Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Unveiling the RareRipe Climate

Smart Irrigation Model for Cost-Effective,
Energy-Efficient, and Environmentally Friendly
Vegetable Production: Review
Md. Shah Jamal Choudhury
Supply and Value Chain Coordinator
Building an Inclusive and Sustainable Supply Chain for Responsibly Produced High-Quality Vegetable (ISCHV) Project,
Bangladesh

Abstract:- Agriculture, being the backbone of
Bangladesh's economy, faces formidable challenges
stemming from conventional irrigation practices.
Inefficient water and energy usage, coupled with
environmental repercussions, pose a threat to
agricultural sustainability. The RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation Model emerges as a transformative solution,
addressing these challenges with a focus on cost-
effectiveness, energy efficiency, and environmental
friendliness, particularly in vegetable production.
The article delves into prevalent issues such as
unsustainable irrigation methods, inefficient energy
usage, and the limited adoption of climate-smart
technologies. Fossil fuel-based irrigation contributes to
environmental degradation, exacerbating concerns about
long-term agricultural viability. The research identifies
barriers hindering the adoption of solar-powered
irrigation, emphasizing the need for tailored solutions,
especially in vegetable farming.
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
model introduces features such as energy-efficient
irrigation pumps, solar energy integration, and cost-
effective irrigation packages. The study aims to
understand adoption barriers, assess environmental and
economic impacts, and evaluate scalability. Smallholder
farmers, constituting a significant part of Bangladesh's
agricultural landscape, are a focal point, ensuring
inclusivity in sustainable development.
responsive practices, and environmental impacts. The
study advocates for a transition from traditional, energy-
intensive irrigation to renewable energy, emphasizing
the model's cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly attributes.
As agriculture strives to meet increasing food demands
amidst climate challenges, the RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation (RRCSI) Model presents a promising avenue
for sustainable and resilient vegetable production in
Bangladesh.
I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture stands as the linchpin of Bangladesh's
economy, providing sustenance to millions and ensuring
food security for its densely populated nation. The sector,
predominantly characterized by small and marginal farmers,
has witnessed a paradigm shift towards commercial farming
with a focus on high-value crops. However, the
sustainability of agriculture in Bangladesh faces severe
challenges exacerbated by the increasing global demand for
food, the adverse impacts of climate change, and an
escalating energy crisis.
Conventional irrigation practices, marked by
inefficiencies in water and energy usage, pose a significant
threat to the long-term viability of the agricultural sector.
The country's heavy reliance on fossil fuel-based irrigation
not only contributes to environmental degradation but also
raises concerns about the resilience of agricultural practices
in the face of evolving global challenges.

Aligned with global agendas like the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), the research evaluates how
the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model
contributes to broader sustainability objectives,
including no poverty, zero hunger, affordable & clean
energy and climate action. The findings offer insights for
evidence-based decision-making, informing policies,
guiding good agricultural practices, and influencing
investment strategies.
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model
stands as a potential game-changer in Bangladesh's
agriculture, addressing energy security, climate-
In response to these challenges, there is an urgent need
for innovative and sustainable irrigation solutions that can
mitigate the environmental impact, enhance energy
efficiency, and ensure the economic viability of farming
practices. This article introduces the "RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model" as a potential game-
changer in the context of Bangladeshi agriculture. This
model integrates cost-effective and energy-efficient
irrigation practices, leveraging solar energy and advanced
irrigation technologies, with a specific focus on smallholder
farmers engaged in vegetable production.

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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
As we delve into the intricacies of the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model, this study aims to
scrutinize its feasibility, effectiveness, and potential impact
on enhancing agricultural sustainability in Bangladesh. By
addressing key challenges such as inefficient energy use,
limited adoption of climate-smart technologies, and the
environmental repercussions of existing irrigation methods,
this study strives to contribute valuable insights that can
reshape the trajectory of agricultural practices in Bangladesh
and potentially serve as a model for sustainable agriculture
globally.
A. Background:
Agriculture plays a pivotal role in Bangladesh's
economy, providing livelihoods to millions and ensuring
food security for its densely populated nation. The
agricultural landscape is predominantly characterized by
small and marginal farmers, and there is a growing shift
toward commercial farming, especially with high-value
crops [World Bank, 2017]. However, the sustainability of
agricultural practices in Bangladesh faces substantial
challenges.
 Sustainability Challenges in Conventional Irrigation:
Conventional irrigation practices in the country are
marked by inefficiencies, particularly in water and energy
usage. The reliance on fossil fuel-based irrigation
contributes to environmental degradation and poses a long-
term threat to the agricultural sector [Schwanitz et al., 2014;
Rentschler and Bazilian, 2016; Sarker and Ghosh, 2017;
Sunny FA et al., 2023].
 Inefficient Energy Use in Agriculture:
The energy-intensive nature of conventional irrigation
systems exacerbates the country's energy crisis. Agriculture
accounts for a significant portion of total energy
consumption, and the inefficiency in energy use raises
concerns about the sector's long-term viability [World Bank,
2013; ADB, 2017].
 Limited Adoption of Climate-Smart Technologies:
Despite the pressing need for sustainable irrigation
practices, the adoption of climate-smart technologies
remains limited, especially among smallholder farmers.
High upfront costs, insufficient awareness, and policy
weaknesses pose barriers to the widespread implementation
of these technologies [Rentschler and Bazilian, 2016;
Charmaine and Casper, 2022].
 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel-Based Irrigation:
The extensive use of fossil fuels for irrigation
contributes to carbon emissions and global environmental
challenges. The negative consequences of such practices
underscore the urgency of transitioning to more
environmentally friendly alternatives [UNSDG, 2022; WFP,
2022].
 Barriers to Adoption of Solar-Powered Irrigation:
While solar-powered irrigation presents a sustainable
alternative, various barriers, including high upfront costs
and policy constraints, hinder its widespread adoption
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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[Rentschler and Bazilian, 2016; Sarker and Ghosh, 2017;
Sunny FA et al., 2023].
 Need for Tailored Solutions for Vegetable Production:
Vegetable production is a critical component of
Bangladesh's agriculture, and the need for tailored irrigation
solutions for high-value crops, such as vegetables, becomes
evident. Conventional irrigation methods may not address
the specific requirements of these crops [Charmaine and
Casper, 2022].
In response to these challenges, the RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation Model emerges as a promising solution.
This model integrates features such as energy-efficient
irrigation pumps, solar energy utilization, and cost-effective
irrigation packages. By focusing on smallholder farmers
engaged in vegetable production, the RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model aims to provide a
sustainable and economically viable alternative to
conventional irrigation practices.
B. Challenges in Current Agricultural Practices:
 Inefficiencies in Conventional Irrigation Practices:
Conventional irrigation methods in Bangladesh exhibit
significant inefficiencies, particularly in water and energy
utilization [Schwanitz et al., 2014]. The reliance on fossil
fuel-based irrigation systems not only contributes to
environmental degradation but also poses a substantial long-
term threat to the sustainability of the agricultural sector
[Rentschler and Bazilian, 2016; Sarker and Ghosh, 2017;
Sunny FA et al., 2023].
 Energy-Intensive Nature of Agriculture:
The energy-intensive nature of traditional irrigation
systems exacerbates the prevailing energy crisis in
Bangladesh. With agriculture accounting for a substantial
portion of the country's total energy consumption, the
inefficient use of energy raises concerns about the sector's
overall viability [World Bank, 2013; ADB, 2017].
 Limited Adoption of Climate-Smart Technologies:
Despite the urgent need for sustainable irrigation
practices, the adoption of climate-smart technologies,
particularly among smallholder farmers, remains
constrained. Barriers such as high upfront costs, insufficient
awareness, and policy weaknesses hinder the widespread
implementation of these environmentally friendly
technologies [Rentschler and Bazilian, 2016; Charmaine and
Casper, 2022].
 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel-Based Irrigation:
The extensive reliance on fossil fuels for irrigation
contributes significantly to carbon emissions, exacerbating
global environmental challenges [UNSDG, 2022; WFP,
2022]. The negative consequences of such practices
emphasize the pressing need for transitioning to more
sustainable alternatives.
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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
 Barriers to Adoption of Solar-Powered Irrigation:
While solar-powered irrigation presents a sustainable
alternative, various barriers, including high initial costs and
policy constraints, impede its widespread adoption
[Rentschler and Bazilian, 2016; Sarker and Ghosh, 2017;
Sunny FA et al., 2023].
 Need for Tailored Solutions for Vegetable Production:
Vegetable production, a crucial aspect of Bangladesh's
agriculture, requires tailored irrigation solutions.
Conventional methods may fall short in meeting the specific
water and energy requirements of high-value crops like
vegetables [Charmaine and Casper, 2022].
Addressing these challenges, the RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation Model offers a promising alternative by
integrating features such as energy-efficient irrigation
pumps, solar energy utilization, and cost-effective irrigation
packages. Focusing on smallholder farmers engaged in
vegetable production, the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
(RRCSI) Model aims to provide a sustainable and
economically viable solution to the shortcomings of
conventional irrigation practices.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Agricultural Sustainability in Bangladesh:
Bangladesh's economy heavily relies on agriculture,
supporting millions of livelihoods and ensuring food
security. Sustainable agricultural practices are imperative for
the long-term viability of the sector (World Bank, 2017).
 Energy Security Concerns:
Energy security is a global concern, and energy
deficiencies may lead to sociopolitical issues. Developing
countries emphasize adopting reliable, cost-effective, and
clean energy irrigation technologies to enhance energy
security, prevent local pollution, and increase climate
benefits (Schwanitz et al., 2014; Rentschler and Bazilian,
2016).
 Groundwater Utilization in Agriculture:
Groundwater plays a vital role in ameliorating
agricultural development in Bangladesh, especially in areas
with insufficient rainfall and scarcity of surface water
(Biswas and Hossain, 2013; Hasnat et al., 2014; Sunny FA
et al., 2023).
 Challenges of Excessive Water Utilization:
Agriculture globally consumes about 85% of
withdrawn freshwater, and in water-scarce regions like
South Asia, the demand is even higher (World Bank, 2014;
ADB, 2017). The extensive use of groundwater for
irrigation poses challenges of unsustainable depletion and
environmental impact (Gonçalves et al., 2021).
 Inefficient Irrigation Systems:
High-Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS) are crucial
for reducing water use per unit of crop produced.
Conventional flooding methods have low application
efficiency, emphasizing the need for more efficient
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
irrigation systems (T. L. Prichard, 2005; Suraj Lamichhane,
2022).
 Energy Demand for Irrigation:
Irrigated agriculture is energy-intensive, contributing
to increased energy demand. Groundwater abstraction,
coupled with subsidized electricity, has led to a surge in
energy use in the agriculture sector (ADB, 2017; Rajan and
Ghosh, 2019; Sarkar, 2020).
 Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuel-Based Irrigation:
Extensive use of fossil fuels in agriculture intensifies
carbon emissions, contributing to global environmental
issues. The negative impact necessitates a shift toward
energy-efficient technologies (UNSDG, 2022).
 Slow Adoption of Solar-Powered Irrigation:
Despite the environmental benefits, the adoption of
solar-powered irrigation faces barriers such as high upfront
costs, weak policies, low awareness, and poor infrastructure
(Rathore et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2020).
 Drip Irrigation for Water Efficiency:
Drip irrigation is recognized for its water-use
efficiency, delivering water directly to the root zone and
significantly reducing water consumption compared to
traditional methods (Tiwari et al., 2003).
 Role of Solar PV in Agriculture:
Solar PV-operated irrigation systems have
demonstrated socio-economic and climatic benefits,
including increased adoption of high-efficiency irrigation
systems, reduced operational costs, and decreased CO2
emissions (Raza et al., 2022).
 Economic Feasibility of Solar Irrigation:
Economic analyses have shown that solar irrigation
pumps, particularly small pumps, are economically feasible,
offering advantages like unattended operation, low operating
costs, easy installation, and long life (Islam and Hossain,
2022; Rana et al., 2021).
 Challenges in Continuous Irrigation Due to Energy
Scarcity:
While reliance on non-renewable resources like diesel
for irrigation is common, it poses challenges in terms of
regular power supply and increased costs (IRENA, 2016;
Sunny FA et al., 2023).
The literature review highlights the critical issues in
current agricultural practices in Bangladesh, emphasizing
the need for sustainable and efficient irrigation solutions.
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model
aims to address these challenges by integrating cost-
effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly
features, contributing to the advancement of agricultural
sustainability in the region.
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 Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
 Proposed RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model integrates energy-efficient irrigation pumps, solar
energy utilization, and cost-effective irrigation packages.
Drip technology is employed for efficient water use, while
plastic mulch and power-efficient pumps enhance overall
irrigation efficiency. The model also addresses issues of
escalating energy demand and environmental impacts
associated with traditional irrigation.
III. RARERIPE CLIMATE SMART IRRIGATION
MODEL: KEY FEATURES, SPECIFICATIONS,
AND RATIONALE
A. Key Features:
 Cost-Effective Irrigation System:
 The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model
emphasizes cost-effectiveness, aiming to provide an
affordable irrigation solution for smallholder farmers.
 Integration of innovative technologies to minimize initial
investment and operational costs.
 Energy-Efficient Irrigation Pump:
 Utilization of energy-efficient irrigation pumps to reduce
overall energy consumption.
 Integration of advanced pump technologies to enhance
efficiency and minimize energy wastage.
 Solar Energy Integration:
 Harnessing solar energy to power the irrigation system,
reducing dependency on conventional energy sources.
 Implementation of solar panels to ensure a sustainable
and renewable energy supply.
 Efficient Irrigation Method - Drip Technology:
 Adoption of drip irrigation technology for precise water
delivery to crops, minimizing water wastage.
 Increased water use efficiency and improved crop yields
through targeted irrigation.
 Cost-Effective Irrigation Packages:
 Tailored irrigation packages designed specifically for
smallholder farmers engaged in vegetable production.
 Affordable and customizable solutions to meet the
diverse needs of farmers with limited resources.
 Reduction of Underground Water Consumption:
 Emphasis on reducing the consumption of underground
water resources through optimized irrigation practices.
 Promotion of sustainable water management to mitigate
the environmental impact.
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B. Specifications of Technology:
 Energy-Efficient Pump Specifications:
 Type: High-efficiency irrigation pump.
 Specification: DC 12 High Speed Double – 160 watt
water Pump for water pump, 200 psi. Maximum
pressure: 0.9 mpa
 Open Flow: 8.0 Lit / Minute
 Power Source: Solar energy.
 Capacity: Optimized for small to medium-scale
agricultural plots (33-50 decimal)
 Solar Panel Specifications:
 Type: Photovoltaic panels.
 Monocrystalline Solar Pannel
 Capacity: 65 watt
 Maximum power voltage (Vmp): 18V
 Maximum Power current (Imp): 3.6A
 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 21.8V
 Short Circuit current (Isc): 4.35A
 Maximum System Voltage (Vmax): 1000VDC
 Energy Storage
 Purpose: Integration of energy storage solutions for
uninterrupted operation.
 Battery Specification: 12V, 150Ah battery, 1.8kWh.
 Charge controller: to extract maximum power from PV
module; it forces PV module to operate at voltage close
to maximum power point to draw maximum available
power.
 Controller type: Micro based solar charge controller
 Capacity: 12V 10A
 Water Storage:
 Purpose: Water storage for drip irrigation and other
agricultural practice.
 Storage type: Overhead tank
 Capacity: 500 liter for 20 -33 decimal land and 100 liter
for 40-50 decimal land (drip irrigation)
 Drip Irrigation System Specifications:
 Delivery Mechanism: Drip emitters for targeted water
distribution.
 Automation: Implementing smart technologies for
automated scheduling and control.
 Coverage: Designed to cover 33-50 decimal vegetable
cultivation area under drip irrigation.
 Irrigation Package Specifications:
 Customization: Tailored packages based on land size,
crop types, and farmer requirements.
 Components: Inclusive of all necessary components for a
complete and functional irrigation system.
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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
C. Rationale:
 Sustainability and Environmental Conservation:
 The model addresses environmental concerns associated
with conventional irrigation, promoting sustainable
farming practices.
 Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through the
utilization of solar energy.
 Economic Viability for Smallholder Farmers:
 Cost-effective solutions aim to make advanced irrigation
practices accessible to smallholder farmers, contributing
to economic stability.
 Empowering farmers with affordable technology to
enhance productivity.
 Efficient Resource Utilization:
 Drip technology and optimized water management
reduce water wastage, addressing the challenges of
inefficient water use in agriculture.
 Maximizing the use of solar energy, a clean and
abundant resource, for irrigation.
 Customization for Vegetable Production:
 Recognizing the unique needs of vegetable cultivation,
the model offers tailored irrigation packages to optimize
crop yield and quality.
 Focusing on high-value crops aligns with the economic
priorities of farmers.
 Significance of RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
Model to reduce the environmental impact associated
with traditional fossil fuel-based irrigation systems:
D. Significance of RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
Model in Reducing Environmental Impact:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model holds paramount significance in addressing and
mitigating the environmental impact associated with
traditional fossil fuel-based irrigation systems. Several key
aspects underline the model's contribution to environmental
sustainability:
 Carbon Emission Reduction:
Fossil fuel-based irrigation is a significant contributor
to carbon emissions, exacerbating climate change. The
integration of solar energy in the RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation (RRCSI) Model reduces dependence on fossil
fuels, leading to a substantial decrease in greenhouse gas
emissions. This shift aligns with global efforts to combat
climate change and adhere to environmental conservation
goals.
 Energy Efficiency:
The model incorporates energy-efficient irrigation
pumps, ensuring optimal energy utilization during the
irrigation process. By minimizing energy wastage, the
RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
contributes to overall energy efficiency in agricultural
practices. This efficiency not only reduces environmental
impact but also addresses concerns related to energy scarcity
and sustainability.
 Transition to Renewable Energy:
The use of solar energy to power irrigation pumps
represents a pivotal shift toward renewable energy sources.
This transition aligns with international agendas promoting
clean energy adoption. By relying on solar power, the
RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model fosters
sustainable agricultural practices, reducing dependence on
finite fossil fuel resources.
 Mitigation of Environmental Pollution:
Fossil fuel-based irrigation often involves the use of
diesel pumps, leading to environmental pollution through
the emission of pollutants. The RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation (RRCSI) Model's reliance on solar energy
eliminates the need for diesel, contributing to a cleaner and
healthier environment. This reduction in pollution has
cascading effects on soil, water, and air quality.
 Conservation of Natural Resources:
Traditional irrigation practices, especially those reliant
on groundwater extraction, can lead to the depletion of
natural resources. The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
(RRCSI) Model emphasizes sustainable water management
by incorporating efficient irrigation methods like drip
technology. This approach ensures judicious water use,
conserving water resources and promoting long-term
environmental sustainability.
 Alignment with Global Environmental Goals:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model's focus
on reducing environmental impact aligns with global
environmental goals and commitments, including those
outlined in the Paris Agreement and Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). By adopting this model,
agricultural practices in Bangladesh contribute to broader
efforts to achieve a sustainable and resilient future.
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model stands
as a significant and innovative solution to reduce the
environmental footprint of irrigation practices in
Bangladesh. Its emphasis on renewable energy, energy
efficiency, and sustainable water management makes it a
valuable asset in the pursuit of environmentally friendly and
climate-smart agriculture.
E. Solar Energy Integration for Enhanced Energy Security
in the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model:
The integration of solar energy within the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation Model plays a pivotal role in
ensuring energy security for agricultural activities,
particularly in the context of powering irrigation pumps.
Several key features and benefits demonstrate how solar
energy significantly contributes to reliable and sustainable
power for irrigation:
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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
 Constant and Renewable Energy Source:
 Feature:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model utilizes solar energy harnessed through photovoltaic
panels.
 Benefit:
Solar energy is a constant and renewable resource. The
sun's availability ensures a consistent and reliable power
source for irrigation pumps, addressing the intermittency
associated with traditional electricity grids or dependence on
non-renewable fuels.
 Reduction in Reliance on Grid Power:
 Feature:
Solar energy integration reduces dependence on
conventional electricity grids.
 Benefit:
Smallholder farmers often face challenges related to
grid reliability and accessibility. By harnessing solar energy,
the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model
empowers farmers to operate irrigation pumps
independently, reducing vulnerability to grid failures or
interruptions.
 Energy Independence in Remote Areas:
 Feature:
Solar-powered irrigation pumps can be installed in
remote areas without access to the electricity grid.
 Benefit:
In regions where grid connections are absent or
unreliable, the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model provides a self-sufficient energy solution. This is
particularly significant for smallholder farmers in remote
locations, offering them energy independence for their
irrigation needs.
 Mitigation of Energy Scarcity Challenges:
 Feature:
Solar-powered pumps help mitigate challenges
associated with energy scarcity during peak agricultural
demand.
 Benefit:
Agricultural activities, especially irrigation, often
coincide with high energy demand. Solar energy integration
allows farmers to meet this demand without contributing to
energy scarcity issues, ensuring a consistent and adequate
power supply during critical periods.
 Low Operating Costs and Affordability:
 Feature:
Solar energy has minimal operating costs once the
system is installed.
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 Benefit:
By reducing operational expenses, the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model enhances the
economic feasibility of irrigation for smallholder farmers.
The affordability and sustainability of solar power
contribute to long-term energy security without incurring
ongoing high costs.
 Adaptability to Local Conditions:
 Feature:
Solar panels can be tailored to suit local sunlight
conditions.
 Benefit:
The adaptability of solar panels ensures optimal energy
harnessing, even in areas with varying sunlight intensities.
This adaptability enhances the reliability of the energy
supply, making solar-powered pumps suitable for diverse
geographical locations.
 Environmental Sustainability:
 Feature:
Solar energy integration aligns with environmentally
sustainable practices.
 Benefit:
Beyond energy security, the use of solar power
contributes to environmental conservation by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions. This aligns with global
sustainability goals while ensuring a clean and sustainable
power source for irrigation.
The integration of solar energy in the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation Model stands as a transformative
element, providing smallholder farmers with a reliable,
sustainable, and independent power source for their
irrigation pumps. This not only addresses energy security
challenges but also contributes to the overall resilience and
sustainability of agricultural practices in Bangladesh.
F. Enhancing Water-Use Efficiency through Drip
Technology in the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
(RRCSI) Model:
The adoption of efficient irrigation methods,
specifically the integration of drip technology within the
RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model, promises a
significant improvement in water-use efficiency compared
to conventional flooding methods. Several key features and
benefits illustrate how drip technology contributes to
optimizing water utilization:
 Precision Water Delivery:
 Feature:
Drip technology allows precise and targeted delivery
of water directly to the root zone of plants.
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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
 Benefit:
Unlike conventional flooding methods, which cover
entire fields uniformly, drip irrigation minimizes water
wastage by delivering water exactly where it is needed. This
precision ensures that plants receive the optimal amount of
water, reducing excess runoff and promoting efficient water
utilization.
 Minimization of Evaporation Losses:
 Feature:
Drip irrigation minimizes water exposure to the air,
reducing evaporation losses.
 Benefit:
Conventional flooding methods expose a large surface
area of water to the atmosphere, leading to significant
evaporation losses. Drip technology mitigates this by
directly delivering water to the soil, minimizing exposure
and enhancing overall water-use efficiency.
 Reduced Soil Erosion:
 Feature:
Drip irrigation minimizes soil disturbance compared to
flooding methods.
 Benefit:
Conventional flooding can lead to soil erosion,
especially on sloped terrain. Drip technology, by delivering
water directly to the base of plants, reduces soil disturbance,
preventing erosion and ensuring that water is retained in the
root zone for plant uptake.
 Optimized Nutrient Delivery:
 Feature:
Drip systems can incorporate fertilizers directly into
the irrigation water.
 Benefit:
Beyond water, drip technology facilitates the precise
delivery of nutrients to plants. This targeted approach
ensures that nutrients are efficiently utilized, reducing
nutrient runoff associated with conventional flooding
methods.
 Adaptability to Varied Crop Needs:
 Feature:
Drip systems can be customized to meet the specific
water requirements of different crops.
 Benefit:
Different crops have varying water needs at different
growth stages. Drip technology allows for the customization
of irrigation schedules, ensuring that each crop receives the
optimal amount of water according to its growth phase. This
adaptability enhances overall water-use efficiency.
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 Conservation of Water Resources:
 Feature:
Drip technology contributes to the conservation of
scarce water resources.
 Benefit:
In water-scarce regions, the efficient use of water
becomes paramount. Drip irrigation minimizes wastage,
making it a sustainable choice for regions facing water
scarcity challenges. It aligns with the broader goal of
conserving water resources for agricultural sustainability.
 Improved Crop Yield and Quality:
 Feature:
Precise water and nutrient delivery contribute to
improved crop yield and quality.
 Benefit:
Drip technology optimizes the conditions for plant
growth, leading to increased crop yield and improved
produce quality. By ensuring that plants receive adequate
water without excess, the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
(RRCSI) Model enhances overall agricultural productivity.
 Energy Efficiency:
 Feature:
Drip irrigation is generally more energy-efficient than
conventional flooding methods.
 Benefit:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model, by incorporating drip technology, aligns with
energy-efficient irrigation practices. The reduced need for
water pumping and distribution compared to flooding
methods contributes to overall energy savings.
In summary, the adoption of drip technology within the
RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model represents a
transformative shift towards water-use efficiency. By
minimizing wastage, preventing soil erosion, and precisely
delivering water and nutrients to plants, drip irrigation
stands as a key feature in the model's commitment to
sustainable and efficient agricultural practices in
Bangladesh.
G. Economic Feasibility of RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation Model for Smallholder Farmers:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model is
designed to be economically feasible for smallholder
farmers, aiming to enhance income and financial
sustainability. The economic viability is supported by
several key features and strategies embedded in the model:
 Cost-Effective Irrigation Packages:
 Feature:
RareRipe offers cost-effective irrigation packages
tailored for smallholder farmers.
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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
 Rationale:
High upfront costs often hinder the adoption of modern
irrigation technologies. RareRipe addresses this barrier by
providing affordable and customized irrigation packages,
ensuring accessibility for smallholder farmers with limited
financial resources.
 Solar Energy Integration:
 Feature:
The model utilizes solar energy to power irrigation
pumps.
 Rationale:
Solar energy reduces reliance on conventional power
sources, minimizing operational costs for farmers. By
harnessing renewable energy, RareRipe ensures a
sustainable and cost-effective power solution, contributing
to long-term economic feasibility.
 Efficient Water and Energy Use:
 Feature:
Drip irrigation technology minimizes water and energy
consumption.
 Rationale:
Conventional irrigation methods often lead to
inefficiencies in water and energy use. RareRipe's adoption
of drip technology optimizes resource utilization, resulting
in reduced water and energy expenses for farmers. This
efficiency contributes to overall cost savings.
 Government Subsidies and Support:
 Feature:
The model aligns with government initiatives and
subsidies.
 Rationale:
Government support plays a crucial role in promoting
sustainable agricultural practices. RareRipe leverages
available subsidies, grants, or support programs, making it
economically attractive for smallholder farmers who can
benefit from financial incentives and reduced
implementation costs.
 Increased Crop Yield and Quality:
 Feature:
Precise water and nutrient delivery enhance crop
productivity.
 Rationale:
Improved crop yield and quality translate directly into
increased income for farmers. RareRipe's focus on
optimizing conditions for plant growth through drip
technology contributes to higher yields, providing
smallholder farmers with a pathway to financial growth.
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 Reduced Operating Costs:
 Feature:
The model minimizes operational and maintenance
costs.
 Rationale:
Traditional irrigation systems, especially those reliant
on fossil fuels, can incur high operational costs. RareRipe's
use of solar energy and efficient irrigation practices results
in lower operating and maintenance expenses, ensuring
economic feasibility for smallholder farmers.
 Financial Training and Support Services:
 Feature:
The model includes training and support services for
financial management.
 Rationale:
Financial literacy is crucial for the success of
smallholder farmers. RareRipe incorporates training
programs and support services to enhance farmers' financial
management skills. This empowers farmers to make
informed decisions, manage costs effectively, and improve
overall financial sustainability.
 Potential for Income Diversification:
 Feature:
RareRipe opens avenues for additional income-generating
activities.
 Rationale:
Beyond crop cultivation, the model explores the potential
for using unused solar energy for other mechanized
activities, such as lighting, spraying, or liquid fertilizer
distribution. This diversification enhances income streams
for farmers, contributing to overall economic resilience.
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model focuses
on economic feasibility as a core principle. By addressing
financial barriers, leveraging renewable energy, optimizing
resource use, and providing support services, the model
aims to uplift the economic well-being of smallholder
farmers in Bangladesh, ensuring their long-term financial
sustainability.
H. Scalability and Replicability of the RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation Model:
The scalability and replicability of the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation Model are integral components of
its design, emphasizing the potential for widespread
adoption and impact beyond the initial implementation in
Bangladesh. Several key factors contribute to the model's
scalability and replicability:
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 Adaptability to Different Agroecological Zones:
 Scalability:
RareRipe is designed to accommodate diverse
agroecological zones.
 Replicability:
The model's adaptability allows for implementation in
various geographic regions, each with its unique climate and
soil conditions. This adaptability ensures that RareRipe can
be scaled to different agroecological contexts.
 Customization for Various Crops:
 Scalability:
RareRipe supports the cultivation of a variety of crops.
 Replicability:
Farmers cultivating different crops can benefit from
the model's flexibility. By customizing irrigation plans
based on specific crop requirements, RareRipe becomes
applicable to a wide range of crops, promoting scalability
and replication.
 Integration with Existing Farming Practices:
 Scalability:
RareRipe seamlessly integrates with existing farming
practices.
 Replicability:
The model's compatibility with established farming
methods facilitates its integration into diverse agricultural
systems. Farmers can adopt RareRipe without significant
disruptions to their current practices, enhancing scalability
and ease of replication.
 Modular Design for Incremental Implementation:
 Scalability:
RareRipe's modular structure allows for incremental
expansion.
 Replicability:
The model can be implemented in phases, allowing
farmers to adopt specific components gradually. This
modular approach enhances the scalability of RareRipe,
enabling phased replication in different regions.
 Knowledge Transfer and Training Programs:
 Scalability:
RareRipe includes knowledge transfer programs for
farmers.
 Replicability:
Training programs accompany the model, ensuring that
farmers acquire the necessary skills for successful
implementation. These training modules can be easily
replicated in new locations, promoting scalability and
knowledge dissemination.
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 Collaboration with Agricultural Extension Services:
 Scalability:
RareRipe collaborates with existing extension services.
 Replicability:
By leveraging established agricultural extension
networks, the model can be disseminated widely. Partnering
with extension services facilitates the sharing of knowledge
and resources, contributing to the replicability of RareRipe.
 Demonstration Farms and Success Stories:
 Scalability:
RareRipe establishes demonstration farms for
showcasing success.
 Replicability:
Successful implementation in demonstration farms
serves as a model for other regions. Sharing success stories
and best practices enhances the replicability of the model,
inspiring confidence among farmers and stakeholders.
 Engagement with Local Communities and Stakeholders:
 Scalability:
RareRipe engages with local communities and
stakeholders.
 Replicability:
Building partnerships with local entities fosters
community involvement. This community engagement
model can be replicated in new locations, promoting
widespread adoption and ensuring that RareRipe aligns with
local needs and practices.
 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework:
 Scalability:
RareRipe incorporates a robust monitoring and
evaluation system.
 Replicability:
The model's monitoring framework allows for
continuous assessment and improvement. This system can
be replicated in different regions, ensuring ongoing
performance evaluation and refinement.
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model's
scalability and replicability are inherent in its design. By
being adaptable, customizable, and incrementally
implementable, the model has the potential to scale across
diverse agricultural landscapes and be replicated in various
regions, showcasing its impact and effectiveness beyond its
initial deployment in Bangladesh.
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I. Theoretical Contribution of the RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation Model:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model
contributes significantly to several key theoretical
frameworks within the realm of agricultural sustainability,
innovation adoption, and environmental impact. The
theoretical implications of the RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation (RRCSI) Model can be elucidated as follows:
 Innovation Diffusion Theory:
Incremental Adoption:
RareRipe aligns with the principles of innovation
diffusion theory by facilitating incremental adoption. Its
phased implementation allows farmers to gradually
incorporate the model into their existing practices, reducing
resistance to change and promoting widespread adoption
over time.
 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM):
 Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use:
The model's emphasis on energy-efficient irrigation
pumps, solar energy integration, and cost-effective packages
contributes to the TAM. Farmers are more likely to adopt
technologies perceived as useful and easy to use, aligning
with the TAM's core constructs.
 Socio-Technical Systems Theory:
 Integration of Social and Technical Components:
RareRipe's holistic approach integrates social and
technical components, acknowledging the interdependence
of technology and social systems. The model recognizes that
successful implementation requires a balance between
technological advancements and the socio-economic context
of farming communities.
 Environmental Impact Theories:
 Reduction of Carbon Footprint:
The model aligns with environmental impact theories
by proposing a shift from fossil fuel-based irrigation to solar
energy. This transition aims to reduce the carbon footprint
associated with traditional irrigation practices, contributing
to broader discussions on sustainable agricultural
technologies.
 Resource-Based View (RBV) of Technology:
 Efficient Resource Utilization:
RareRipe contributes to the RBV by emphasizing
efficient resource utilization. The model optimizes the use of
solar energy, water, and other inputs, aligning with the
RBV's focus on leveraging resources to achieve a
sustainable competitive advantage.
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 Sustainable Agriculture Theories:
 Enhanced Resource Efficiency:
RareRipe supports sustainable agriculture theories by
enhancing resource efficiency. Its features, such as drip
irrigation and energy-efficient pumps, aim to maximize crop
yield while minimizing resource consumption, contributing
to the broader goal of sustainable agriculture.
 Inclusive Innovation Frameworks:
 Accessibility for Smallholder Farmers:
The model aligns with inclusive innovation
frameworks by addressing the specific needs of smallholder
farmers. Its cost-effective packages and focus on remote
areas with limited access to electric grids demonstrate
inclusivity in technological advancements.
 Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) Theory:
 Adaptability to Changing Conditions:
RareRipe, through its scalable and replicable nature,
aligns with CAS theory. The model acknowledges the
complexity of agricultural systems and provides an
adaptable solution that can evolve with changing
environmental and socio-economic conditions.
 Transition Management Theory:
 Facilitating Sustainable Transitions:
The model contributes to transition management theory
by proposing a sustainable transition from conventional
irrigation practices to a climate-smart model. It outlines a
pathway for farmers and policymakers to navigate a
transformative shift towards more sustainable agriculture.
 Diffusion of Innovations in Agriculture:
 Demonstration and Learning:
The model incorporates strategies from diffusion of
innovations theory by emphasizing the importance of
demonstration and experiential learning. Pilot
implementations showcase the model's effectiveness,
fostering learning and encouraging broader adoption.
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model serves
as a multifaceted contribution to various theoretical
frameworks, providing insights and practical applications
for sustainable agricultural development.
J. Practical Contribution of the RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation Model:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation Model offers
practical contributions that extend beyond theoretical
frameworks. Its design and implementation address real-
world challenges faced by farmers and contribute tangibly to
the improvement of agricultural sustainability. The practical
contributions are outlined as follows:
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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
 Enhanced Water Use Efficiency:
 Drip Irrigation Technology:
The incorporation of drip irrigation within the
RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model
significantly enhances water use efficiency. By delivering
water directly to the root zone, it minimizes water wastage
and ensures optimal moisture levels for crops, contributing
to sustainable water management.
 Reduction in Energy Costs:
 Solar-Powered Irrigation Pumps:
The model's reliance on solar energy for irrigation
pumps reduces energy costs for farmers. Solar-powered
systems provide a renewable and cost-effective alternative
to traditional fossil fuel-based pumps, offering economic
relief to farmers.
 Cost-Effective Solutions for Smallholder Farmers:
 Tailored Irrigation Packages:
RareRipe introduces cost-effective irrigation packages
specifically designed for smallholder farmers. These
packages consider the financial constraints of small-scale
agriculture, making climate-smart technology more
accessible to a broader segment of the farming community.
 Mitigation of Environmental Impact:
 Transition from Fossil Fuels:
The model contributes practically to environmental
conservation by advocating for a transition from fossil fuel-
based irrigation. This reduces carbon emissions, air
pollution, and dependence on non-renewable resources,
aligning with global efforts for sustainable practices.
 Energy Security in Remote Areas:
 Solar Energy Integration:
In areas lacking access to a reliable electric grid, the
integration of solar energy in the RareRipe Climate Smart
Irrigation (RRCSI) Model ensures energy security. Remote
and off-grid farming locations can benefit from a stable and
sustainable power source, overcoming the challenges
associated with energy scarcity.
 Income Generation for Farmers:
 Increased Crop Yield:
The emphasis on efficient irrigation methods and
resource optimization within the model leads to increased
crop yields. Higher productivity directly contributes to
income generation for farmers, making agriculture a more
financially viable livelihood.
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 Flexibility and Adaptability:
 Scalable Model:
The RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model's scalability allows for flexibility in its application.
Farmers can adopt the model according to the size of their
farms and gradually scale up operations. This adaptability
ensures that the model accommodates diverse agricultural
landscapes.
 Community-Based Learning and Adoption:
 Demonstration Farms:
The practical contribution includes the establishment
of demonstration farms where farmers can witness the
effectiveness of the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
(RRCSI) Model. This community-based learning approach
facilitates the adoption process as farmers can observe the
benefits firsthand.
 Reduced Reliance on Subsidies:
 Low Operating Costs:
With minimal operating costs due to solar energy
usage and efficient irrigation practices, the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model reduces the
dependence of farmers on government subsidies for energy
and water. This economic independence enhances the
sustainability of agricultural practices.
 Empowerment of Smallholder Farmers:
 Inclusive Design:
By specifically addressing the needs of smallholder
farmers, the model contributes practically to the
empowerment of this demographic. It ensures that the
benefits of climate-smart irrigation are inclusive, promoting
equity in the agricultural sector.
 Aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
 Contribution to SDGs:
The practical contributions of the RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model align with various SDGs,
including those related to clean energy, responsible
consumption, climate action, and no poverty. The model
serves as a tangible step towards achieving these global
sustainability goals.
 Reduction in Groundwater Depletion:
 Optimized Water Usage:
The model's focus on efficient irrigation practices and
reduced dependence on groundwater contributes practically
to the conservation of water resources. This reduction in
groundwater depletion is crucial for the long-term
sustainability of agriculture.
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Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023
In essence, the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
Model provides practical solutions to existing challenges in
agriculture, offering farmers a pathway towards sustainable
and economically viable practices.
IV. LIMITATIONS
Despite the promising potential of the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model, it is crucial to
acknowledge certain limitations that may affect its
implementation and impact:
 Crop Applicability:
The RRCSI model is most effective for vegetable and
fruit crops, limiting its applicability to other types of crops.
 Land Size Limitation:
The model is most effective for small and medium-
sized land, particularly for plots up to 50 decimal, restricting
its optimal performance on larger agricultural expanses.
 Weather Dependence:
The effectiveness of solar-powered irrigation within
the RRCSI model is contingent on weather conditions.
Prolonged periods of cloud cover or limited sunlight can
impact system reliability, especially during critical crop
growth phases.
 Scalability Challenges:
Scaling up the RRCSI model to cater to a larger
number of farmers may encounter logistical challenges.
Adequate provision of equipment, infrastructure, supply
chain management, and coordination are crucial for
achieving seamless scalability.
 Behavioral Change:
Convincing farmers to transition from conventional
practices to the innovative RRCSI model necessitates a
significant behavioral change. Overcoming resistance to
change and instilling trust in the model's effectiveness
present ongoing challenges.
 Technical Expertise Requirement:
Successful implementation of the RRCSI model
demands a certain level of technical expertise for the
installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of solar-
powered irrigation systems. Ensuring adequate training and
support is essential to overcome this limitation.
 Land Fragmentation:
In regions with fragmented land holdings, optimizing
the use of solar-powered irrigation on smaller plots may
pose challenges. Addressing this limitation requires
coordinated efforts and community-level planning to ensure
effective implementation.
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V. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
A. Recommendations:
Based on the findings and implications of the RareRipe
Climate Smart Irrigation Model, the following
recommendations are proposed:
 Government Support and Policy Advocacy:
Encourage governmental support and policy
frameworks that incentivize the adoption of climate-smart
technologies in agriculture, particularly solar-powered
irrigation. This can include subsidies, tax incentives, and
regulatory measures that promote sustainable practices.
 Capacity Building and Training Programs:
Implement training programs and capacity-building
initiatives to educate farmers about the benefits and proper
usage of the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model. Extension services, workshops, and awareness
campaigns can play a crucial role in ensuring effective
adoption.
 Public-Private Partnerships:
Foster collaboration between the public and private
sectors to facilitate the widespread implementation of the
RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model. Public-
private partnerships can accelerate the deployment of solar-
powered irrigation systems and make them more accessible
to farmers.
 Financial Support for Smallholder Farmers:
Explore avenues for providing financial support to
smallholder farmers for the initial investment in solar-
powered irrigation systems. This can involve partnerships
with financial institutions to offer low-interest loans or
grants for adopting sustainable farming practices.
 Monitoring and Evaluation:
Establish a robust monitoring and evaluation
framework to assess the performance and impact of the
RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model over
time. Regular assessments will help refine the model,
address emerging challenges, and ensure its continued
effectiveness.
 Research and Development:
Invest in ongoing research and development to
enhance the efficiency and affordability of climate-smart
technologies. Continuous innovation will contribute to the
evolution of irrigation models, making them even more
tailored to the needs of farmers.
 Scaling Up Demonstrations:
Expand the implementation of demonstration farms
showcasing the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI)
Model across different regions. This will allow more
farmers to witness the practical benefits and build
confidence in adopting the climate-smart irrigation
approach.
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 Knowledge Exchange Platforms:
Establish platforms for knowledge exchange and
collaboration among farmers, researchers, policymakers,
and industry stakeholders. Creating a network for sharing
experiences and best practices can accelerate the adoption of
sustainable agricultural technologies.
 Integration with Agroecological Practices:
Explore synergies with agroecological practices to
create holistic and sustainable farming systems. Integrating
the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model with
agroecological principles can enhance overall ecosystem
health and resilience.
 Long-Term Planning for Sustainable Agriculture:
Encourage long-term planning for sustainable
agriculture by integrating climate-smart practices into
national agricultural strategies. This involves aligning
agricultural policies with broader sustainability goals and
climate resilience.
By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders
can further amplify the impact of the RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation Model, contributing to a more resilient,
economically viable, and environmentally sustainable future
for agriculture in Bangladesh.
B. Conclusion:
In conclusion, the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
Model stands as a transformative approach to addressing the
multifaceted challenges prevalent in Bangladesh's
agricultural landscape. Through a comprehensive analysis of
current practices and a strategic integration of climate-smart
technologies, this model offers practical solutions that
contribute to enhanced agricultural sustainability, increased
income for farmers, and reduced environmental impact.
The adoption of solar-powered irrigation pumps,
coupled with efficient irrigation methods like drip
technology, marks a significant departure from conventional
practices. By leveraging renewable energy sources, the
model not only mitigates the environmental repercussions of
fossil fuel-based irrigation but also provides an energy-
efficient and cost-effective alternative for smallholder
farmers. The tailored irrigation packages specifically
designed for the financial constraints of small-scale
agriculture make this model accessible and inclusive,
ensuring that its benefits reach a broader segment of the
farming community.
The emphasis on community-based learning through
demonstration farms fosters awareness and trust among
farmers, facilitating the model's adoption. The scalability
and adaptability of the RareRipe Climate Smart Irrigation
(RRCSI) Model ensure its relevance across diverse
agricultural landscapes, promoting its widespread adoption
beyond the initial implementation.
The economic feasibility of the RareRipe Climate
Smart Irrigation (RRCSI) Model is evident through reduced
irrigation-related costs, increased crop yields, and energy
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
efficiency. By addressing the challenges of groundwater
depletion, high energy consumption, and reliance on non-
renewable resources, the model aligns with global
sustainability goals, contributing to a more resilient and
environmentally friendly agricultural sector in Bangladesh.
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