Behavior and Design of Structural

System

Chapter 5: Analysis of LFRS

Dr. Dichuan Zhang
 Analysis of Moment-Resisting Frame

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 2

 Portal Frame Methods

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 3

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Portal

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 4

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Portal

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 5

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Portal

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 6

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Portal

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 7

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Portal

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 8

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Portal

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 9

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Portal

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 10

 Cantilever Methods

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 11

 Cantilever Methods

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 12

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 13

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 14

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 15

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 16

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 17

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 18

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 19

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 20

 Frame Under Horizontal Loads-Cantilever

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 21

 Drift of Frame

“Shear” Drift:
Flexural Deformation of Beams and Columns

“Flexural” Drift:
Axial Deformation of Columns

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 22

 Drift of Frame

Fi

N.A.

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 23

 “Shear” Racking
Fi

i The floor slab ties together a level axially,

Vi acting as a rigid diaphragm. Thus, each
subassemblage deflects the same amount,
and we need only examine one per floor.

Each subassemblage at level i deflects i.

The force Vi is the story shear at level i
tributary to a column. Note we can find
this easily using the portal method.
L
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 24
 Deformation of Frame
To determine the relative contribution of the beam and column, we can examine
the subassemblage with certain portions assumed rigid.

column assumed rigid beam assumed rigid

Vi i b Vi i c

ib is the drift contribution at level i due to the beam flexibility.

ic is the drift contribution at level i due to the column flexibility.
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 25
 Deformation of Column


ic ½i
c P
Vi

L
½h

 = PL3/3EI

Using the analogous cantilever beam, we can establish a relationship

between the column story shear and the column drift contribution:

½ ic = Vi (h/2)3/3EIc
where Ic is the column moment of inertia. Rearranging:

ic = Vi h3/12EIc
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 26
 Deformation of Beam

Vi i b analogous cantilever beam

b = Vb (L/2)3/3EIb
b
h

Vb  Vb ib L / 2 h] = [Vi h /L] (L/2)3/3EIb

VbL = Vi h = b/ ½L = ib / h

These are the equilibrium and compatibility ib = Vi h2L/12EIb
relationships between the beam and the story

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 27

 Total Shear Racking Drift

Beam contribution Column contribution

Vi i b Vi i c

ib = Vi h2L/12EIb ic = Vi h3/12EIc

Total drift (due to shear racking)

i = ic + ib = Vi h2/12E (L/Ib + h/Ic )

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 28

 Deformation of Column-Top Floor


P
½h

L
Vi
i c

 = PL3/3EI
Using the analogous cantilever beam, we can establish a relationship
between the column story shear and the column drift contribution:

ic = Vi (h/2)3/3EIc
where Ic is the column moment of inertia. Rearranging:

ic = Vi h3/24EIc
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 29
 Deformation of Beam – Top Floor

analogous cantilever beam

i b b = Vb (L/2)3/3EIb
b

h/2
Vb  Vb ib L / h] = [Vi h /2L] (L/2)3/3EIb
Vi
L

VbL = Vi h/2 = b/ ½L = ib / ½ h

These are the equilibrium and compatibility ib = Vi h2L/48EIb
relationships between the beam and the story

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 30

 Total Shear Racking Drift – Top Floor

Beam contribution Column contribution

i b i c

Vi Vi

ib = Vi h2L/48EIb ic = Vi h3/24EIc

Total drift (due to shear racking)

i = ic + ib = Vi h2/24E (L/2Ib + h/Ic )

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 31

 Cantilever Drift

Shear Moment
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 32
 Ni = Mi/mL

mL = ’

@’
So we see that the moment, and
hence the axial force in the
exterior column increases as we
go down the building.

You might think that since the

Level i Mi moment gets bigger, so does the
curvature. But there is a big
difference! Namely that…

…the building columns are also

getting bigger! (while the
Mo cantilever beam is prismatic)
@’
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 33
 c
c


Ni = Mi/mL

@’
We see there is a relationship
between the rotation at a level 
and the column elongation, c.

You might think that you can

get the column elongation
Level i Mi directly using c = Ni h/AcE .,
however the elongation at level
i is based on every story below,
where Ni and Ac are changing.
Instead, look at this per unit
Mo height of the structure, i.e.,
@’ and c c
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 34
 c

Ni = Mi/mL

@’
= c / ½mL
= 2Ni / mLAciE
c = Ni /AciE

Level Mi = 2 Mi/(mL)2AciE

i
So for each story i, a change in
angle occurs, i = i hi

@’ Mo Using the base condition, 0=0,

the rotation at any level is:
i=  i =  i hi = 2/E(mL)2 hiMi/Aci

For constant floor to floor height, h:

i= 2h/E(mL)2  Mi/Aci
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 35
 c

Ni = Mi/mL

@’
So for each story i, a change in deflection
occurs, i = i hi
Then the lateral deflection at any floor is
Level Mi obtained by adding up the slope, again
i using the base condition, 0 = 0:
i=  i =  i hi

Mo and substituting the angle relationship

@’
i = 2h2/E(mL)2  Mi/Aci

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 36

 c

Ni = Mi/mL

@’
An approximate expression is used by tall
building designers based on their experience
with typical stresses in columns. Recall:

c = Ni /AciE
Level Mi
i At every floor N and A change. A reasonable
assumption is that they change at the same rate:
why not!? It’s controlled by YOU, the designer!

Mo A rule of thumb is that  = N/A ~ 10ksi. (note

@’
this is not the total stress, just due to OTM).

c = Ni /AciE = 10 ksi/29,000ksi = 0.000345

Notice this means that the curvature is also
(assumed) constant since = c / ½mL

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 37

 c

Ni = Mi/mL

@’
A constant curvature assumption makes the
calculations fairly straightforward:

i=  dx =  Hi
Level Mi
i
i=  dx =  ½ Hi2
Note that for constant floor-to-floor height h,
@’ Mo the elevation at level i is simply Hi = i * h

Then the drift due to flexure at level i is:

i=  ½ h2 i2 = 0.000345 h2 i2 / mL
= c / ½mL
c = 0.000345
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 38
 Shear-Racking Drift Calculation Example

Beam: HE220M

200 kN Column: HD260x142

3m

100 kN

3m

5m 5m

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 1

 200 kN

100 kN

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 2

 200 kN

100 kN

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 3

 100 kN

150 kN

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 4

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 5
Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 6
 Flexural Drift Calculation Example

Beam: HE220M

200 kN Column: HD260x142

3m

100 kN

3m

5m 5m

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 7

 200 kN

100 kN

M (kN-m)

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 8

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 9
 Drift Calculation Example-20 story

Beam: HE500M Column: HD 400 x 677

HD 400 x 677 HE500M

4 2 4
E (Mpa) Ic (mm ) Ac (mm ) Lc (mm) Ib (mm ) Lb (mm) m mLb (mm)
210000 3.00E+09 86340 3000 1.62E+09 5000 5 25000

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 10

 “Shear” Drift

Level Fi (kN) Vi (kN) Vi-col (kN) Vi-avg (kN) b (mm) c (mm) t (mm) i (mm) i (mm)
20 500 500 100 100 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.5 218
19 479 979 196 148 1.6 0.5 2.2 2.8 217
18 458 1437 287 242 2.7 0.9 3.5 4.2 214
17 437 1874 375 331 3.7 1.2 4.8 5.5 209
16 416 2289 458 416 4.6 1.5 6.1 6.7 204
15 395 2684 537 497 5.5 1.8 7.3 7.8 197
14 374 3058 612 574 6.3 2.1 8.4 8.9 190
13 353 3411 682 647 7.1 2.3 9.4 9.9 181
12 332 3742 748 715 7.9 2.6 10.4 10.9 171
11 311 4053 811 779 8.6 2.8 11.4 11.8 160
10 289 4342 868 839 9.3 3.0 12.3 12.7 148
9 268 4611 922 895 9.9 3.2 13.1 13.5 135
8 247 4858 972 947 10.4 3.4 13.8 14.2 122
7 226 5084 1017 994 11.0 3.6 14.5 14.8 108
6 205 5289 1058 1037 11.4 3.7 15.2 15.4 93
5 184 5474 1095 1076 11.9 3.9 15.7 16.0 77
4 163 5637 1127 1111 12.3 4.0 16.2 16.5 61
3 142 5779 1156 1142 12.6 4.1 16.7 16.9 45
2 121 5900 1180 1168 12.9 4.2 17.1 17.2 28
1 100 6000 1200 1190 13.1 4.3 17.4 10.8 11
0 1200 2.1 2.1 0

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 11

 “Flexural” Drift

Level hi (mm) Hi (mm) Fi (N) Vi (N) Mi (N-mm) i (1/mm) i (rad) i (rad) i (mm) i (mm)
20 3000 60000 500000 500000 1.5.E+09 2.6E-10 7.9E-07 9.8E-04 2.9 44
19 3000 57000 478947 978947 4.4.E+09 7.8E-10 2.3E-06 9.8E-04 2.9 41
18 3000 54000 457895 1436842 8.7.E+09 1.5E-09 4.6E-06 9.8E-04 2.9 38
17 3000 51000 436842 1873684 1.4.E+10 2.5E-09 7.6E-06 9.7E-04 2.9 35
16 3000 48000 415789 2289474 2.1.E+10 3.7E-09 1.1E-05 9.6E-04 2.9 32
15 3000 45000 394737 2684211 2.9.E+10 5.2E-09 1.6E-05 9.5E-04 2.9 29
14 3000 42000 373684 3057895 3.8.E+10 6.8E-09 2.0E-05 9.4E-04 2.8 26
13 3000 39000 352632 3410526 4.9.E+10 8.6E-09 2.6E-05 9.2E-04 2.7 24
12 3000 36000 331579 3742105 6.0.E+10 1.1E-08 3.2E-05 8.9E-04 2.7 21
11 3000 33000 310526 4052632 7.2.E+10 1.3E-08 3.8E-05 8.6E-04 2.6 18
10 3000 30000 289474 4342105 8.5.E+10 1.5E-08 4.5E-05 8.2E-04 2.5 16
9 3000 27000 268421 4610526 9.9.E+10 1.7E-08 5.2E-05 7.8E-04 2.3 13
8 3000 24000 247368 4857895 1.1.E+11 2.0E-08 6.0E-05 7.2E-04 2.2 11
7 3000 21000 226316 5084211 1.3.E+11 2.3E-08 6.8E-05 6.6E-04 2.0 9
6 3000 18000 205263 5289474 1.4.E+11 2.6E-08 7.7E-05 5.9E-04 1.8 7
5 3000 15000 184211 5473684 1.6.E+11 2.8E-08 8.5E-05 5.2E-04 1.6 5
4 3000 12000 163158 5636842 1.8.E+11 3.1E-08 9.4E-05 4.3E-04 1.3 3
3 3000 9000 142105 5778947 2.0.E+11 3.4E-08 1.0E-04 3.4E-04 1.0 2
2 3000 6000 121053 5900000 2.1.E+11 3.8E-08 1.1E-04 2.4E-04 0.7 1
1 3000 3000 100000 6000000 2.3.E+11 4.1E-08 1.2E-04 1.2E-04 0.4 0
0 0

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 12

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 13
 Comparison

Lateral Deflection () Inter-story drift (h)

Shear
20 20
Flexural
18 18
Total
16 16 SAP2000

14 14

12 12

Stories
Stories

10 10

8 Shear 8

6 Flexural 6
Total 4
4
SAP2000
2 2

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80%

 (mm)  /h(mm)

Fall 2023 Behavior and Design of Structural System 14