Jordan University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Highway Lab.

CE-444L

experiment #5

Rotational Viscosity.

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

Pressure Aging Vessel.

Conducted on: Nov 13,2023

By

159145 Abdulaziz Al-Essa

Nov 20,2023

Proof. : Saad Abo-Qudais

Section: 2

On my honor I pledge that this work of mine does not violate the University provisions on
academic misconduct. By signing below, I certify that I understand the University Politics on
academic misconduct is committed; all parties involved are in violation.
Summary:
Rotational Viscosity.

Not all fluid types can be measured for viscosity using currently available methods. A novel
technique of assessing viscosity is needed for fluids in the under-cooled area. It was created to
assess viscosity by observing the rate of droplet coalescence in a microgravity setting. This study
examines validation tests carried out on board the International Space Station. There were four
experiments examined. Results from two of the studies were in line with the known value for
viscosity. The results from one of the experiments were insufficient for analysis. Due to the
experimental setting, there were potential mistakes in the final experiment. These tests produced
data that showed the approach to be workable. To completely validate the procedure, further
experiments are necessary.

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

The main goal of this work is to predict the asphalt binder complex modulus at different
temperatures and different loading frequency. By applying the time-temperature superposition
principle to pressure ageing vessel (PAV) aged asphalt binder mixed with various percentages of
sasobit asphalt modifier, the master curve approach was used to predict the behavior of the
asphalt binder for a wide range of temperatures and loading frequencies. Using the dynamic
shear rheometer (DSR), the complex modulus was evaluated over a wide range of loading
frequencies (0.1 Hz–10 Hz) and testing temperatures (16 oC–31 oC). The results indicated that
both increasing the loading frequency and the sasobit % led to an increase in the complex
modulus. However, the results showed a decrease in the complex modulus with increasing the
testing temperature. The use of the master curve approach showed a high degree of accuracy in
predicting the complex modulus for the asphalt binder.

Pressure Aging Vessel.

RTFO aged asphalt binder is placed in an unpressurized PAV preheated to the test temperature.
When the PAV nears the test temperature it is pressurized to 300 psi (2.07 MPa). After 20 hours
of treatment the samples are removed, degassed and stored for future testing. the major PAV
equipment

Introduction:
Rotational Viscosity.

A fluid's viscosity is a numerical representation of the fluid's flow resistance. In further detail, it
establishes the fluid strain rate brought on by a certain applied shear stress. A straightforward
fluid flow example that illustrates the impact of viscosity is the plane Couette flow. The term
"Couette flow" refers to the behavior of a fluid between two plates, one of which is stationary
and the other of which is subject to a constant force. The viscosity of the fluid affects the top
plate's velocity. The plate will move more slowly the more viscous the fluid is. Viscosity is a
thermodynamic variable that changes depending on temperature and pressure. In general, a
fluid's viscosity very slightly rises with pressure. Temperature may have a significant impact on
a fluid's viscosity value. Due to the increasing contact of gas molecules, viscosity of gases rises
with temperature. Due to the increasing distance between molecules in liquids, viscosity reduces
as temperature rises. The methods used to determine viscosity nowadays are not suitable for all
fluid types. Under-cooled fluids are one such category of fluid. A liquid or gas that has been
cooled below its freezing or sublimation point without changing into a solid form is referred to as
an undercooled fluid. Before a viscosity measurement can be taken, a phase change takes place
and the fluid immediately starts to go through the glass transition when an undercooled fluid,
such as glass at high temperatures, comes into contact with the foreign material. The viscosity is
frequently extrapolated from known values in the non-under-cooled zone since it cannot be
determined. The manufacture of fiber optic cables can benefit from the viscosities of the glass in
this area.

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is a new technology that allows for the production of asphalt
mixtures at lower temperatures than ordinary Hot Mix Asphalts (HMA). WMA modifiers reduce
the viscosity of asphalt binder at mixing and compaction temperatures, allowing for lower
temperatures of mixing and compaction . Sasobit is one of warm mix asphalt modifiers derived
from coal gasification process . The performance of sasobit modified asphalt binder was
investigated by many researchers . It was found that the performance of sasobit modified asphalt
binder depends on the testing temperature in the high temperature range (>100oC), as sasobit
melts within the asphalt binder causing a significant reduction in its viscosity. This behavior was
found beneficial as it allows for a lower mixing temperature, thereby reducing the energy bill.
Liu (2012) found that the addition of sasobit to asphalt binder allows for higher percentages of
reclaimed asphalt binder (up to 60% by weight of asphalt) to be added to the mixture without
significantly effecting the workability of the mixture and with increasing the complex shear
modulus of asphalt binders for temperatures below 95 oC.The complex shear modulus (G*) for
sasobit modified asphalt binder will also be affected. investigated its performance at high
temperatures (52-82) oC and intermediate test temperatures (16-34) oC and found that the
increase in sasobit percentage will significantly increase the value of G*, making the samples
stiffer. However, the phase angle will decrease and increase the elastic portion of the complex
modulus

Pressure Aging Vessel.

For testing of physical properties, the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) offers simulated long-aged
asphalt binder. To replicate in-service aging over a seven to ten-year period, asphalt binder is
subjected to heat and pressure.RTFO-aged asphalt binder samples are placed in stainless steel
pans and aged for 20 hours in a heated vessel under 305 psi (2.10 MPa or 20.7 atmospheres) of
pressure. After that, samples are kept in preparation for physical property tests.In older
pavements, many HMA distresses either begin or worsen. In order to investigate and forecast
these kinds of distresses, a technique to imitate old asphalt binder is crucial. According to the
Superpave PG binder standard, long-aged asphalt binder must be tested at intermediate and cold
temperatures to gauge its resistance to fatigue and low-temperature cracking.Although there are
several elements that affect asphalt binder aging, oxidation is the main issue for PAV. Up until a
point where the asphalt is able to quench (or prevent) oxidation by immobilization of the most
chemically reactive components, oxidation increases an asphalt's viscosity with time.

Objective:
Rotational Viscosity.
To determine the viscosity of bitumen at different temperature using rotational viscometer

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) Test measures the effect of heat and air on a moving film of hot
mix asphalt binder, simulating short-term aging that occurs during production and paving
operations. This is important for investigating and predicting early age HMA pavement behavior
and distress.

Pressure Aging Vessel.

to simulate in-service aging of asphalt binder after 5 to 10 years.

Procedure:
Rotational Viscosity.

• Approximately 30 grams of binder are heated in an oven below 150oC) until fluid
• The sample should be stirred occasionally
• during heating to remove entrapped air.
• The amount of asphalt used is typically 8 to 11grams and varies with the size of spindle.
• The sample chamber containing the binder sample is placed in the preheated thermo
container
• the preheated spindle is lowered into the sample, and the binder is ready to test when the
temperature stabilizes, usually within 30 minutes.

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

• A moving film of asphaltic material ( sample of 35g) is heated in an oven for 85 min at
325°F (163°C).
 • The effects of heat and air are determined from changes in physical test values as
measured before and after the oven treatment.
• An optional procedure is provided for determining the change in sample mass.

Pressure Aging Vessel.

• Heat RTFO aged asphalt binder until fluid enough to pour. Stir sample and pour 50 g into
a preheated thin film oven pan Pour as many pans as needed for intermediate and cold
temperature testing
• Place pans in a pan holder and place inside preheated PAV
• Seal the PAV and allow it to return to the aging temperature.
• Once the PAV has reached the desired temperature, pressurize the PAV to 300 psi (2.07
MPa) and maintained the pressure for for 20 hours.
• At the end of the aging period, gradually release the pressure and remove the pans from
the PAV.
• Place the pans in an oven set at 325°F (163°C) for 15 minutes, then scrape into a single
container sized so that the depth of the residue in the container is between 0.55 and 1.57
inches (14 and 40 mm).
• Place the container in a vacuum oven (Figure 9) at 338°F (170°C) and degas the sample
for 30 minutes to remove entrapped air. If not degassed, entrapped air bubbles may cause
premature breaking in the DTT test.

Results and Calculations:

Rotational Viscosity.

Time
437 mpas 60 sce
412.5 mpas 60 sce
400 mpas 60 sce
400 mpas 60 sce

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

Sample 1 Sample 2
wt. of empty bottle 163.6 163.6
wt. of bottle +asphalt sample before aging 199.1 198.9
wt. of bottle + asphalt sample after aging 198.9 198.4
Mass Change 0.56% 1.4 ٪
acceptable rejected
Sample calculations:
A = initial sample weight = (wt. of bottle + asphalt sample before aging)- (wt. of empty bottle)
Sample 1 = (199.1)- (163.6)=35.5
Sample 2 = (198.9)- (163.6)=35.3
B = final sample weight = (wt. of bottle + asphalt sample after aging)- (wt. of empty bottle)
Sample 1 = (198.9)- (163.6)=35.3

Sample 2 = (198.4)- (163.6)=34.8

Mass Change= [(A-B)/A]*100
Sample 1 = [(35.5-35.3)/ 35.5]*100 = 0.56%

Sample 2 = [(35.3-34.8)/ 35.3]*100 =1.4 ٪

Discussions:
Rotational Viscosity.

The manufacture, distribution, and compaction of asphalt mixes are all impacted by the viscosity
of the asphalt binder. It could be challenging to get the ideal in-field density, which is also
correlated with the pavement performance life, if the viscosity is too high. the viscosity values at
135 °C It is evident that the viscosity of the CRM binders rose as the CRM concentration
increased and dropped as the testing temperature increased. At 135 °C, the 20% CRM binder
demonstrated an increase in viscosity of almost 7 times when compared to the 0% CRM binder
(control). The viscosity value for the 20% CRM binder, in particular, was more than 3000 cP at
135 °C, indicating that higher production and construction temperatures are necessary to provide
optimum compaction and workability for 20% CRM combinations. This outcome is assumed to
be the result of rubber powder's viscosity being less responsive to temperature rise. demonstrates
the top, medium, and bottom CRM binders' viscosity results at 135 °C after conditioning. Rubber
particles appear to have fallen to the bottom as planned. The viscosity value steadily grew in the
upper section as the CRM content did.

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

By using trial and error, the sigmoid function is optimized to best suit the G* data collected from
the DSR. By adjusting the sigmoid constants (coefficients), the shift factor "T," and reducing the
discrepancy between the complex modulus' anticipated value and actual value. the results of the
optimization process, including the values of the four sigmoid coefficients and the error rate for
each master curve. The shift factors for each % of sasobit asphalt modifier are for each
temperature. The asphalt binder sample master temperature is 22 oC, where the shift factor's
logarithm is equal to zero.
 Pressure Aging Vessel.

Asphalt cement residues with carbonyl, sulfoxide, and butadiene indices similar to those
recovered after eight years of service cannot be produced using the existing RTFO/PAV
technique. Only over half of the carbonyl index in the recovered sample could be found in the
PAV residue of the worst- performing material from Section 4. The PAV can produce materials
with chemical characteristics (carbonyl indices) that are more similar to those of recovered
samples by using a thinner film or by aging them for a longer period of time. The enhanced
match is especially advantageous when using the subpar Sections 3, 4, and 7 asphalt cements. No
PAV procedure, whether standard or customized, was able to generate butadiene or sulfoxide
indices that came close to matching those of recovered samples. This gap is probably caused by
the PAV's usage of high temperatures, although it could only be marginally significant in terms
of our efforts to optimize the chemical aging procedure.

Conclusion:
Rotational Viscosity.

The following conclusions and suggestions are made in light of the analysis and study findings:
Portland cement was added to asphalt binders to improve their rotational viscosity (RV) at
various rotational speeds at 135 °C. The Newtonian behavior of asphalt binders was not
significantly affected by the C/A ratio. The complex shear modulus (G) value, a measure of the
stiffness of asphalt bind- ers, increased as the C/A ratio did as well. The phase angle (d) and
elastic properties of asphalt binders were not significantly affected by the C/A ratio. At all
temperatures, the C/A ratio improvement enhanced the Superpave rutting metric, G/sin d value.
The Superpave high performance grade temperature—the high temperature at which the asphalt
binder met the Superpave requirements for G/sin d value—improved with the increase in C/A
ratio. The ideal cement-to-asphalt (C/A) ratio that produced a balanced rise in the rota- tional
viscosity and the value of the DSR G/sin d rutting parameter of asphalt binders was discovered to
be 0.15.The exponential function with high coefficient of determination (R2) was the best
function (model) for describing the relationship between each RV, G, and G/sin d and the C/A
ratio. It is advised that future studies explore how the loading frequency affects the G value of
cement-modified asphalt binders.

Rolling Thin Film Oven.

The time-temperature superposition strategy was used to find the master curve that best fits the
complex modulus for each % of the sasobit modifier by calculating the sigmoid function's four
coefficients (a, b, c, and d) and finding the logarithm of the shift factor at each temperature. As
the top right portion of the master curve simulates a high loading frequency (or a low test
temperature) and the lower left portion of the master curve simulates a low loading frequency (or
a high test temperature), testing temperature and loading frequency are correlated such that an
increase in testing temperature will result in a decrease in the value in (G*). The complex
modulus rises with an increase in the sasobit modifier fraction.Sasobit can be introduced to the
asphalt binder in this way without affecting its functionality. By simply replacing the associated
reduced frequency (fR) in the sigmoid function, one may predict the value of the complex
modulus for any testing temperature or loading frequency while taking the appropriate shift
factor into account.

Pressure Aging Vessel.

Either the age-related degradation effects are not significant for the ability of that component to
perform its intended safety function for the remainder of the plant life, or the effects of the
degradation mechanism are potentially significant for that component and further evaluation is
necessary regarding the capability of programs to effectively manage these effects. This section
provides precise criteria and the related reasoning for the latter circumstance. These standards
can serve as the foundation for resolving age-related degradation mechanism/component
difficulties generally.

References:
AASHTO D4402 Rotational Viscosity.
AASHTO T240, ASTM D2872 Rolling Thin Film Oven.
ASTM D6521 Pressure Aging Vessel.