GLQ-2: Assigned reading material below: Remember words in bold should be considered vocabulary

words.
Anki cards for this week are designed to help you understand this material.
Start to fill out an organism card that incorporates your knowledge of infection and epidemiology
following your reading for:
Table 24.15 Giardia lamblia p. 662-664

 READ THE CASE STUDY FOR THIS DISEASE PRIOR TO CLASS (Poll Everywhere Question
ALERT): Case study p. 317 (also linked on the Course Info tab)
Also, Continue Covid card.
______________________
Chapter 16.1

 Define symbiosis: living together

o complex ecosystem—an interacting biological community along with the environment that

shapes it.

 How is mutualism different from commensalism and parasitism?

o Mutalism is when both the host and microorganism benefit, comenaslism is when only

one benefits, and parasitism is when one benefits at the expense of the other

16.2: Microbiome:

 What kind of microbiome differences would you expect to see in a newborn delivered via
vaginal delivery versus cesarean section?
o Vaginal delivery babies wil have things like lactobacilli and an assortment of other
microbes that comes from the digestive tract and on the skin

 Describe one way the microbiome can aid in protection against infection:

o (1) covering binding sites that might otherwise be used for attachment, (2) consuming

available nutrients, and (3) producing compounds toxic to other bacteria. When members of

the normal microbiota are killed or their growth suppressed, as can happen during antibiotic

treatment, pathogens may colonize and cause disease.

 

 What IS the hygiene hypothesis?

o The idea that when young children are not exposed to a lot of microbes growin gup

they tend to have allergies and autoimmune disorders

 Give two specific ways the microbiome aids in digestion:

o They help to degrade complex carbs like dietary fibers— which then ferment the

products into short-chain fatty acis that the body absorbs

o Help to produce things the body needs and is unable to produce itself

 Give one example of a product produced by the microbiome:

o which then ferment the products into short-chain fatty acis that the body absorbs

16.3: Principals of infection

 Give a GENERAL description of the way a person feels when they are :

1. Colonized: no symptoms
2. Has a subclinical infection: symptoms don’t appear or are mild enough to go unoticed
3. Has an infection: pain, nausea, fatigue

 What impact would a low infectious dose have on how easily a disease is spread?

o The disease would spread very quickly

 Explain the difference between a sign and a symptom of disease:

o Symptoms are subjective effect of the disease experienced by the patient like pain and

nausea, where signs are objective evidence like a rash pus formation and swelling

 Define the difference between a primary pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen:

o Primary pathogen- is a microgranism or virus that causes disease in otherwise healthy

people
 o Oppurtnistic pathogen- causes disease ony when the body’s innate or adaptive

defenses are compromised or when introduced into an unusual location

 Describe a virulence factor:

o Refers to the degree of pathogenicity of an organism (likeliness to cuse disease)

 What is an incubation period?

o The time between the introduction of a microbe to a susceptible host and the onset of

signs and symptooms

 Define a secondary infection:

o An additional infection that occurs as a result of the primary inection

 Compare the course of disease for acute, chronic and a latent infections:

o Acute- symptoms develop quickly but last short time relatively

o Chronic- develop slowly and last for months or years

o Latent- are never completely eliminated, the microbe continues to exist in host tissue,

held in check by the immune system without causing symptoms—may become

reactive if immunity decreases later

 What is the term for toxins circulating in the blood?

o toxemia

Chapter 16.4

 Detail the four steps in how you identify an infectious organism using Koch’s postulates
1. the microorganism is present in every case of the disease
2. The microorganism must be grown in pure culture from diseased hosts
3. the same disease can be produced when a pure culture of the microorganism is introduced into
susceptible hosts

4. the microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected hosts.

  What are three situations where Koch’s postulates cannot be carried out when trying to
identify an infectious agent?
. The second postulate cannot be fulfilled for organisms that do not grow in laboratory
medium, which was the case for Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) up until quite recently. The
third postulate does not necessarily hold true for diseases such as polio in which many infected people
have no signs or symptoms of the disease. Also, some diseases, including chronic periodontitis, are
polymicrobial, meaning that multiple species act together to cause the illness. In the case of some
diseases, suitable experimental animal hosts are not available, and it would not be ethical to test the
postulates on humans because of safety concerns.

What is the difference between molecular Koch’s postulates and Koch's postulates?
o Molecular Koch’s postulates are similar in principle to Koch’s postulates, but they rely on
molecular techniques to study a microbe’s virulence factors. T

o 1. The virulence factor gene or its product should be found in pathogenic strains of the
microorganism.

o 2. Mutating the virulence gene to disrupt its function should reduce the virulence of the
pathogen.

o 3. Reversion of the mutated virulence gene or replacement with a wild-type version should
restore virulence to the strain.

Chapter 19.1
 Describe the difference between an outbreak and an endemic disease:
o An outbreak is a group of cases occurring during a brief time interval and affectin a
specific population
o An endemic is a disease or other occurrence that is constantly present in a populaiton

 Define the difference between what an attack rate describes and what the R 0 indicates:
o An attack rate is the proportion of susceptible persons developing illness in a
population exposed to an infectious agent
o basic reproductive number (R0), or R nought, which is the average number of secondary cases
that develop from a single case in a susceptible population.

 Compare a disease that causes sporadic cases, with one that is endemic in the U.S.
o Sporadic cases of siease occur only from time to time and endemic are every persistent
and constantly present ina given population
o Common cold endemic in US but malaria is not
  Give a brief explanation of the difference between the terms morbidity and mortality:
o Morbidity refers to ilnness
o Mortality refers to death it is often expressed as a rate—the number of people in a
defined population who die during a given period

Chapter 19.2
 Explain what an asymptomatic infection is. Can a person who is a carrier, or asymptomatically
infected be contagious?
o An asymptomatic infection is when their immune system is actively responding to the
invading microbe, but they have no obvious clinical symptoms—they can be
contagious

 Describe the three different types of reservoir of infection. What reservoir would be most
likely to be contained by vaccination?
o Non-human animal reservoirs are the source of many pathogens. These can be very difficult to
control, particularly in wild animal populations.(transmitted to humans---Zoonoses

o Some pathogens have environmental reservoirs. Clostridium botulinum, which causes

botulism, and Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus, are both widespread in soils.
Pathogens that have environmental reservoirs are difficult or impossible to eliminate.

o Infected humans are a significant reservoir of most communicable diseases. Humans are often
the only reservoir, but some pathogens can also colonize non-human animals or grow in the
environment. When infected humans are the only reservoir, the disease can be easier to
control because it is easier to set up prevention and control programs in humans than in wild
animals

o The one that is most likely contained by vaccination is Human reservoirs

 Describe the difference between droplet transmission and droplet nuclei transmission.
o Droplet transmission results from inhaling microbe-laden droplets released as people talk,
laugh, sing, sneeze, or cough. The droplets generally fall to the ground within 1 meter
(approximately 3 feet) from release, so this type of transmission only occurs if the infected
person is very close.

o People continually discharge respiratory microorganisms in liquid droplets during normal

activities such as talking. Although large droplets quickly fall, smaller droplets remain airborne
as fluid evaporates from them. These airborne particles, called droplet nuclei, consist of
microbecontaining dried material; they are one of the concerns with respect to COVID-19
 transmission, particularly indoors. Other airborne particles, including dead skin cells,
household dust, and soil disturbed by the wind, may also carry respiratory pathogens

 Name the three types of vehicles that can transmit microbes indirectly:
o Fomites(inanimate objects)
o Food
o water
 What is the primary difference between a biological vector and a mechanical vector?
o Mechanical vector. This simply carries a pathogen from one place to another. When a fly lands
on feces, for example, an intestinal pathogen might stick to its legs; if that fly then lands on
food, it can transfer the pathogen to that food. ■

o Biological vector. This carries a pathogen that multiplies within it. Biological vectors typically
feed on blood: They acquire the pathogen while feeding on an infected host, and—after the
pathogen multiplies—they transmit it while feeding on another host. Plague, malaria, and
Lyme disease are examples of diseases spread by biological vectors.

o Biological allows pathogen to multiply within it

 How does portal of entry modify disease caused by Enterococcus faecalis?

o or instance, Enterococcus faecalis, a member of the normal intestinal microbiota, can cause a
bladder infection if it enters the urinary tract, but it is harmless when ingested.

Chapter 19.3
 Name the four main characteristics of pathogens that impact epidemiology:
o Dose of infecting agent
o Incubation period
o Characteristscs of host population
o environment
 What is herd immunity?
o . If a very high percentage of the population is immune to the pathogen, herd immunity
protects non-immune individuals because there are not enough susceptible hosts.

 Describe one disease that:

o Has a higher rate of disease in women than in men:
 Urinary tract infection- because their urethra is relatively short and microbes acend
the urethra into the bladder easier
o Has a higher rate of disease in college age students than in children:
Meningococcal disease--meningitis
o Has a higher rate of disease in backpackers than in online gamers:
 Travellers diarhea—giardia lamblia
 Dengue—mosquitos caise