is

Question 40.A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is

Answer:Applying loop rule to loop PQRP

∴ Reading of milliammeter = 0.064 A

Question 48. Write the expression for the current in a

Expression : Consider a conductor of length l and of uniform

Due to this field, the free electrons present in the conductor

Therefore, the current flowing through a conductor is directly

Question 55. A uniform wire of resistance 12 Ω is cut into

Question 59. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction 8

Question 60. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction

This is the required balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge

In conductors, average relaxation time decreases with

It is the condition of null point when no current flows through

Question 68. A battery of emf 12V and internal resistance 2 Ω

Answer: No. of electrons in length l of the conductor = n x volume of

Question 70. A cell of emf 4 V and internal resistance 1 Ω is

Hence the current density of a metallic conductor is directly

Short Answer Type II

Answer: (a) Internal resistance of a cell depends upon :

Question 83. Write any two factors on which internal

(ii) Also calculate the current through CD and ACB, if a 10 V

Let r be the internal resistance of the cell

Numerical : Applying Kirchhoff’s rule in loop ACBPA, we have

In loop ACBQA, by Kirchhoff’s rule, we have

When length is tripled (3L), drift velocity becomes one-third

Let v1 v2, v3 … vn be final velocities of electrons then average

Question 91. Using Kirchoff’s rules determine the value of

Question 92. Calculate the value of the resistance R in the

Question 94. Define relaxation time of the free electrons 1

Under the influence of field E→, the free electrons begin to

Question 102. Answer the following :

Question 97. Define the current sensitivity of galvanometer.

Answer: -12 + 2I1 + 4(I1 + I2) = 0

Therefore, when length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes

Question 109. Find the relation between drift velocity and

Question 112. (a) Deduce the relation between current I

Hence, q1 = (2.5) × (5) = 12.5 C

(ii) The drift velocity of electrons decreases with temperature,

Question 118. A student connects a cell, of emf E2 and

Question 120. (a) The potential difference applied across a

So, as potential is doubled, drift velocity also gets doubled,

Answer: (a) Heat produced in a resistor ‘R’ when applied,

Long Answer Type

No. of electrons in length l of the conductor = n x volume of

Question 125. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain the balance

Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron

Thus this equation relating to the four resistors is called the

Question 131. (a) Why do the ‘free electrons’, in a metal wire,

This is the relation between electric current and drift velocity.