STEEL DESIGN

PRINCIPLES
STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN
Prof-Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE
Mapua University Manila
STEEL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
The design of a structural member entails the selection of a
cross section that will safely and economically resist the
applied loads. Economy means minimum weight—that
is, the minimum amount of steel.
 BASIS OF DESIGN
(as per NSCP 2015)

Designs shall be made according to the provisions for Load

and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) or to the
provisions for Allowable Strength Design (ASD).
 LIMIT STATES
Represent conditions that limit the usefulness of the member.
No applicable strength or serviceability limit state shall be
exceeded when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load
combinations such that:
R𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 S𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 ≤ A𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 S𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
Limit state can be ..
a. Fracture
b. Yielding
c. Buckling
d. Serviceability (maximum deflection)
 ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN
(ASD)
✓ Member selection such that properties prevent the maximum
applied loads under service load combinations to exceed an
allowable or permissible value (maintains an elastic behavior)
✓ Member Selection by
Cross-sectional Area, A ; Moment of Inertia, I
and Elastic Section Modulus, S
NSCP Eq. 502.3-2 (ASD)

𝑹𝒂 ≤ 𝑹𝒏/𝛀
where:
𝑹𝒂 = 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝑺𝑫 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑹𝒏 = 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝛀 = 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑅𝑛/Ω = 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

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 LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (LRFD)
✓ Design based on failure at factored loads but safe under
service loads
✓ Design strength is nominal strength multiplied by a reduction
factor (resistance factor)
✓ Loads are factored to bring the members to its limit state
NSCP Eq. 502.3-2 (LRFD)

𝑹𝒖 ≤ 𝝓𝑹𝒏
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑹𝒖 = 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑹𝒏 = 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝝓 = 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

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LRFD LOAD COMBINATION NSCP 203.3.1
U1 = 1.4D
U2 = 1.2D + 1.6L
U3 = 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5W where
f1 = 1.0 for place of public assembly,
U4 = 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L1 live loads > 4.8 kPa, and garage
f1 = 0.5 for other live loads
U5 = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L1 L1 = occupancy liveload or roof liveload

U6 = 0.9D + 1.0W
U7 = 0.9D + 1.0E
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ASD BASIC LOAD COMBINATION
𝑆1 = 𝐷
𝑆2 = 𝐷 + 𝐿
𝑆3 = 𝐷 + 0.6𝑊
𝑆4 = 𝐷 + 𝐸 / 1.4

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ASD ALTERNATE LOAD COMBINATION
𝑆1 = 𝐷 + 𝐿
The 0.75 factor is used as a
𝑆1 = 0.75(𝐷 + 𝐿 + 0.6𝑊) one-third increase in allowable
stresses shall be permitted for all
𝑆2 = 0.75(𝐷 + 𝐿 + 𝐸/1.4 ) combinations with W or E.

𝑆3 = 0.6𝐷 + 0.6𝑊
𝑆4 = 0.6𝐷 + 𝐸/1.4

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