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Structural Steel Design CE 434

Introduction

Prof. Ghazi Abu-Farsakh

Eng. Mutaz AL-Dwairy

Civil Engineering Department

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Design Methods

AISC provides two methods for designing structural steel members:

1) Load and Resistance Factor Design method (LRFD)
2) Allowable Stress Design method (ASD)
In this course, we will consider LRFD method.

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Design philosophy according to LRFD and ASD

1) LRFD-method
(Reduction factor 𝜙)(Nominal strength of member 𝑅𝑛 ) ≥ (Largest computed
factored load in member 𝑅𝑢 ).
𝜆
𝑅𝑢𝑛 = 𝜙𝑅𝑛 ≥ 𝑅𝑢 = σ𝑁 𝜆 𝑄
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 →F.S.= 𝑖
>1.0 for load case (i)
𝜙

2) ASD-method

Nominal strength of member( 𝑅𝑛 )

≥ Largest computed force in member(𝑅𝑎 );
safety factor 𝛺
known as allowable load (𝑅𝑎 )
𝑅𝑛 𝑅
≥ 𝑅𝑎 = σ𝑁 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑄𝑖 →F.S.(𝛺 )= >1.0
𝛺 𝑅𝑎

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Example

Ps=service load
Pa=allowable load
Pn=nominal strength
Pun=ultimate nominal strength
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Definitions
Service (Working) Loads: the actual loads that subject on the member such
as (dead, live, wind, snow, etc.) without magnification.
Design Loads: are the service loads magnified by specified load factors in
order to provide a factor of safety.
Nominal Strength: is a theoretical strength of a member without applying
safety factor (𝛺) or resistance factor (𝜙).

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Definitions
Limit State: is a condition at which a structure ceases to perform its intended
function.
In LRFD-method there are two categories of limit states:
Strength limit state: such as fracture, excessive yielding, or buckling.
Serviceability limit state: such as deformation, deflection, and cracking.
Load Combination: is a summation of loads that feasibly may occur at the same
time.

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LRFD Load-Combination

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LRFD Load-Combination
1. U=1.4D
2. U=1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or R or S)
3. U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or R or S)+(0.5L or 0.8W)
4. U=1.2D+1.6W+0.5(Lr or R or S)
5. U=1.2D±1.0E+0.5L+0.2S
Signs + or – in combinations
6. U=0.9D±(1.6W or 1.0E) (5) and (6) because the
directions of wind and
To account the possibility of uplift
earthquake loads may be
Take the maximum value. uplift (-) or downward (+).

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Example (1): The interior floor system shown in the Figure below has W24
X 55 sections spaced 8 ft on center and is supporting a floor dead load of
50 psf and a live floor load of 80 psf. Determine the governing load in
lb/ft that each beam must support.

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W24x55

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Each foot of the beam must support itself ( beam own weight) plus a load
from slab of the building floor.
D = (55 lb/ft) +(8 ft ∗50 lb/ft2) = 455 lb/ft
L = (8 ft ∗80 lb/ft2)
= 640 lb/ft

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D = 455 lb/ft L = 640 lb/ft other loads = 0

1. U=1.4 (455)=637 lb/ft

2. U=1.2 (455)+1.6(640)+0=1570 lb/ft
3. U=1.2(455)+0+0.5(640)=866 lb/ft
4. U=1.2(455)+0+0=546 lb/ft
5. U=1.2(455)±0+0.5(640)+0=384 lb/ft
6. U=0.9(455)±0=409.5 lb/ft
General Governing factored load= 1570 lb/ft

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Example (2): A roof system with sections spaced 9 ft on centers is to be

used to support a dead load of 40 psf; (a roof live, snow, or rain load) of
30 psf; and a wind load of 32 psf. Compute the governing factored load
per linear foot.

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Each foot of the beam must support itself ( beam own weight) plus a
slab load from the building floor.
D = 40 lb/ft +9 ft ∗40 psf = 400 lb/ft
L =0

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𝐿𝑟 or S or R= 9 ft ∗30 psf = 270 lb/ft

𝑊= 9 ft ∗32 psf = 288 lb/ft

D=400 lb/ft L=0 𝐿𝑟 or S or R=270 lb/ft W=288 lb/ft
1. U=1.4(400)=560 lb/ft
2. U=1.2(400)+0+0.5(270)=615 lb/ft
3. U=1.2(400)+1.6(270)+0.8(288)=1142.4 lb/ft
4. U=1.2(400)+1.6(288)+0.5(270)=1075.8 lb/ft
5. U=1.2(400)±0+0+0.2(270)=534 lb/ft
6. U=0.9(400)±1.6(288)=(820.8) or (-100.8) lb/ft
+ve Governing factored load= 1142.4 lb/ft -ve Governing factored load= 100.8 lb/ft

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Example (3): The axial loads for a member have been computed with the
following results: dead load=200 kips (tension); live load from roof = 50 kips
(tension); live load from floors = 250 kips (tension), tensile wind = 104 kips,
compressive wind = 128 kips, compressive earthquake = 70 kips, and tensile
earthquake=60 kips.
Determine the critical design member load (Pu) using the LRFD load
combinations.

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D=200 kips Lr=50 kips L=250 kips w=104 kips w=-128 kips
E=60 kips E=-70 kips
1. U=1.4(200)=280 kips
1. U=1.4D
2. U=1.2(200)+1.6(250)+0.5(50)=665 kips
2. U=1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or R or S)
3. U=1.2(200)+1.6(50)+(0.5*250 or 0.8*104)=445 kips
3. U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or R or
4. U=1.2(200)+1.6*104+0.5(50)=431.4 kips
S)+(0.5L or 0.8W)
5.a U=1.2(200)+1.0(60)+0.5(250)+0=425 kips
4. U=1.2D+1.6W+0.5(Lr or R or
5.b U=1.2(200)−1.0(70)+0.5(250)+0=295 kips
S)
6.a U=0.9(200)+(1.6*104 or 1.0*60)=346.4 kips
5. U=1.2D±1.0E+0.5L+0.2S
6.b U=0.9(200)−(1.6*128 or 1.0*70)=-24.8 or 110 kips
6. U=0.9D±(1.6W or 1.0E)
+ve Governing factored load= 665 kips (Tension)
-ve Governing factored load= -24.8 kips (Compression)

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