HUM XXXX: Essence of Indian Knowledge Tradition

Sem A, 2023-24
Due date: 31.10.2023
Assignment 4
CO5
1. Write contribution of two great Indian mathematicians of age 1AD – 1000AD. Map
their work with current mathematician’s similar/equivalent domain. (400 words
each)

Answer:
During the period 1AD to 1000AD, two notable Indian mathematicians made significant
contributions to the field of mathematics: Aryabhata and Brahmagupta.

1. Aryabhata (476-550 AD):

Aryabhata was an ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer known for his seminal
work, Aryabhatiya. He made substantial contributions to mathematics, including the
concept of zero, place value system, and trigonometry. Aryabhata's work laid the
foundation for Indian mathematics and had a profound influence on later mathematicians
and astronomers.

Equivalent Domain in Modern Mathematics:

Aryabhata's contributions to the concept of zero and the place value system align with the
foundational concepts in modern number theory and arithmetic. His work in trigonometry
can be compared to the contemporary field of trigonometry, which is fundamental in
various scientific and engineering applications.

2. Brahmagupta (598-668 AD):

Brahmagupta was another influential Indian mathematician and astronomer known for his
work in mathematics, particularly in the field of algebra and number theory. He provided
solutions to various indeterminate equations and contributed to the understanding of
quadratic equations and arithmetic progressions.

Equivalent Domain in Modern Mathematics:

Brahmagupta's contributions to algebra find parallels in modern algebraic theories and
equations. His work on quadratic equations is fundamental to algebra, and his solutions to
indeterminate equations paved the way for modern number theory and diophantine
equations.

Mapping with Current Mathematicians:

Aryabhata's contributions in number theory align with the work of modern mathematicians
like Andrew Wiles, who proved Fermat's Last Theorem, a significant problem in number
theory. Similarly, Brahmagupta's contributions in algebra can be related to the work of
mathematicians like Pierre Deligne, who made significant contributions to algebraic
geometry and its applications.

These ancient Indian mathematicians' pioneering work laid the groundwork for many areas
in modern mathematics, and their contributions continue to inspire mathematicians around
the world.

2. Describe measuring units of time and distance of ancient India for their smaller and
larger quantities: (each in 600 words)
Answer:

In ancient India, various units of time and distance were used, reflecting the rich historical
and cultural diversity of the region. Here's an overview of some of the measuring units for
time and distance in ancient India:
Units of Time:

Truti: The smallest unit of time in ancient India, roughly equivalent to 29.6 microseconds. It
is mentioned in ancient texts for precise astronomical calculations.
Lava: 1 truti is divided into 30 lavas.
Kashta: 30 kashtas make one kala.
Kala: 30 kalas make one muhurta.
Muhurta: 30 muhurtas make one day-night cycle (24 hours).
Paksha: A fortnight, which is half a lunar month.
Masa: A lunar month, calculated based on the phases of the moon.
Ritu: Two lunar months, corresponding to a season.
Ayana: Six lunar months, representing the sun's apparent movement in the northern or
southern hemisphere.
Varsha: A year, typically calculated as two ayanas.

Units of Distance:

Anu: The smallest unit of length, often referred to as an atom.

Yuka: Equivalent to the length of a grain of barley.
Yojana: A widely used unit of distance, with varying lengths in different texts and regions. It
can be around 5-9 miles.
Kosha: Roughly equivalent to 2 miles.
Gavyuti: Equivalent to 2 miles or 4 koshas.
Yojana: A larger unit of distance, varying in length but often considered to be around 8-15
miles.
Krosha: Half a yojana, roughly 4 miles.
These ancient measuring units were used for various purposes, including trade, agriculture,
construction, and astronomy. While these units are not commonly used today, they offer
valuable insights into the advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge of ancient
Indian civilizations.

3. Contribution of Maharishi Charak in medical Science. (600 words)

Answer:

Maharishi Charaka, also known as Charak, was an ancient Indian physician and scholar who
made significant contributions to the field of medical science. He is often referred to as the
"Father of Medicine" in India. Charaka's contributions are primarily documented in the
ancient Indian text called the "Charaka Samhita," which is one of the foundational texts of
Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine in India. Here are some of his notable
contributions:

1. Systematization of Medical Knowledge:

Charaka played a crucial role in organizing and systematizing the scattered knowledge of
medicine prevalent in ancient India. He compiled diverse medical practices, principles, and
treatments into a comprehensive and systematic framework, forming the basis of Ayurvedic
medicine.

2. Diagnosis and Treatment:

Charaka emphasized the importance of accurate diagnosis before prescribing any
treatment. He classified diseases into different categories and provided detailed
descriptions of their symptoms, causes, and treatments. His work laid the foundation for the
diagnostic methods still used in Ayurveda today.
3. Pharmacology and Herbal Medicine:
Charaka extensively documented the use of various medicinal plants, minerals, and herbs
for the treatment of diseases. He described their properties, preparation methods, and
dosages. Many of the herbal remedies he mentioned are still used in traditional medicine
and Ayurvedic treatments.

4. Surgical Knowledge:
Charaka's contributions to surgery are also noteworthy. While his primary focus was on
internal medicine, he documented surgical techniques and procedures of his time, including
methods for extracting foreign objects, stitching wounds, and procedures related to
obstetrics and gynecology.
5. Ethical Guidelines:
Charaka emphasized the ethical practice of medicine. He outlined guidelines for physicians,
emphasizing qualities such as compassion, knowledge, and integrity. These ethical principles
continue to influence medical practitioners in various traditions.
Charaka's contributions to medical science have had a lasting impact, not only in ancient
India but also on the development of traditional medicine systems around the world. His
work in the Charaka Samhita remains a valuable source of knowledge for practitioners of
Ayurveda and scholars studying the history of medicine.