Lecture 09 (SEE-503) FEE

Environmental Engineering
3(2-1)
SEE-503
Lecture # 09
Dr. Rana Ammar Aslam

Structures and Environmental Engineering
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 1

Outline
Solid Waste and its Management
▪ Solid Waste, Sources, Effects and Management
▪ Introduction
▪ Types and Sources of Solid Waste
▪ Properties
▪ Solid Waste Management
▪ Treatment at Processing Facility
▪ Health Effects
▪ Protective Measures

Introduction
✓ Solid waste is a generic term used to describe the things

we throw away. It includes objects the lay audience
commonly calls garbage, refuse, and trash.
✓ All wastes from human and animal activities that are

normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted.
✓ It includes any discarded item; things destined for recycle,

reuse, or reclamation; sludges; and hazardous wastes.

Introduction
Solid Waste

Types and Sources of Solid Waste
✓ The point of origin is important in some cases, so

classification, as domestic, commercial, industrial, street,
demolition, or construction may be useful.
✓ The nature of the material may be important, so

classification can be made on the basis of organic,
inorganic, combustible, noncombustible, putrescible, non-
putrescible.


✓ Garbage is the animal and vegetable waste resulting from

the handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food.
✓ Garbage originates primarily in home kitchens, stores,

markets and restaurants.
✓ It does not include food processing waste from canneries,

slaughterhouses, packing plants.

✓ Trash: It is the waste which comes from anywhere but the

bathroom and kitchen. It could be old furniture, leaves,
twigs, grass clippings, junk and other products which
might come under the category of hazardous household
waste.
✓ Rubbish: It includes,
✓ Combustible materials: paper, cartons, boxes, tree
branches, wood furniture etc.
✓ Non-combustible materials: Metals, tin cans, metals

furniture, dirt, glass, crockery, minerals etc.
Solid Waste Generation in Pakistan
✓ Pakistan generates about 49.6 million tons of solid waste
a year, which has been increasing more than 2.4 percent
annually.
✓ The Government of Pakistan (GOP) estimates that 87,000

tons of solid waste is generated per day, mostly from
major metropolitan areas.
✓ Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city generates more than

16,500 tons of municipal waste daily.
✓ About 60-70 percent of solid waste in the cities is

collected.
✓ Solid waste generation in Pakistan ranges between 0.40
(146) to 0.76 (277) kg/capita/day (kg/capita/year) and the
waste generation growth rate is 2.4% per year.
Cities Lahore Karachi Faisala Rawalpi Multan Hydera Gujran Peshaw Quetta Bahawa DG
bad ndi bad wala ar lpur Khan
kg/c/d 0.54 0.76 0.45 0.61 0.48 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.42 0.5
kg/c/y 197 277 164 223 175 219 183 146 183 153 183

Table: Solid Waste Generation in Major Cities
Solid waste Solid waste
generation/year
City Population in millions generation/day in tons
in tons
Karachi 20,500,000 15,600 5,694,000

Lahore 10,000,000 6,500 2,372,500
Gujranwala 4,800,000 2,208 805,920
Faisalabad 7,500,000 1,600 584,000
Rawalpindi 5,900,000 1,280 467,200
Quetta 600,000 1,250 456,250
Hyderabad 5,500,000 1,213 442,745
Multan 5,200,000 1,000 365,000
Peshawar 2,900,000 753 274,845
Bahawalpur 3,669,176 282 102,930
DG Source: 2,872,631
Khan Mr. Saadat Ali, USCS Pakistan 200
contact from Project Procurement International,73,000
Pakistan
Solid Waste Composition in Pakistan
Source: United Nations Environment Program, report on waste management in Pakistan

Solid Waste Composition in Pakistan
Energy Science & Engineering, Volume: 7, Issue: 6, Pages: 2646-2657, First published: 22 August
2019, DOI: (10.1002/ese3.450)

Solid Waste Composition across the Globe

Properties of Solid Waste
✓ Important in evaluating the alternative equipment needs,
systems, and management programs and plans,
Especially when considering resource and energy
recovery options
✓ Physical Properties
✓ Individual components/ Physical composition
✓ Particle size
✓ Moisture content
✓ Density of solid wastes

Physical Properties – individual components/ composition



Food waste/ Kitchen
Properties of Solid Waste Garden waste
Physical Properties – individual components Plastics

Paper
Textile
Leather/rubber
Glass
Waste composition by percentage. Metal
Hazardous waste
Others
Lahore Karachi Faisalabad Rawalpindi Multan Hyderabad Gujranwala Peshawar Quetta Bahawalpur DG Khan
Organic
(food &
61.31 34.84 33.18 60.13 53.87 46.51 42.49 30 38.6 44.33
green
waste)
paper &
cardboar 2.53 8.36 7.67 4.2 2.4 5.89 11.12 7 2.87 4.9
d
Plastics 0.74 16.86 3.3 1.04 2.2 8.79 9.62 2.0 0.34 7.01
Metals Tuesday,0.09 0.61
November 28, 2023
1.00 0.09 0.3
LECTURE 09
3.66 0.56 0 0.05 1.69
19
Physical Properties – individual components

Physical Properties – particle size
Particle size of MSW

for (a) the cumulative
mass fraction of the
fall; (b) the cumulative
mass fraction of the
summer; (c) the
probability density
function of the fall; and
(d) the probability
density function of the
summer. (Doncaster,
England)

Density of solid wastes
✓ The density of solid waste is the mass of solid waste per

unit volume. The density of loose combustible waste is
approximately 115 kg・m−3.
✓ The density of collected solid waste is 180 to 450 kg・

m−3.
✓ In the landfill, compacted solid waste can have a density

ranging from 350 to 500 kg・m−3. The density of well
compacted solid waste can range from 600 to 750 kg・
m−3.

Chemical Properties
✓ Important if the solid wastes are to be used as fuel.
✓ Proximate analysis
✓ Moisture (loss at 105oC unit a constant wt is acquired)
✓ Volatile matter (additional loss on ignition at 950oC for 7 min)
✓ Ash (residue after burning at 700oC for 30 min)
✓ Fixed carbon (remainder)
✓ Ultimate analysis
✓ percent of C (carbon)
✓ H (hydrogen)
✓ O (oxygen)
✓ N (nitrogen)
✓ S (sulfur)
Chemical Properties

Solid Waste Management
✓ It is the process of collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of
solid waste in a systematic, economic and
hygienic manner.
✓ It is the process of the collecting, treating,

and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it is of no longer use.

Integrated Solid Waste Management
Reduce/Prevention, Reuse, Recycle, Recover and Disposal
✓ Reduction is the most important strategy of the three Rs.
It focus on the source of the waste, or where the waste is
originally coming from. Source reduction is carried out
when products are designed, manufactured, packaged,
and used in a way that limits the amount or toxicity of
waste created.
OR
✓ Using less material in design and manufacture; extending

the life of products; using less hazardous materials.

✓ The second most important strategy of the “Rs” is to

Reuse, which is when an item is cleaned and the
materials are used again.
✓ Reuse involves Checking, cleaning, repairing,

refurbishing whole items or spare parts

✓ Recycling involves, Turning waste into a new product or

substance.
✓ This includes composting.
✓ Recover involves, anaerobic digestion; incineration with

energy recovery, gasification, and pyrolysis, producing
materials and energy from waste; and backfilling.
✓ Disposal involves, Landfilling and incinerating waste

without energy recovery

Composting - Recover
✓ Composting is the biological decomposition of organic
waste under controlled aerobic condition.
✓ Industries as paper, agricultural and food processing give
out wastes which are almost 100% organic. This organic
matter can be composted to yield good manure.
✓ Compost is the end product obtained after subjecting the
organic fraction of solid waste to aerobic or anaerobic
decomposition to yield humus like solid, carbon dioxide,
water vapour and energy.

Composting - Recover
✓ Humus typically refers to decomposed organic matter or
biodegradable solid waste.
✓ Finished compost adds humus to the soil.
Humus

Incineration - Recover
✓ Incineration is the most common thermal treatment
process. It is burning of the waste at a temperature of
1000°C ± 100°C in the presence of oxygen so as to
eliminate all odours and to ensure good combustion.
✓ After incineration, the wastes are converted to carbon
dioxide, water vapour and ash.
✓ It converts hazardous organic substances into less
hazardous components.

Pyrolysis - Recover
✓ Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic
material at elevated temperatures in the absence of
oxygen.
✓ It involves the simultaneous change of chemical
composition and physical phase and is irreversible.
✓ External heat source is employed. It yields gaseous,
liquid and solid fractions.

Landfill – Recover and Disposal
✓ A landfill may refer to the ground that has been filled in
with waste materials, so that it can be decomposed.
✓ Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can
create a number of adverse environmental impacts such
as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation
of liquid leachate.

Landfill

Landfill – leachate
✓ A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing
through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or
any other component of the material through which it has
passed.

Open dump - Disposal
✓ Open dumps refer to uncovered areas that are used to
dump solid waste of all kinds. The waste is untreated, and
not segregated.
✓ It is the breeding ground for files, rats, and other insects
that spread disease.
✓ The rainwater run-off from these dumps contaminates
nearby land and water, thereby spreading disease. In
some countries, open dumps are being phased out.

Current State of Solid Waste Management in Pakistan
✓ About 60-70% of solid waste in the cities is collected.
✓ The waste collection fleet typically comprises handcarts

and donkey pull-carts for primary collection;
✓ Then open trucks, tractor/trolley systems, arm roll

containers/trucks for secondary collection and transport.

✓ Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city, utilizes two landfill sites.
✓ Lahore, the country’s second-largest metropolis, has two.
✓ Other major cities plan to build proper landfill sites. But in

many areas, solid waste is simply dumped outside the city
limits.

Pak first ever scientific disposal site at Lahore
✓ The first ever scientific disposal facility in Pakistan located
at Lakhodair expanded on 52 hectares of land at a
strategic location almost 5km away from Mehmood Booti
dumpsite meeting all international standards required for
a waste disposal site.
✓ Functioning of initial two cells are helping 2000 to 2500

tons waste daily for about 10 years with no repercussions
over underground water or atmosphere.


Current activities and Projects
✓ According to the United Nations Environment Program,
there are six current activities and plans taking place
towards an efficient Waste Management System. These
current activities are as follows:
✓ Solid Waste Management Guidelines (draft) prepared with the

support of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
Japan.
✓ Converting waste agricultural biomass into energy/ material
source – project by UNEP, IETC Japan.
✓ North Sindh Urban Services Corporation Limited (NSUSC) –
Assisting the district government in design and treatment of
water supply, sanitation and solid waste management.

Current activities and Projects
✓ The URBAN UNIT, Urban Sector Policy & Management
Unit P & D Department, Punjab. Conducting different
seminars on awareness of wastewater, sanitation & solid
waste management etc.
✓ Lahore Compost (Pvt.) Ltd. only dealing with the organic

waste with the cooperation of city district government
Lahore, Pakistan. The company is registered as a CDM
project with UNFCCC.
✓ Different NGOs are involved at small scale for solid waste

collection, and recycling.
Health Effects of Solid Waste
Sources of Exposure
✓ Exposure occurs through

✓ Ingestion of contaminated water or food
✓ Contact with disease vectors
✓ Inhalation
✓ Dermal

Points of Contact
✓ Soil adsorption, storage and biodegrading

✓ Plant uptake
✓ Ventilation
✓ Runoff
✓ Leaching
✓ Insects, birds, rats, flies and animals
✓ Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas, rivers and
lakes results in the plants and animals that feed on it

Groups at Risk
✓ The population of unserved areas, especially pre-school

children.
✓ Waste operators and waste pickers.

✓ Workers in facilities that produce infectious, toxic, and
cancer-causing material.
✓ People living close to waste disposal facilities.

✓ The population supplied with water polluted by waste
dumping or by inadequately protected landfill sites.
Accidents
✓ Muscular-skeletal disorders resulting from the handling of
heavy containers.
✓ Wounds, most often infected wounds, resulting from
contact with sharp waste.
✓ Intoxication and injuries resulting from contact with small

amounts of hazardous chemical wastes collected with
garbage.
✓ Trauma, burns, and other injuries resulting from
occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or from
methane gas explosion on landfill sites.

Infections
✓ Blood infection resulting from direct contact with waste
and from infected wounds.
✓ Respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected

dust, especially during land filling operation.
✓ Zoonosis resulting from bites by wild or stray animals

feeding on wastes.
✓ Enteric infections transmitted by insects feeding on

wastes

Chronic diseases
✓ Incineration operators are especially exposed to chronic
respiratory diseases resulting from exposure to dust; to
toxic and carcinogenic impacts resulting from exposure to
hazardous compounds; to cardiovascular disorders and
heat stress resulting from expose to excessive
temperature; and to loss of hearing function due to
exposure to excessive noise.

Thank you!

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Environmental Engineering

Dr. Rana Ammar Aslam

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 1

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 2

✓ Solid waste is a generic term used to describe the things

✓ All wastes from human and animal activities that are

✓ It includes any discarded item; things destined for recycle,

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 3

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 4

✓ The point of origin is important in some cases, so

✓ The nature of the material may be important, so

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 5

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 6

✓ Garbage is the animal and vegetable waste resulting from

✓ Garbage originates primarily in home kitchens, stores,

✓ It does not include food processing waste from canneries,

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 7

✓ Trash: It is the waste which comes from anywhere but the

✓ Non-combustible materials: Metals, tin cans, metals

✓ The Government of Pakistan (GOP) estimates that 87,000

✓ Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city generates more than

✓ About 60-70 percent of solid waste in the cities is

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 10

Karachi 20,500,000 15,600 5,694,000

Source: United Nations Environment Program, report on waste management in Pakistan

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 12

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 13

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 14

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 15

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 16

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 17

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 18

Physical Properties – individual components Plastics

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 20

Particle size of MSW

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 21

✓ The density of solid waste is the mass of solid waste per

✓ The density of collected solid waste is 180 to 450 kg・

✓ In the landfill, compacted solid waste can have a density

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 22

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 24

✓ It is the process of the collecting, treating,

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 25

✓ Using less material in design and manufacture; extending

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 26

✓ The second most important strategy of the “Rs” is to

✓ Reuse involves Checking, cleaning, repairing,

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 27

✓ Recycling involves, Turning waste into a new product or

✓ Recover involves, anaerobic digestion; incineration with

✓ Disposal involves, Landfilling and incinerating waste

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 28

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 29

✓ Finished compost adds humus to the soil.

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 30

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 31

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 32

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 33

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 34

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 35

Tuesday, November 28, 2023 LECTURE 09 36

✓ About 60-70% of solid waste in the cities is collected.