Connecting the PV system with 11KV line: using a smart

grid system

Chunuram Dubraj Murmu(120EE0489), Avinash Kumar Pandey(120EE0492)

Abstract

Solar power is a rapidly growing source of renewable energy. Photovoltaic (PV) cells
are the key components of solar power systems, and they convert light energy directly
into electrical energy. This report covers the basics of solar power, including PV cell
operation, equivalent circuits, power/voltage/current characteristics, and maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. It also discusses general PV system design,
insolation angle tilting, Incremental MPPT controller and islanded mode of operation
(microgrids) and proposed plan for integration of PV system with the 11KV 3 – Ф line.
The report concludes that modified MPPT is good alternative.

Keywords: solar power, PV cell, equivalent circuit, MPPT controller, boost converter,
transformer, general PV system design, insolation angle tilting, islanded mode of
operation, microgrid.

I. Introduction

Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity
for a variety of applications. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are semiconductor devices that convert
light energy directly into electrical energy. PV cells are relatively inexpensive to manufacture
and have no moving parts, so they are very reliable. They also require very little maintenance,
making them a cost-effective option for generating electricity.

The main advantage of PV cells is that they are environmentally friendly. They do not
produce any greenhouse gases or other pollutants, so they help to improve air quality and
reduce the risk of climate change.
II. Basic Design of General PV System

A general PV system design consists of PV panels, MPPT controller, Inverter, Battery bank
and charge controller (optional), Load. The PV panels are used to convert light energy into
electrical energy. The MPPT controller tracks the MPP of the PV panels and ensures that they
are operating at their maximum efficiency. The inverter converts the DC output of the PV
panels to AC electricity. The battery bank (optional) stores energy from the PV panels so that
it can be used at night or when the PV panels are not producing enough electricity. The
charge controller is use to protect the battery form overcharging and decide when battery is to
be connected.

Fig 1: Basic PV System

III. PV Cell Equivalent Circuit

Fig 2: PV cell equivalent circuit

The equivalent circuit consists of an ideal current source in parallel with a diode in reverse
bias, both of which are connected to a series resistance and a shunt resistance. The ideal
current source represents the photocurrent generated by the PV cell, which is proportional to
the amount of insolation on the cell. The diode represents the p-n junction in the PV cell,
which prevents current from flowing from the p-doped layer to the n-doped layer. The series
resistance represents the internal resistance of the PV cell, and the shunt resistance represents
the leakage current through the PV cell.

The open circuit voltage and short circuit current can be calculated using equation:

(1)

(2)

Where is the photocurrent generated by the PV cell, is the saturation current of the
diode, is the series resistance of the PV cell, µ is ideality constant, k is boltzman
constant,T is temperature,q is charge ( ).
Power/Voltage/Current of PV Cell

The voltage and current output of a PV cell depend on the amount of insolation (L) on the
cell, the temperature (T) of the cell, and the load connected to the cell. The (V, I) point where
maximum power can be extracted from PV cell is call Maximum Power Point (MPP). To
operate the PV cell around this point, (V, I) should be controlled.

IV. Solar Panel Tilt Angle

Sun is located in different positions in different time zones during the year, position is
constantly changing during day. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate an optimal tilt angle.
The optimal tilt angle (β) depends on the latitude (λ) of the installation site and the time of
year. In general, the optimal tilt angle for a PV system in the winter is equal to the latitude
plus 15o and during summer the optimal tilt angle is equal to the latitude minus 15 o. For
improved general rule we can follow below equation:
β = λ×0.9 +¿ 29o for winter days (3)

β = λ×0.9 −¿ 29o for summer days (4)

V. Block Diagram for Simulation of PV System

Fig 3: Showing the block diagram to simulate the basic PV system with ac load

In the above block it is showing a PV system without a battery bank and directly connected to
load after inverting and passing it through transformer. This type of system is manly use in
water pumping application. This simulation is run using Incremental conductance MPPT
algorithm and it three alternative modifications.

A. Specification of PV module used

Name of MATLAB PV module: A10Green Technology A10J-S72-175, strings in parallel: 2

strings in series: 3, VMPP for each string = 36.63V, IMPP for each string = 4.78A, Power at
MPP for each string = 175.0914W, Voc for each string = 43.99V, Isc for each string = 5.17A,
Temperature coefficient (%/degree) = -0.3616 cells per module = 72, total output power =
1050.5484W, total Voc = 131.07V, total Isc = 10.34A, total VMPP = 109.89V, total Isc = 9.56A.
VI. Incremental Conductance MPPT controller

A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is a device that tracks the MPP of a PV
cell and ensures that the PV cell is operating at its maximum power output. MPPT controllers
are typically used in solar power systems to maximize the power output of the solar panels.

A. Incremental Conductance Method

The incremental conductance algorithm detects the slope of the P–V curve and tracks the
MPP by searching the peak of the curve. If the conductance at the next voltage level is greater
than the conductance at the current operating point, then the MPPT controller increases the
duty cycle. If the conductance at the next voltage level is less than the conductance at the
current operating point, then the MPPT controller decreases the duty cycle. This process is
repeated until the MPPT controller finds the point where the current conductance and
predicted conductance are equal. This is the condition to for MPP in Incremental conductance
algorithm.
 Fig 4: The basic Incremental conductance MPPT controller

Figure 5: output power from PV panel using original incremental conductance in fast changing
insolation

B. Modified Incremental Conductance Method

The below modification is proposed by Satabdi Bhattacharya and Susovon Samanta to

mitigate the drifting of Incremental Conductance MPPT due to fast changing of Irradiation.
 Fig 6: The Incremental conductance MPPT controller modified incremental conductance by
Susovon Samanta and Satabdi Bhattacharya

Figure76: output power of PV panel modified incremental conductance by Susovon Samanta and
Satabdi Bhattacharya due fast changing insolation

In this project we are using the modified MPPT that is robust to the change in insolation
falling on PV panel.

VII. Charge controller

A charge controller is a device that regulates the flow of electricity from solar panels to a
battery bank. It prevents the battery from being overcharged, which can damage the battery
and shorten its lifespan. Charge controllers also help to extend the life of the solar panels by
keeping them operating at their maximum efficiency.

There are two main types of charge controllers: pulse width modulated (PWM) charge
controllers and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charge controllers. PWM charge
controllers are simpler and less expensive than MPPT charge controllers, but they are also
less efficient. MPPT charge controllers are more efficient and can extract more power from
the solar panels, but they are also more expensive.
VIII. Battery bank

A battery bank is a group of batteries that are connected together to store electricity generated
by solar panels. Battery banks are used to provide power at night or when the solar panels are
not producing enough electricity to meet the load demand.

The size of the battery bank depends on the amount of power that needs to be stored and the
number of hours that the system needs to be able to operate without sunlight. Battery banks
can be made up of different types of batteries, such as lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion
batteries, and nickel-cadmium batteries.

Considerations for Battery Bank:

IX. Conclusion

Solar power is a clean and renewable source of energy that has the potential to meet a
significant portion of the world's energy needs. PV cells are the basic building block of solar
panels, and they convert sunlight directly into electricity.

MPPT controllers are used to maximize the power output of PV systems, and power
electronic converters are used to convert electrical energy from one form to another.
Transformers are used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another using
electromagnetic induction.

The type of transformer that is appropriate to use depends on the specific application. If the
application requires a single-phase power source, then a single-phase transformer should be
used. If the application requires a three-phase power source, then a three-phase transformer
should be used.
References

[1] Renewable Energy - Volume 1: Solar, Wind, and Hydropower: Mudathir

Funsho Akorede, S.A. Hammer, M.A. Hyams, Malek Kamal Hussien Rabaia, Abdul
Ghani Olabi, 2023

[2] Saad Ahmad, Md Shafiullah,Chokri Belhaj Ahmed , And Maad Alowaifeer1, “A Review
of Microgrid Energy Management and Control Strategies,4 Received 15 January 2023,
accepted 19 February 2023, date of publication 23 February 2023, date of current version 8
March 2023

[3] Liqun Shang, Hangchen Guo & Weiwei Zhu, “An improved MPPT control strategy based
on incremental conductance algorithm”, Shang et al. Protection and Control of Modern
Power Systems, 5/4/2020, (https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-020-00161-z)

[4] P.Vivek, Student, Dr.N.B.Muthuselvan, J.Nanadhagopal, “ Modeling of Solar PV

System for DC-DC Converter with improved voltage stability Using Hybrid - Optimization
Techniques”, Advances in Engineering Research (AER), volume 142, International
Conference for Phoenixes on Emerging Current Trends in Engineering and Management
(PECTEAM 2018)

[5] Dr. Susovon Samanta and Satabdi Bhattacharya, “Modified Incremental Conductance
MPPT Algorithm for Very Fast Changing Atmospheric Condition for Solar Electric Vehicle
Application”, 2019 IEEE 16th India Council International Conference (INDICON)