B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

Newsletter

B4 Newsletter – 10th of October 2023

Editors: Hani SAAD, Rebecca OSTASH, Joanne HU

Table of contents

1. Celebration of Life – Lyle Crowe ................................................................................................................ 2

2. Recent B4 Activities and Upcoming Events ............................................................................................... 2
3. New WGs and AG ....................................................................................................................................... 5
4. News on HVDC Projects and Status ........................................................................................................... 7
5. Insight on new Projects/Technologies .....................................................................................................11
6. Contact and Call for information .............................................................................................................14

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

1. Celebration of Life – Lyle Crowe

As posted in the Winnipeg Free Press

Obituaries:
It is with deep sorrow and much love
that we mourn the sudden passing of
Lyle Crowe of Balmoral MB, on
September 13th 2023 at the age of 60.
He was travelling with his wife in
Austria when he unexpectedly passed.

He will be lovingly remembered by his

wife of 35 years, Yvonne, his two
children Miranda and Jason, his two
brothers Michael and Brent and their
families, his extended family members,
and by his many friends and colleagues.

Lyle Crowe was a valued colleague, friend and member of the CIGRE B4 community. Lyle was the Convenor
of AG04 and a contributing member of B4 working group B4.89. Lyle had more than 30 years of experience
in HVDC. He spent the majority of his career with Manitoba Hydro, as a Senior Plant Engineer at the Dorsey
HVDC Converter Station. Lyle joined TransGrid Solutions in 2018, where his wealth of knowledge and
experience was applied to HVDC projects around the world.

Lyle will be remembered for his down-to-earth demeanor, his kind nature, his helping hand and for the
delicious pies he made and brought to the office to share with colleagues.

2. Recent B4 Activities and Upcoming Events

CIGRE B4 Colloquium 2023 – Vienna, Austria
DC and FACTS enabling continuous Growth of Renewables
From Wednesday, September 12 to Thursday, September 14, the prestigious CIGRE B4 Colloquium took place
in Vienna, bringing together experts from around the world in the field of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
transmission and Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). The colloquium, held under the theme "DC and
FACTS enabling continuous Growth of Renewables," provided a platform for the exchange of knowledge,
experiences, and the latest developments in these critical fields.

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

International Participation and Expert Exchange

The CIGRE B4 Colloquium in Vienna attracted an impressive international audience of researchers, engineers,
and professionals from various countries. The event drew over 170 participants, including representatives
from energy companies, research institutions, and government agencies. This broad participation
underscored the relevance and significance of HVDC technologies and FACTS in the global energy industry.

Outstanding Speakers and Discussions

The colloquium featured prominent speakers from industry, academia, and government in both HVDC and
FACTS. Participants had the opportunity to learn from leading experts in various aspects of HVDC technology
and FACTS applications and engage in stimulating discussions.

Comprehensive Program
The CIGRE B4 Colloquium was complemented by the B4 SC Meetings held on Monday September 11, as well
as a tutorial on Thursday, September 14. Furthermore, on Wednesday, September 13, there was a parallel
session dedicated to READY4DC & InterOPERA. These additional sessions enriched the experience, providing
in-depth discussions and educational opportunities for attendees.

Technical Tour to Salzburg

To wrap up the B4 Colloquium on a high note, a technical tour to Salzburg was organized on Friday,
September 15. As part of this tour, attendees had the opportunity to visit the Kaprun Pump Storage Power
Plant for an insightful technical visit.

Outlook for the Future

The CIGRE B4 Colloquium 2023 in Vienna was a resounding success, contributing to the expansion of
knowledge and awareness regarding HVDC technology and FACTS. The event underscored the need for
innovation in energy transmission, both direct current and flexible AC, to ensure a sustainable and reliable
energy supply for the future.

Please find more pictures of the event under this link: CIGRE B4 Vienna 2023 Photos

We are looking forward to meeting you at one of the next CIGRE events!

Your Austrian CIGRE Team

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

Canada
CIGRE Canada held its annual conference from September 25-28, 2023 in Vancouver, BC. It was a great time
of record attendance, paper and panel sessions and catching up with colleagues. See you next year in
Winnipeg!

UK
The 2023 CIGRE UK Technical Liaison Meeting for the B4 Study Committee was chaired by Dechao Kong and
held on October 4, 2023.

Other recent CIGRE UK events include:

• CIGRE UK Webinar LV Engine – Smart Energy Hub Providing Hybrid LVDC/LVAC Networks in August
2023: James Yu and Ali Kazerooni
• CIGRE UK Technical Webinar for JWG B4/C4.93 – Development of Grid Forming Convertors for Secure
and Reliable Operation of Future Electricity Systems in January 2023: Xiao-Ping Zhang (JWG
Secretary); Jiajie Luo (NGN)

Brazil
SNPTEE is Brazil's largest power systems event (occurs biannually), it will occur between days 26
and 29 of November 2023.
XXVII Snptee 2023 (xxviisnptee-com-br.translate.goog)

Upcoming B4 Events
2024 CIGRE Session, August 25 – 30 2024, Paris, France
The 2024 CIGRE Session in Paris, France at the Palais des Congres will take place
from Sunday to Friday, 25 August to 30 August 2024. SC B4 will join the
celebration and all the regular activities will be held, including hosting the
Group Discussion Meeting (GDM), paper poster, tutorial, workshop and SC
meeting.

The deadline for submitting synopses was August 26, 2023. B4 received more
than 115 synopses, which are currently being reviewed. Deadline for providing
notification to authors is 6 November 2023, with full papers due 6th February
2024.

For more information, please visit the site of

https://www.cigre.org/GB/events/paris-session-2024

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

3. New WGs and AG

JWG B4/C4.97 – Benchmarking of simulation Models for control interaction in
meshed AC networks with multiple converters
Convenor - Arash Fazel Darbandi, Canada
The objective of this working group is to establish a benchmark model in EMT, RMS
and RTS platforms using the recommendation of CIGRE WGB4.81. The benchmark
models will be used to demonstrate, compare, and validate the results of different
methodologies and procedures discussed in CIGRE WGB4.81 in a benchmark
representing a realistic large system scenario and using different simulation
platforms. The use of the different techniques in a very realistic scenario and the
limitations of each simulation platform will be highlighted. Utilization of different
simulation platform during different stages of the project life cycle will be discussed,
as well as possible strategies to define the area of study for different interactions.

JWG C1/B4.49– Offshore transmission planning

Convenor - Cornelis Plet, Canada
The Joint Working Group aims to investigate how system operators deal with the
following topics:
• Resilience (see WG B4.78 Cyber Asset Management for HVDC and FACTS) in the
technical design of offshore wind power installations
• Multi-purpose and multi-vendor interconnectors (WG B4.85 – “Interoperability in
HVDC systems based on partially open-source software).
Further focus will be on the understanding of the needed interaction between the
technical design and the operational concepts for the offshore grid and the onshore grid
where the following topics will be addressed:
• Requirements to cope with maximum power outage
• Restoration after onshore and offshore disturbances
• The way maintenance and outages are handled
• Operation of multi-terminal offshore AC/DC hybrid meshed grids with DC-breakers
• Dynamic phenomena such as frequency and power swings (stability) and inertia
• Harmonics and events that urge for quick ramping power

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

B4.98 - Design considerations in integration of DC systems to meshed DC/AC

Transmission networks
Convenor - Afshin Pashaei, UK
The main objective of the WG is to provide technical recommendations and to
propose solutions to address the challenges associated with integration of DC
systems in meshed DC/AC networks.
• The WG will focus on developing guidelines, and best practices that can be
implemented to overcome the specific hurdles and complexities encountered in
deployment of DC systems in meshed DC/AC network.
• The WG will identify the key challenges, such as operability of DC networks and
interoperability with existing AC grids, DC protection, power flow management,
voltage control and grid synchronization. It will examine these challenges from various perspectives,
including technical and operational aspects, to provide holistic recommendations.
• Ultimately, the objective of the WG is to serve as a valuable resource for industry stakeholders,
policymakers, researchers, and engineers involved in the design, implementation, and operation of
meshed DC/AC networks with embedded DC systems. By offering technical guidance and solutions,
the WG aims to promote the successful deployment of operable and reliable integration of DC
systems in meshed DC/AC networks, thereby contributing to the advancement of a more efficient,
sustainable, and resilient power system.

Announcement of New AG04 Convenor

Please welcome our new AG04 Convenor, Joshua Burroughs. Josh has been working for
Vermont Electric Power Company for the last 21 years and is the Dynamic Device Lead,
which involves HVDC and FACTS devices as well as synchronous Condensers. He has been
an active member of CIGRE. He is a member of AG04 since 2020. He has been reporting
VELCO’s HVDC RAM performance to CIGRE since the early 2000’s and RAM performance
of FACTS devices since SC B4 AG04 started to collect the data in 2020. He has
authored/co-authored a number of CIGRE papers on the HVDC and FACTS.

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4. News on HVDC Projects and Status

This section is provided by RTE-international and extracted from the HVDC-VSC newsletter

NKT 525 kV cable test

NKT succeed TOV tests on its 525 kV cable system
NKT successfully has completed its first customer-
compliant temporary overvoltage (TOV) testing
sequence [1]. This accomplishment was made
possible through NKT's new in-house testing
capabilities for high-voltage power cable systems. In
line with the latest CIGRE recommendation, NKT's
525 kV HVDC cable system has passed surge and
extended overvoltage testing, including two
previously untested stress wave shapes: damped
oscillation transient voltages with different
frequencies and long-duration temporary
overvoltage.
Figure 1: TOV testing. Credit: NKT

Earlier this year [2], NKT was awarded contracts for six 2 GW offshore wind projects in the Netherlands for
the supply of ±525 kV underground and submarine HVDC cables. The projects are Nederwiek 3, Doordewind
1, Doordewind 2, IJmuiden Ver Beta, IJmuiden Ver Gamma and Nederwiek 2.

Reference:

1. https://www.nkt.com/news-press-releases/nkt-successfully-completes-first-inhouse-tov-test-sequence-
of-high-voltage-dc-cable-systems
2. https://www.tennet.eu/news/tennet-accelerates-grid-expansion-and-energy-transition

UK energy backbone
GE Vernova selected for Eastern Green Link 1
Eastern Green Link 1 (EGL1) is a 2 GW, 525 kV HVDC submarine transmission link stretching 190 km from
Torness (East Lothian, Scotland) to Hawthorn Pit (County Durham, England). It is a key component of the UK
grid reinforcement plan aimed at integrating wind power.

National Grid and SP Energy Networks, the project developers, have chosen GE Vernova and MYTILINEOS
Energy & Metals as the preferred suppliers for HVDC converter stations [3]. GE Vernova's Grid Solutions
division will provide valves, HVDC control systems, and transformers from its Staffordshire, UK facilities.

Prysmian Group has been selected for the HVDC cabling contract, pending final regulatory approvals from
Ofgem. Full contracts are anticipated later this year, with construction scheduled to begin in 2024 [3]. The
project's commissioning is expected in 2029.

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

References:
3. https://www.nationalgrid.com/national-grid-and-sp-energy-networks-select-consortium-ge-vernova-and-mytilineos-energy-metals

HVDC backbones in the UK

Hitachi Energy selected for supply five HVDC links in Scotland
Hitachi Energy has been selected by SSEN
Transmission, Scotland's grid operator, to supply a
number of onshore HVDC converter stations to
accelerate the integration of renewable energy
into the UK’s electricity grid [4].

The agreement provisions include the deployment

of up to five HVDC links with a combined capacity
of 10 GW, thereby enabling the transmission of
large quantities of renewable energy from the
north of Scotland to the high consumption areas Figure 3: two HVDC projects included in the framework agreement.
in the south of the country. Each of these Credit: Hitachi Energy
connection systems is expected to have a capacity
of 2 GW and a voltage level of 525 kV [4].

According to Hitachi Energy [4] and [6], the three projects defined in the framework agreement are: Arnish
– Beauly, Spittal – Peterhead and Eastern Green Link 2.

Three other additional projects defined once the large-scale studies have been finalised will also be the
responsibility of the supplier. The HVDC links are due to come into service from 2030.

These aforementioned projects are part of the Accelerated Strategic Transmission Investment (ASTI)
framework [5], designed to strengthen the UK’s electricity transmission grid and achieve the government's
target of 50 GW of offshore wind energy by 2030. The initial project list was published in December 2022.
Reference:
4. Hitachi Energy selected for multi-project agreement to secure large-scale renewable integration in
Scotland
5. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications/decision-accelerating-onshore-electricity-transmission-
investment
6. https://www.ssen-transmission.co.uk/news/news--views/2023/7/national-grid-and-ssen-transmission-
select-hitachi-energy-and-bam-as-preferred-suppliers-for-eastern-green-link-2-converter-stations/

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

U.S. transmission line starts construction

TransWest Express transmission project kicks off construction
The TransWest Express (TWE) transmission project
is a 732-mile interregional transmission system that
will connect wind energy from Wyoming and Utah
into the Californian ISO Controlled Grid in southern
Nevada [7].

The official ground breaking ceremony took place

last June at the location of one of the future HVDC
converter stations at Overland Trail Ranch in
Wyoming [7].

To summarize the facts, the project includes 405

miles (650 km) of 3000 MW HVDC lines between Figure 2: TransWest Express groundbreaking ceremony. Credit:
TransWest Express LLC
Wyoming and Utah and 327 miles (526 km) of 1500
MW HVAC lines between Utah and Nevada [8].

The main construction partners of the TWE are Siemens Energy for the HVDC terminal technology and
Barnard Wilson Joint Venture for the AC transmission line and substations. The project has received federal
approval from the Bureau of Land Management. It is expected to be operational by 2027 [7].
Reference:
7. https://www.transwestexpress.net/news/alerts/2023/062023-groundbreaking-in-wyoming.html
8. https://www.transwestexpress.net/about/ferc.shtml

German offshore wind

DolWin6 completes trial operations
Siemens Energy, in collaboration with Dragados
Offshore, has achieved a significant milestone in
a TenneT offshore wind project. The successful
completion of the second phase of the DolWin6
grid access system trial marks an important
accomplishment [9]. TenneT's 13th offshore grid
connection system in Germany has been in trial
operation since late May [10]. Figure 3: DolWin kappa offshore station. Credit: Dradagos Offshore

This trial serves as proof of the ability to operate the DolWin kappa offshore platform and onshore station
continuously for six weeks without significant operational issues in the substations [9]. With this
achievement, DolWin6 is set to proceed towards its anticipated final acceptance in the autumn of 2023 [10].

DolWin6 fast facts:

• 900 MW HVDC-VSC by Siemens Energy

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

• ±320 kV DC export cable (approximately 2 x 45 km undersea and 2 x 45 km onshore) manufactured

by Nexans
• Commissioning expected in 2023

References:
9. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/haukejuergensen_energytransition-hvdc-energytransition-activity-
7095695178413273088-CjcY?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
10.https://www.tennet.eu/news/tennet-doubles-investments-while-securing-long-term-suppliers-large-
scale-expansion-onshore

UK SOFIA offshore wind

Installation of the HVDC cable for the Sofia wind farm begins
The Leonardo da Vinci vessel from Prysmian has
commenced laying the first section of HVDC export cable
for the Sofia project, kick starting a three-year offshore
construction phase [11].

The 170 m Prysmian vessel will operate from the landing

zone on the Teesside coast near the town of
Middlesbrough in north-east England and lay two 130 km
sections of cable in parallel towards the offshore wind
farm. Installation of the other two 90 km sections of the
±320kV HVDC cable with XLPE insulation is due to be done
Figure 4: HVDC cables on the deck of the Leonardo da Vinci
next year. vessel. Credit: Sofia Wind Farm

Other offshore work planned for 2024 includes transporting the offshore converter platform from Batam in
Indonesia to the UK and installing the foundations for the 100 extended monopiles and the offshore grid
cables. On the onshore side, construction has been underway at Teesside since June 2021 to build the
onshore converter station and cable corridor [11].The 1.4 GW wind farm, developed by RWE at a cost of £3
billion, will see 100 Siemens Gamesa 14 MW offshore wind turbines installed in the Dogger Bank area,
195 km off the coast of England, to supply the UK with wind power [11].

Interconnection studies between the HVDC-VSC converters of Sofia and Dogger Bank C, which will be
connected to the same National Grid substation at Lackenby, are currently under way [12]. Commissioning
is scheduled for the end of 2026.

References:
11.https://sofiawindfarm.com/latest/press-releases/offshore-construction-begins-on-rwe-s-flagship-sofia/
12.https://www.rte-international.com/interaction-studies-between-sofia-dogger-bank-c-offshore-wind-
farms/?lang=en

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5. Insight on new Projects/Technologies

SuedLink as an example of German onshore HVDC projects
By Simon Beckler, TransnetBW, Germany

The role of onshore HVDC projects in Germany

The German Energy Transition (Energiewende) leads to an increasing amount of
onshore and offshore wind power installed mainly in Northern Germany while the
installed generation capacity in Southern Germany is decreasing due to the shut-
down of the last nuclear power plants in 2023 and the intended phase-out of coal-
fired power plants by 2038 the latest. Since large industrial centers and consumer
centers are located mainly in the South, this requires increased power transmission
capacities between Northern and Southern Germany while facing challenges of
increasing power-electronics penetration in the European grid at the same time.
The most suitable solution in this case is high voltage
direct current (HVDC) transmission as the required
reactive power compensation with conventional high
voltage alternating current (HVAC) would be enormous,
the losses would be significantly higher and it would lack
the capability of adequate power flow control. The need
for DC transmission corridors has already been identified
in the first national grid development plan
(Netzentwicklungsplan) in 2012 [1].
In Germany there are currently six onshore DC links with
a transmission capacity of 12 GW in realization phase, see
Error! Reference source not found.:
• DC1/DC2: Three-Terminal HVDC system
consisting of Ultranet and A-Nord
• DC3/DC4 (SuedLink):
• DC5/DC20 (SuedOstLink, SuedOstLink+)
Additionally, four projects (DC21, DC25, DC31, DC34)
with a transmission capacity of 2 GW each are also Figure 5 -Overview of HVDC projects in Germany
confirmed in the “Bundesbedarfsplan” (BBP), which means as confirmed in the BBP
that the German TSOs are obliged to realize these projects.
Since the changes in the energy generation structure in Germany and in other neighbouring countries will
continue over the next decades, the need to further increase the onshore transmission capacity via DC links
has already been identified. In view of Germany’s goal to reach climate neutrality by 2045, the latest national
grid development plan has identified the need for in total 30 GW installed onshore DC transmission capacity
for the target years 2037/2045 [2].

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

The SuedLink project

The SuedLink project is the largest and longest HVDC connection in Germany consisting of two parallel HVDC
links DC3 and DC4 with a nominal transmission capacity of 2 x 2 GW over a length of around 700 km (DC3)
and 600 km (DC4) respectively.
SuedLink will be realized in rigid bipolar
configuration with a voltage level of ±525 kV.
This provides a clear benefit compared to
state-of-the-art voltage level of ±320 kV by
reducing the footprint of the cable trench as
well as investment cost and power
transmission losses. Since there has been no
service experience with extruded DC cable
systems with a voltage rating of 525 kV, a
thorough and coordinated pre-qualification
test scheme has been set-up and realized by
all four German TSOs, coming to the
conclusion that this technology can be used
for SuedLink and other German HVDC links
[3].
Main suppliers for SuedLink DC3 are Siemens
Energy for the converter stations and NKT for
the cable system while for DC4 the
converters are supplied by Hitachi Energy
and the cable system by Prysmian.
Initially, the completion of SuedLink had
been envisaged for 2022 when the last
nuclear power plants were planned to be
shut down. However, due to a significant Figure 6 - Map of SuedLink project
change in the legal framework in 2015,
SuedLink and all other upcoming HVDC projects had to be realized with underground cables instead overhead
lines, leading to a restart in the planning procedure and consecutive delays.
Construction work for the project had been officially launched on July 27th 2023 for the converter station in
Leingarten [4]. The commissioning of the SuedLink cable connection will be finalized in 2028, while the
converter station in Leingarten will already be put in STATCOM operation in 2026 at the latest.
References
[1] German grid development plan 2022,
https://www.netzentwicklungsplan.de/archiv/netzentwicklungsplan-2022
[2] German grid development plan 2037/2045, https://www.netzentwicklungsplan.de/nep-
aktuell/netzentwicklungsplan-20372045-2023
[3] A. Braun, J. Brueggemann, M. Krause, T. Schrank, F. Martin, S. Poehler, O. Sener, F. Exl und T. Klein,
„PQ Test of Extruded HVDC 525-kV-Underground Cables: Results and Conclusion,“ in 10th
International Conference on Insulated Power Cables, Paris - Versailles, 2019
[4] https://www.transnetbw.de/en/newsroom/press-releases/progress-with-suedlink-transnetbw-
submits-final-approval-documents-for-converter-construction-in-leingarten

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

China puts the world’s first CLCC-HVDC project into operation

Zhiyuan HE, China

+500kV/1200MW Ge’nan CLCC-HVDC reconstruction project

has been put into operation in Shanghai, China on 18th June.
This project firstly adopts the controllable-line-commutated
converter (CLCC), a novel conversion technology.

To solve the long-existing inherent commutation failure problem of LCC-HVDC, State Grid Smart Grid
Research Institute proposed the CLCC technology with immunity to commutation failure, breaking through
the basic topology theory of LCC converter valves.

The main structure of CLCC is shown in Figure 2,

which adopts 6-pulse converter bridge, the same
as LCC. Based on the combination of partially and
fully controllable semiconductor devices, in the
new converter, each arm is structured by a main
branch and an auxiliary branch in parallel. Both
branches are composed of partially and fully
controllable semiconductor modules in series.
During conduction, current mainly flow through
the main branch. And during the commutating
phase, the commutating current is transferred to
the auxiliary branch firstly, and will be cut off by
the fully controllable semiconductor devices of
Figure 7: Hitachi Energy, ENOWA and Saudi Electricity
the auxiliary branch, even in extreme situations,
Company sign agreement. Credit: Hitachi Energy
entirely eliminating commutation failure.
[Error! Reference source not found.]

V1 V3 V5
branch
Main

V12 V11

V14 V13
A uxiliary
branch

V4 V6 V2 MOV

Figure 2 CLCC Topology Structure

Ge’nan HVDC project was commissioned in 1989 and was ever the first +500kV HVDC transmission project
in China. Test result of AC single-phase to ground fault test of Ge’nan CLCC-HVDC project is shown in Figure

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

3. It is clear to see that no commutation failure occurs and the active power can maintain around 85%
averagely during the fault and recovery process.

Figure 3 AC single-phase to ground fault test of Ge’nan CLCC-HVDC project

This renovation of CLCC has completely solved the problem of commutation failure and strongly verified the
feasibility of CLCC. The evolution of CLCC significantly reduces the active and reactive disturbance caused by
commutation failure on the converter station. At the same time, it significantly weakens the interaction and
influence between the station and neighboring converter stations, improving the operational stability of the
whole receiving end AC power grid.

At present, State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute is devoted to researching the design of +800kV/8000MW
CLCC, and in the future CLCC may be applied in ultra-high voltage DC transmission projects.

References
[1] C. Gao et al., "Novel Controllable-Line-Commutated Converter for Eliminating Commutation Failures
of LCC-HVDC System," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 255-267, Feb. 2023,
doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2022.3183599.
[2] Gao Chong, He Zhiyuan, Yang Jun, et al. Topology and control method of new controllable grid
commutation converter [J]. Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2023,43 (05): 1940-1950. DOI:
10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.212872
[3] ±500 kV Ge'nan HVDC Reconstruction Project officially put into operation. June 2023.
http://news.xinmin.cn/2023/06/20/32408901.html

6. Contact and Call for information

We warmly welcome and encourage all of you to share your feedback on this newsletter and/or to propose
new contributions for upcoming newsletter related to B4 activities. A list of non-exhaustive topics for your
contributions are :

• New developments of Power Electronic Based Device and System

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 B4 Newsletter – 2023-October

• B4 activities performed by CIGRE national committees

• Latest news on HVDC projects and status.
• Your experience with CIGRE especially with CIGRE B4
• Any suggestions/idea(s) and questions to B4

All newsletters are available in the following link: https://b4.cigre.org/GB/publications/b4-newsletters

Contact
Feel free to contact one of the newsletter editors :

- Hani Saad hani.saad@ACDCtransient.com

- Rebecca Ostash rostash@tgs.biz
- Joanne Hu j.hu@rbjengineering.com

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