IELTS Foundation

Student’s Book
Second edition
Earth Today p.19
Congestion - a situation in which a place is too blocked or crowded, causing difficulties:
Favour - the support or approval of something or someone:
Tough - strong; not easily broken or made weaker:
Decision - a choice that you make about something after thinking about several
possibilities
Increasingly - to (make something) become larger in amount or size:
Heavy traffic - traffics that's congested and moving slowly; A similar collocation is "bad
traffic", and a collocation with the opposite meaning is "light traffic"
Charge - If you charge someone an amount of money, you ask them to pay that amount for
something that you have sold to them or done for them.
Fear - to be frightened about someone or something unpleasant:
Damage - to harm or spoil something:
Trade - the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between
people or countries:
Shop keepers - a person who owns and manages a small shop
Improvement - an occasion when something gets better or when you make it better:
Success - the achieving of the results wanted or hoped for:
Scheme - the achieving of the results wanted or hoped for:
Obvious - easy to see, recognize, or understand:
Rushed - done in a hurry, or feeling that you must do something quickly:
Privilege - an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of
their position or because they are rich:
Gridlock - a situation where roads in a town become so blocked by cars that it is
impossible for any traffic to move:
Supporters - someone who supports a particular idea, group, or person:
Argue - to speak angrily to someone, telling that person that you disagree with them:
Traffic jam - a large number of vehicles close together and unable to move or moving very
slowly:
Attempts - to try to do something, especially something difficult:
Introduce - to put something into use, operation, or a place for the first time:
Stalled - to delay or put off action:
Vehicle - a machine, usually with wheels and an engine, used for transporting people or
goods, especially on land:
Satellite - a device sent up into space to travel around the earth, used for collecting
information or communicating by radio, television, etc.:
Peak times - a time of day when a lot of people are using the same service, such as the
internet, phone, etc.:
Petition - a document signed by a large number of people demanding or asking for some
action from the government or another authority:
Proposal - a suggestion, sometimes a written one:
Tax - (an amount of) money paid to the government that is based on your income or the
cost of goods or services you have bought:
Introduce - to put something into use, operation, or a place for the first time:
Implemented - to start using a plan or system:
Evidence - one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true:
Reducing - to become or to make something become smaller in size, amount, degree,
importance, etc.:
Victims - someone or something that has been hurt, damaged, or killed or has suffered,
either because of the actions of someone or something else, or because of illness or
chance:
Lack of something - the fact that something is not available or that there is not enough of
it:
Alternative - An alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to
use another one:
Expensive - costing a lot of money:
Unreliable - not able to be trusted or believed:
Rush hour - the busy part of the day when towns and cities are crowded, either in the
morning when people are travelling to work, or in the evening when people are travelling
home:
Cycle tracks - a route that runs along the side of a road, separate from the road, for the use
of people riding bicycles:
an efficient
Curb - to control or limit something that is not wanted:
Solution - the answer to a problem; a way to solve a problem or deal with a difficult
situation:
Infrastructure - the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a
country or organization uses in order to work effectively: