GEOMETRY (GRADE 8)

UNDEFINED TERMS hehehehehehehehhehehhehehhhhhhhh

Point : A point is an exact location. It has no size, length, width, or depth. It is
represented by a single dot. It is named by one point. Example: Point A.

Line : It has no width and no thickness but it has length. It can be extended Infinitely to
both directions. It is named by any two points. Example: Line AB.

Plane : It has no thickness but has length and width. It can be extended indefinitely in all
directions. It is named by three points. Example: Plane ABC.

Point
• Tip of a ballpen
• Dust
• Corner of a paper
• Mole

Plane
• Flat mirror
• Ceiling in a room

Line
• Intersection of a wall and ceiling
• Ruler
• Strand of hair

RELATIONSHIPS hehehehehehehehhehehhehehhhhhhhh
Ray – a portion of a line with one endpoint. A ray extends indefinitely in one direction
(either left or right). It can be named by two points. The number of rays can be solved
by using the equation: n – 1, where n = number of points in the given ray.
Segment – a portion of a line having two endpoints. Segments of a line is the part
between two points. The number of line segments can be solved by using the equation:
n(n – 1)/2, where n = number of points in the given line.
Congruent Segment
• Two segments are congruent if they have equal measures.
• Conversely, when two segments are congruent, we are certain that these
segments have equal measures.

Midpoint of a Segment
• It is the middle part of a segment.

Betweenness
• If a point is between two points (A and C), the length of a segment (AB) plus the
length of the second segment (BC) will be equal to the length of AC.

ANGLE hehehehehehehehhehehndjsjsjjjjjjjjjjjjhehehhhhhhhh
A figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint. The two rays are called the sides
of the angle. The common endpoint of the sides of an angle is called the vertex. An
angle is denoted using a number, vertex, or the vertex and two points on each side of
the angle.

An angle divides the plane into three parts: interior angle, exterior angle, and the angle
itself.

Measure of an Angle
• Refers to the opening made from one side of the angle to the other. An arrow
from one side of the angle to the other usually denotes the measure desired. The
terminal side is the upper side of the angle and the initial side is the lower side of
the angle.

Classification of Angles

1. Acute Angle : 0° < m < 90°

2. Right Angle : m = 90°
3. Obtuse Angle : 90° < m < 180°
4. Straight Angle : m = 180°
5. Reflex Angle : 180° < m < 360°
6. Complete Angle : m = 360°

Congruent Angle
• Two Angles are congruent if they have equal measures. Theorem : All right
angles are congruent.

Angle Bisector : A line, ray, or segment that divides an angle into two congruent angles.

Vertical Angles : Are two angles in which the sides of one angle are opposite rays to the
sides of the other angles.
Adjacent Angles : Two angles with a common vertex and a common side between
them.

Complementary Angles : Are two angles with the sum of their measurements equal to
90°.

Supplementary Angles : Are two angles with the sum of their measurements equal to
180°.

POLYGON hehehehehehehehhetyyyhyhhehhehehhhhhhhh
A Polygon is a closed geometric figure composed of segments which intersect only at
their endpoints.

Convex : If each interior angle of a polygon is less than 180°.

Concave : If one or more interior angle of a polygon are greater than 180°.

Regular Polygon : An equilateral and Equiangular Polygon.

Equilateral : All sides have the same measurement.
Equiangular : All angles have the same measurements.

Diagonal : Segment joining an consecutive vertices. D = n (n – 3)/2

Sum of Interior Angles : (n – 2) 180° , n = number of sides

Sum of Exterior Angles : 360 ÷ n

QUADRILATERALS
• In geometry, a quadrilateral is a closed shape figure that is formed by joining four
points among which any three points are non-collinear. A quadrilateral has 4
sides, 4 angles, and 4 vertices.

Quadra = Four
Latus = Sides

Properties of Quadrilateral
• Each of the quadrilateral has its own properties. Though there are some
properties that are common to all quadrilaterals. They are as follows…
o Four sides
o Four vertices
o Two diagonals
o Sum of interior angles is 360°
Types of Quadrilaterals
• Square
• Rectangle
• Parallelogram
• Trapezium
• Rhombus
• Kite

Theorems (always, sometimes, never)

• A square is always a rectangle.
• A rhombus is sometimes a square.
• A parallelogram is sometimes a rectangle.
• A parallelogram sometimes has congruent diagonals.
• A parallelogram is always a quadrilateral.
• A rhombus sometimes has congruent diagonals.
• A trapezoid will never have opposite sides parallel.
• A trapezoid has sometimes legs congruent.
• A rectangle sometimes has perpendicular diagonals.

PERIMETER, AREA, VOLUME hehehehehehehehhetyyhhhhhh

The perimeter of a shape is defined as the total distance around the shape. It is the
length of any shape that can be expanded in a linear form.

Formulas:
Square = 4s
Rectangle = 2 (l + w)
Triangle = (a + b + c)
Quadrilateral = (a + b + c + d)
Circle = 2πr

The area of a polygon is defined as the area that is enclosed by the boundary of the
polygon. In other words, we say that the region that is occupied by any polygon gives
its area.

Formulas:
Triangle = ½ × b × h OR √ s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c).
Equilateral Triangle = √3 / 4 × side²
Isosceles Triangle = ¼b √4a²–b²
Square = a²
Rectangle = l × w
Circle = πr²
The Volume is the measure of capacity that an object holds. It can also be defined as
the amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object. The volume of a solid like a
cube or cuboid is measured by counting the number of unit cubes it contains.

Formulas:
Rectangular Prism = l × w × h
Cube = a³
Cylinder = πr²h
Pyramid = ⅓bh
Cone = ⅓ × πr²h
Sphere = 4/3πr³

The Surface Area of a three-dimensional object is the total area of all of its surfaces.
Surface Area is important to show situations where we want to wrap something, paint
something, and eventually while building things to get the best possible design. It is the
total area occupied by the surfaces of an object. It is classified into two categories;
curved surface area or lateral surface area (LSA) and total surface area (TSA).

Formulas:
3D Object TSA LSA
Cube 6s² 4a²
Cuboid 2 (lw) + 2 (lh) + 2 (wh) 2h (l + b)
Cone πr (l × r) πrl
Prism LSA + 2 (area of one end) Perimeter of base × height
Cylinder 2πr (h + r) 2πrh
Pyramid LSA + Area of base ½ × perimeter of base ×
slant height
Hemisphere 3πr² 2πr²
Sphere 4πr² 4πr²