Lecture 7 2

Structural Steel Design CE 434
Analysis and Design of Compression Members

Lecture 21
Effective Length Factor (Stiffness Method)
Prof. Ghazi Abu-Farsakh

Eng. Mutaz AL-Dwairy
1
Design of Compression Members 2
Definition of Sidesway
Sidesway is defined as a lateral movement of top of a vertical member relative to
its bottom.
Sidesway may occur in frames or columns.
Civil Engineering Department

Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
Causes of Sidesway in Frames

Sidesway occurs in frames due to:
1. The presence of lateral loads
2. Unsymmetrical loads
3. The frames themselves are unsymmetrical.

Frames with Sidesway (Sidesway Uninhibited )

P

Frames Without Sidesway (Sidesway Inhibited )
No Sidesway No Sidesway No Sidesway

(symmetrical loads and frame) (frame is restrained) (frame is restrained)

Frames Without Sidesway (Sidesway Inhibited )

Frames with diagonal-bracing or rigid shear-wall are prevented from sidesway.

Sidesway In Columns
Sidesway occurs in columns whose ends can move transversely when
they are loaded until buckling occurs.

Rotational-Stiffness
Rotational Stiffness of the member is the moment needed to produce a unit
rotation at one end of a member.
For example if the member is hinged at near-end (A) and fixed at far-end (B), the
4𝐸𝐼
moment required at A to induce a unit rotation at A is (in other words,
𝐿
4𝐸𝐼
Rotational-Stiffness of the member is )
𝐿

Effective Length Factor

According to AISC, the effective length factor can be determined using two
methods:
1. Tabulated factors for columns with idealized support conditions.
2. Alignment charts for columns in a rigid framed structure.

1) Tabulated Factors
These factors had been explained
previously.
But it is worth to mention that
these factors were developed for
idealized conditions of end-restraint
for sway and nonsway columns,
which may be very different
from practical design conditions.

2) Alignment Charts
For columns in a frame with rigid joint, the effective-length factor depends on
amount of the rotational-restraint at the end of a particular column. So the
alignment charts were developed to determine the effective-length factor based on
the restraint provided at each end of the column.
rigid joints

2) Alignment Charts
The rotational-restraint at the end of a particular column depends on the column
rotational- stiffnesses and the girder rotational-stiffnesses meeting at that joint.
Therefore, it is rational to express the amount of the rotational-restraint at the end
of a column by this ratio:
Column Rotational−Stiffnesses
G=
Girder Rotational−Stiffnesses
The alignment charts have been developed based on this ratio G, which
represents an analogous Joint-weight.

Relationship between G-Factor and Rotational-Restraint

Column Rotational Stiffnesses
G=
Girder Rotational Stiffnesses
girder girder girder girder

Column
Column
Case (1) Beam-Column Joints Case (2)

Alignment Charts for Braced and Unbraced

Frames
𝐸 𝐼 𝐼
∑ 𝑐𝑐 ∑τ𝑐( 𝑐 )
𝐿𝑐 𝐿𝑐
𝐺= 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔
∑ ∑τ𝑔( )
𝐿𝑔 𝐿𝑔
Ec=Eg=29,000 ksi rigid joints
τ𝑐 →Stiffness-reduction factor
for columns
τ𝑔 → Stiffness-modification
factor for girders
Example (1)
Determine the effective length factors for column ABC shown in the Figure below.
Column section is W14x82. Consider column buckling to occur in-plane about the
major-axis (x-axis) of column ABC and bending in the girders occur about the
major-axis (x-axis). The default case for the multi-story frame shown is sidesway
uninhibited for an unbraced column.
Pu
W18x50 C W18x50
W14x82 W14x82
L=35-ft L=35-ft
14-ft
W24x55 B W24x55
L=35-ft L=35-ft
14-ft
A

Multi-story multi-bay plane frame.
Solution (1)
Section stiffness parameters.
Section (Ix)-in4 (Iy)-in4 (Ix/L)

Pu
W18x50 800 40.1 22.85
W24x55 1360 29.1 38.86 C
22.85 22.85
W14x82 881 148 62.9
τc=1.0
62.93
38.86 B 38.86
τc=1.0
62.93
A
Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios.

Joint Elastic-weights and Effective-Length Factors

𝐼
∑τ𝑐( 𝑐 )
𝐿𝑐
Joint 𝐼𝑔 Gj-value
∑τ𝑔( )
𝐿𝑔
A ----- 10
162.93  162.93
B 138.86  138.86 1.62
162.93
C 122.85  122.85 1.38 G=10 for Hinge and Roller supports
G=1 for fixed support

Example (2)
Using the same multi-story frame of Example (1), let column part BC to be
subjected to Pu=250 kips and part AB to be subjected to Pu=600 kips.
Pu
c
 Pu  22.85 C 22.85
 ksi
A 
τc=1.0
 g 
(250kips)
62.93
38.86 B 38.86
τc=0.45
(600kips)
62.93
A
Values of  c → Table 4-1 (p. 4-20) Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios.

Joint Inelastic-weights and Effective-Length Factors
𝐼 Column Ga-Gb Kx-value

∑τ𝑐 (𝐿𝑐 )
𝑐
Joint 𝐼𝑔
Gj-value
∑τ𝑔(𝐿 )
𝑔 AB 10-1.17 1.9
(Sidesway-uninhibited) (2.0)
A ----- 10
BC 1.17-1.38 1.4
162.93  0.4562.93
B 138.86  138.86 1.17 (Sidesway-uninhibited) (1.48)
162.93
C 1.38
122.85  122.85

Alignment charts for effective length of columns in

continuous frames.
K=0.86
K=0.77
K=1.9
K=1.4

Stiffness-Reduction Factor  c 

Stiffness Modification Factors For Various

Girder Far Ends
𝐸 𝐼 𝐼
∑ 𝑐𝑐 ∑τ𝑐( 𝑐 )
𝐿𝑐 𝐿𝑐
𝐺= 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔 𝝉𝒈 = 𝟏 for continuous far-end
∑ ∑τ𝑔( )
𝐿𝑔 𝐿𝑔
in girders
Ec=Eg=29,000 ksi
(𝝉𝒈 )

Effect of Far-End Condition

Example (3)
For the column ABC of example 3.14, if the frame is modified such that end E is
hinged, as shown in Figure 3.17. Column and girder sections remain the same as
in the previous example. Determine the effective length factors of column ABC
using inelastic-weights. Pu
22.85 C 22.85
τg=2 D
τc=1.0
62.93
Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios, 38.86 B 38.86 E
τc , and τg. τg=1.5
τc=0.45
62.93
.
A

Joint Inelastic-weights and Effective-Length Factors
𝐼
∑τ𝑐 (𝐿𝑐 )
𝑐
Joint Gj-value Column Ga-Gb Kx-value
𝐼𝑔
∑τ𝑔(𝐿 )
𝑔
AB 10-0.94 0.86
A ----- 10 (Sidesway-inhibited)
162.93  0.4562.93 BC 0.94-0.92 0.77

B 138.86  1.538.86 0.94 (Sidesway-inhibited)
162.93 Refer to slide 20 for alignment-charts

C 0.92
122.85  222.85

Important Hints
Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios, Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios,
τc , and τg. τc , and τg.
. .
Pu Pu
22.85 C 22.85 D 22.85 C 22.85

τg=1 τg=2 D
τc=1.0
τc=1.0
62.93
62.93
(BC)-Braced-column
38.86 B 38.86 E 38.86 B 38.86 E
τg=1.5
τc=0.45
τg=1
τc=0.45
62.93
62.93
(BC)-Unbraced-column
(AB)-Braced-column
A (AB)-Braced-column A

Important Hints
Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios, Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios,
τc , and τg. τc , and τg.
. .
Pu Pu
Rolling Fixed-End
D 22.85 C 22.85
22.85 C 22.85
τg=2 D
τg=0.67
τc=1.0
τc=1.0
62.93
62.93
(BC)-Unbraced-column (BC)-Unbraced-column
38.86 B 38.86 E 38.86 B 38.86 E
τg=0.5
τc=0.45
τg=1.5
τc=0.45
62.93
62.93
(AB)-Braced-column (AB)-Unbraced-column
A A


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Structural Steel Design CE 434

Analysis and Design of Compression Members

Prof. Ghazi Abu-Farsakh

Civil Engineering Department

Causes of Sidesway in Frames

Civil Engineering Department

Frames with Sidesway (Sidesway Uninhibited )

Civil Engineering Department

Frames Without Sidesway (Sidesway Inhibited )

No Sidesway No Sidesway No Sidesway

Civil Engineering Department

Frames Without Sidesway (Sidesway Inhibited )

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Effective Length Factor

1. Tabulated factors for columns with idealized support conditions.

2. Alignment charts for columns in a rigid framed structure.

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Relationship between G-Factor and Rotational-Restraint

girder girder girder girder

Civil Engineering Department

Alignment Charts for Braced and Unbraced

Civil Engineering Department

Section (Ix)-in4 (Iy)-in4 (Ix/L)

Multi-story frame showing (Ix/L) ratios.

Civil Engineering Department

Joint Elastic-weights and Effective-Length Factors

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Joint Inelastic-weights and Effective-Length Factors

𝐼 Column Ga-Gb Kx-value

Civil Engineering Department

Alignment charts for effective length of columns in

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Stiffness Modification Factors For Various

Civil Engineering Department

Effect of Far-End Condition

Civil Engineering Department

Joint Inelastic-weights and Effective-Length Factors

162.93  0.4562.93 BC 0.94-0.92 0.77

162.93 Refer to slide 20 for alignment-charts

Civil Engineering Department

22.85 C 22.85 D 22.85 C 22.85

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

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