San Antonio de Padua College

National Highway, Brgy. Sta. Clara Sur, Pila, Laguna

Tel No. (049) 559 – 0501/ 09328564408
S.Y. 2023-2024

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION 7

ICT – Computer System Servicing
Performing Computer Operations
First Quarter

Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Computer Systems Servicing

What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Among the many uses of computer are: to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. It can also be used to edit or create
spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

Hardware vs Software
The two important terms relating to computers are hardware and software.
Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the
keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal parts.
Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it.
Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.
Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software.

Types of Computers
1. Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they‟re typically made up of
a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
2. Laptop computers are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops,
allowing you to use them almost anywhere.
3. Tablet computers or tablets are handheld computers that are even more portable than
laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and
navigation.

A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network. For

example, whenever you use the Internet, you're looking at something that's stored on a server.
Many businesses also use local file servers to store and share files internally.

Other types of computers

Many of today's electronics are basically specialized computers, though we don't
always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples.
• Smartphones: These are cell phones that can do a lot of things computers can do,
including browsing the Internet and playing games.
• Wearables: Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices4including
fitness trackers and smartwatches that are designed to be worn throughout the day.
• Game consoles: A game console is a specialized type of computer that is used for
playing video games on your TV.
 • TVs: Many TVs now include applications4or apps4that let you access various types
of online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet directly onto your TV.

Personal Computers and Macs

Personal computers come in two main styles:
Personal Computer and Mac. Both are fully functional, but they have a different look
and feel, and many people prefer one or the other.

Personal Computers
This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981.
Other companies began creating similar computers, which were called IBM PC Compatible
(often shortened to PC). Today, this is the most common type of personal computer, and it
typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Macs
The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold
personal computer with a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs are
made by one company (Apple), and they almost always use the Mac OS X operating system.
Lesson 2 Computer Hardware and Computer Application Software

A. Hardware
The physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical parts of a computer are called the
hardware which is composed of different devices attached to the computer.

The following list represents a basic set of devices found in most Personal Computers.
1. System Unit- The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called the chassis. It
includes the following parts: Motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses, Ports,
Expansion Slots and Cards.
2. Motherboard / Mainboard / System Board- The main circuit board of a
computer. It contains all the circuits and components that run the computer.
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The processor is the main “brain or “heart” of a
computer system. It performs all of the instructions and calculations that are needed and
manages the flow of information through a computer.
4. Primary storage- (internal storage, main memory or memory) is the computer's
working storage space that holds data, instructions for processing and processed data
(information) waiting to be sent to secondary storage. Physically, primary storage is a
collection of RAM chips.
Two (2) Types of Memory
a. ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile, meaning it holds data even when the
power is ON or OFF.
b. RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile, meaning it holds data only when the
power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - Installed in the back corner of the PC case, next to the
motherboard. It converts 120vac (standard house power) into DC voltages that are used by
other components in the PC.
6. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Also known as hard drive, is a magnetic storage device
that is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data.

INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

What are the input and output devices of a computer?

The devices attached to a personal computer can be classified into two the input and
output devices.
Input Device is composed of a device that accepts data and instructions from the user
or from another computer system.
Output device is any piece of computer hardware that displays results after the
computer has processed the input data that has been entered.
Two (2) Types of Input Devices
1. Keyboard Entry - Data is inputted to the computer through a keyboard.
2. Direct Entry - A form of input that does not require data to be keyed by someone sitting at
a keyboard. Direct-entry devices create machine-readable data on paper, or magnetic media,
or feed it directly into the computer‟s CPU.

Three Categories of Direct Entry Devices

1. Pointing Devices - An input device used to move the pointer (cursor) on screen.
Mouse - The most common 'pointing device' used in PCs. Every mouse has two
buttons and most have one or two scroll wheels.
 Touch screen- A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Used
in myriad applications, including ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals, car
navigation and industrial controls. The touch screen became wildly popular for smart phones
and tablets.
Light Pen - A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video terminal used to draw pictures or
select menu options. The user brings the pen to the desired point on screen and presses the
pen button to make contact.
Digitizer Tablet - A graphics drawing tablet used for sketching new images or tracing
old ones. Also called a "graphics tablet," the user contacts the surface of the device with a
wired or wireless pen or puck. Often mistakenly called a mouse, the puck is officially the
"tablet cursor."

2. Scanning Devices- A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and
translates the information into a form the computer can use.
3. Voice-Input Devices - Audio input devices also known as speech or voice recognition
systems that allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for processing, recording, or
carrying out commands. Audio input devices such as microphones allow users to speak to the
computer in order to record a voice message or navigate software.

Output Devices
1. Computer Display Monitor- It displays information in visual form, using text and
graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen or video
display terminal.
Types of Monitor
a. CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only type of displays
for use with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16" deep) and heavy (over 15
lbs).
b. LCD Monitors - Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in
laptops for some time. It has recently been made commercially available as monitors
for desktop PCs.
0c. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) - A display and lighting technology
used in almost every electrical and electronic product on the market, from a tiny on/off
light to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and perimeter lighting.

2. LCD Projectors- utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution
between them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so
that light cannot pass through them. Each crystal, therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing
light to pass through or blocking the light.
3. Smart Board - A type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel
covering the screen, which is similar to a touch screen.
4. Printer - A device that prints text or illustrations on paper.
5. Speakers - Used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with
cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application Software is a program or group of programs designed for end users that allows
end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks.
Examples of Computer Application Software:
1. Word Processor
Word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing, and printing
documents. Some examples are Microsoft Word, WordPro, AppleWorks.
2. Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet is a data file made up of rows and columns that are used to sort data and
allow a user to manipulate and arrange data easily, commonly numerical data. Examples are
Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 , Apple Numbers, and OpenOffice Calc.
3. Presentation Software
A presentation program is a software program that helps create a slideshow that
addresses a topic. It is often used in businesses and schools for discussing a topic or for
teaching. Examples are Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe Persuasion, Hypercard, OpenOffice
Impress and Scala Multimedia.
4. Database Management System (DBMS) Software
A program that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in
a database. Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports. DBMS software examples are
Microsoft Access, Oracle Database, MySQL and FoxPro.
5. Desktop Publishing Software
This is used to produce high-quality printed documents such as magazine, greeting
card, posters, etc. and allows you to use different typefaces, specify various margins and
justifications, and embed illustrations and graphs directly into the text. Desktop Publishing
software examples are Adobe InDesign, QuarkXPress and MS Publisher.
6. Web Browser
Web browser is a software application used to locate and display Web pages. Examples
are: Internet Explorer (IE), Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Google Chrome.
7. Graphic Software
Graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of programs
that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer. Computer graphics can be
classified into two distinct categories: raster graphics and vector graphics. The most common
example is Adobe Photoshop.

What is a Storage Device?

A storage device is any hardware capable of holding information either temporarily or
permanently.

There are two types of storage devices used with computers:

1. A primary storage device is a medium that holds memory for short periods of time while
a computer is running. Although it has a much lower access time and faster performance, it is
also about two orders of magnitude more costly than secondary storage device. RAM
(random access memory) and cache are both examples of a primary storage device. Primary
storage's key differences from the others are that it is directly accessible by the CPU, it is
volatile, and it is non-removable.
2. A secondary storage device is a non-volatile device that holds data until it is deleted or
overwritten. Secondary storage is about two orders of magnitude cheaper than primary
storage. Off-line storage is a subset of secondary storage, as they both serve the same purpose
and do not interact directly with the CPU.
Examples of secondary storage:
1. Hard Disk Drive
A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) is a non-
volatile data storage device. It is usually installed internally in a computer, attached directly
to the disk controller of the computer's motherboard. It contains one or more platters, housed
inside of an air-sealed casing. Internal hard disks reside in a drive bay, connected to the
motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable. Examples of data that may be stored on a
computer's hard drive include the operating system, installed software, and the user's personal
files.
2. Solid State Drive
Short for solid-state drive, an SSD is a storage medium that uses non-volatile memory
as a means of holding and accessing data. Unlike a hard drive, an SSD has no moving parts
which gives it advantages such as faster access time, noiseless operation, higher reliability,
and lower power consumption.
3. USB Thumb Drive
Alternatively referred to as a USB flash drive, data stick, pen drive, memory unit,
keychain drive, and thumb drive, a thumb drive is a portable storage device. It is often the
size of a human thumb and connects to a computer via a USB port. Flash drives are an easy
way to store and transfer information between computers and range in sizes from 2 GB to 1
TB.
4. SD Card
Short for Secure Digital card, the SD card is one of the more common types of memory
cards used with electronics. The SD technology is used by over 400 brands of electronic
equipment and over 8000 different models, including digital cameras and cell phones.
Types of SD cards
The three versions of the SD card, along with their physical dimensions as shown.
a. SD - 32mm x 24mm x 2.1mm
b. MiniSD - 21.5mm x 20mm x 1.4mm
c. MicroSD - 15mm x 11mm x 1.0mm
5. CD
Abbreviated as CD, a compact disc is a flat, round, optical storage medium invented by
James Russell. The first CD was created at a Philips factory in Germany on August 17, 1982.
The picture is an example of the bottom of a standard compact disc and is the side the disc
player reads. The opposite side of the disc has a label to help indicate what is on the disc.
6. DVD
Short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc, a DVD or DVD-ROM is a disc
capable of storing a significant amount more data than a standard compact disc. DVDs are
widely used for storing and viewing movies and other data.
7. Floppy Diskette
Alternatively referred to as a floppy or floppy disk, a floppy diskette is a type of
storage media, capable of storing electronic data, like a computer file. The floppy diskette
was first created in 1967 by IBM as an alternative to buying hard drives, which were
extremely expensive at the time.
Lesson 3 Data Security Guidelines and Procedures

Online Ethics and Etiquette

Netiquette - is a coined term of “network” and “etiquette”. It describes the rules of conduct
for respectful and appropriate communication on the internet. Netiquette is often referred to
as etiquette for the internet.
Netizen - refers to the person who is a member or a part of the online community.

Key points to keep in mind to maintain good conduct over the internet.
1. Anything that you publish, post, or share affects you and another individual who exist
somewhere in the globe.
2. You should apply the values and conduct learned since childhood in the online extension of
our society such as respect, kindness, and courtesy to others.
3. Theft, hate speech, gossip, pornography, and bullying are unacceptable in the online
community.
4. Keep in mind that there laws existing in our society and on the web.
5. Be sensitive with the beliefs, cultures, and religions.
6. Remember the policy on copyright.
7. Use the appropriate manner of communication and avoid threatening and disrespectful
words.

Online Safety and Security

Spam - this refers to the transmission of unsolicited messages from various origins using
electronic messaging systems such as e-mail and chat messages.
Phishing - this is defined as a software or a program used by an attacker to obtain personal
information.
Malware - this is the short term for malicious software, which is a computer software sent by
attacker to inflicit chaos on a computer„s operation and processes. It refers to any intrusive
software developed by cybercriminals often called “hackers”

Examples of Malwares
1. TROJAN - A malicious program that disguises as a useful program.
2. ADWARE - A program designed to send you advertisements, mostly pop ups.
3. WORM - A malicious program that transfers from one computer to another by any type of
means.
4. SPYWARE - A program that runs in the background without you knowing it.

Online Safety Tips

1. Be mindful on what you share online.
2. Do not just accept terms and conditions, read it.
3. Dot not share your password with anyone.
4. Create a strong password.
5. Do not talk to stranger, either online or face-to-face
6. Never post anything about future vacation.
7. Add friends you know in real life.
8. Avoid visiting and downloading from untrusted websites
9. Make your WiFi private by adding password.
10. Install and update anti-virus software on your computer.
11. Buy the software, do not use pirated ones.
12. Do not reply or click suspicious e-mails.