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BS 5950-4
BS 5950-4
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
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BRITISH STANDARD BS 5950-4:
1994
Structural use of
steelwork in building —
Part 4: Code of practice for design of
composite slabs with profiled steel
sheeting
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
UDC 693.814:669.14.018.29-417.2:692.533.15
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BS 5950-4:1994
Department of Transport
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
National Council of Building Material Producers
Royal Institute of British Architects
Timber Research and Development Association
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through subcommittees and panels:
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BS 5950-4:1994
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
Section 1. General
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 References 1
1.3 Definitions 1
1.4 Symbols 2
Section 2. Limit state design
2.1 General principles 3
2.2 Loading 3
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
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BS 5950-4:1994
Page
Section 7. Fire resistance
7.1 General 24
7.2 Minimum thickness of concrete 24
7.3 Determination of fire resistance 24
Section 8. Testing of composite slabs
8.1 General 25
8.2 Specific tests 26
8.3 Parametric tests 27
Figure 1 — Arrangement of construction loads 3
Figure 2 — Sheet and slab dimensions 7
Figure 3 — Typical composite slab 9
Figure 4 — Typical profiles 11
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
ii © BSI 12-1998
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BS 5950-4:1994
Foreword
This Part of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction of Technical
Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures. BS 5950 comprises
codes of practice which cover the design, construction and fire protection of steel
structures and specifications for materials, workmanship and erection.
It comprises the following Parts and Sections:
— Part 1: Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot
rolled sections;
— Part 2: Specification for materials, fabrication and erection: hot rolled
sections;
— Part 3: Design in composite construction;
— Section 3.1: Code of practice for design of simple and continuous composite
beams;
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
— Part 4: Code of practice for design of composite slabs with profiled steel
sheeting;
— Part 5: Code of practice for design of cold formed sections;
— Part 61): Code of practice for design of light gauge profiled sheeting;
— Part 7: Specification for materials and workmanship: cold formed sections;
— Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistant design;
— Part 9: Code of practice for stressed skin design.
This Part of BS 5950 gives recommendations for the design of composite slabs in
which profiled steel sheeting acts compositely with concrete or acts only as
permanent formwork.
This British Standard supersedes BS 5950-4:1982, which is withdrawn.
BS 5950-4:1982 was the first Part of BS 5950 to be issued. Most of the other Parts
have since been issued or are expected to be published shortly. In addition
BS 8110 has superseded CP 110. It was therefore necessary to update the
cross-references in this document, add material related to composite beams and
align the values of the partial safety factors for loads with those now
recommended in BS 5950-1. A number of minor amendments have also been
made as a result of experience in the use of the code.
The work on BS 5950-3 led to a survey of construction loads, which was also
relevant to the recommendations of this Part and enabled the partial safety
factors for these loads to be rationalized. In addition it had become apparent in
the drafting of BS 5950-3 that some adjustments to terminology (such as
“composite slab”) would be beneficial for clarity and some symbols needed
additional subscripts to maintain compatibility with both BS 5950-3 and
BS 5950-1. This revised terminology led to the modified title of Part 4.
A few further improvements have been made. These include recommendations on
span-to-depth ratios and on end anchorage. The density of lightweight concrete
covered has also been aligned with that in BS 5950-3.1.
The clauses on the design of profiled sheets have been replaced by
cross-references to BS 5950-61), rather than updated to align with Part 6.
The need to adjust the clause numbers to allow for the various additions and
omissions, has provided the opportunity to restructure the document in a manner
compatible with that now used in the other Parts of BS 5950, with the type of
clause numbering system now used in the other Parts of BS 5950.
1)
In preparation.
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BS 5950-4:1994
Apart from the above changes, the technical content of the standard is
unchanged.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of
its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, and
that construction and supervision are carried out by capable and experienced
organizations.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 30, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
iv © BSI 12-1998
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BS 5950-4:1994
Section 1. General
other parts of the structure is not prejudiced. when incorporated in it by amendment or revision.
Although the ultimate strength recommendations 1.2.2 Informative references
within this standard are to be regarded as limiting
values, the purpose in design should be to reach This Part of BS 5950 refers to other publications
these limits at as many places as possible, that provide information or guidance. Editions of
consistent with economy, in order to obtain the these publications current at the time of issue of this
optimum combination of material and construction standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
costs. reference should be made to the latest editions.
© BSI 12-1998 1
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 1
connector
ba Mean width of trough (open sheet profile)
Re.min Specified yield strength of profiled steel
bb Minimum width of trough (sheet profile) sheets
beb Effective width of slab (bending) tf Thickness of finishes above concrete slab
ber Effective width of slab (shear) u Critical perimeter for punching shear
bm Effective load width Va Shear capacity per unit width of composite
slab due to the end anchorage provided by
bo Width of concentrated load
the shear connectors
Dp Overall depth of profiled steel sheets Total longitudinal shear capacity per unit
Vc
Ds Overall depth of composite slab width of composite slab
ds Effective depth of slab to centroid of VE Maximum experimental shear force
profiled steel sheets VP Punching shear capacity of composite slab
E Modulus of elasticity of profiled steel sheets Vs Shear-bond capacity of composite slab
Fa End anchorage force per shear connector
Vs Shear-bond capacity of composite slab per
Fb Beam longitudinal shear force per shear unit width
connector Vv Vertical shear capacity of composite slab
fcm Concrete cube strength (observed value)
vc Design concrete shear stress
fcu Characteristic concrete cube strength
Wc Applied load capacity of composite slab
hagg Nominal maximum size of aggregate
Wf Reaction or concentrated load
ICA Second moment of area of the composite
Wser Serviceability load
slab about its centroidal axis (in equivalent
steel units) Wst Failure load
kr Empirical parameter (intercept of reduction Ww Anticipated value of the applied load
line from parametric tests) xc Depth of concrete in compression at
Lp Effective span of profiled steel sheets, midspan
which is the smaller of: z Lever arm
a) distance between centres of permanent gf Partial safety factor for loads
or temporary supports, and
b) clear span between permanent or gm Partial safety factor for resistances
temporary supports plus overall depth of d Deflection
profiled sheets Dp
Ls Effective span of composite slab, which is
the smaller of:
a) distance between centres of permanent
supports, and
b) clear span between permanent supports
plus effective depth of composite slab ds
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Section 2 BS 5950-4:1994
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 2
2.2.3 Construction loads Reference should also be made to 5.3 for possible
2.2.3.1 Basic construction loads increased loading due to ponding at the construction
stage.
Construction loads should be considered in addition
to the weight of the wet concrete slab. 2.2.3.2 Storage loads
In general purpose working areas the basic Where materials to be stored temporarily on erected
construction load on one span of the sheeting should sheeting (or on a recently formed slab before it is
be taken as not less than 1.5 kN/m2. The other spans self-supporting) produce equivalent distributed
should be taken as either loaded with the weight loads in excess of the basic construction loads,
of the wet concrete slab plus a construction load of provision should be made in the design for the
one-third of the basic construction load, or unloaded additional temporary storage loads.
apart from the self-weight of the profiled steel 2.2.4 Accidental loads
sheets, whichever is the more critical for the
Accidental loads should be treated as recommended
positive and negative moments in the sheeting
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
in BS 5950-1.
(see Figure 1).
For spans of less than 3 m, the basic construction 2.3 Design methods
load should be increased to not less
than 4.5/Lp kN/m2, where Lp is the effective span of 2.3.1 General
the profiled steel sheets in metres. The following methods may be used for the design of
Allowance is made within these values for composite slabs:
construction operatives, impact and heaping of a) composite design in which the concrete and the
concrete during placing, hand tools, small items of profiled steel sheets are assumed to combine
equipment and materials for immediate use. The structurally to support loads (see section 6);
minimum values quoted are intended for use in b) design as a reinforced concrete slab as
general purpose working areas, but will not recommended in BS 8110-1:1985, neglecting any
necessarily be sufficient for excessive impact or contribution from the profiled steel sheets;
heaping of concrete, or pipeline or pumping loads.
c) design by specific testing (see 2.3.2.1).
Where excessive loads are expected, reference
should be made to BS 5975:1982. In all cases the profiled steel sheeting should be
designed for use as permanent shuttering during
construction (see section 5).
Table 1 — Values of gf for ultimate limit states
Combination Type of load gf
Dead and imposed load Dead load (see note) Maximum 1.4
Minimum 1.0
Imposed load 1.6
Dead and wind load Dead load (see note) Maximum 1.4
Minimum 1.0
Imposed load 1.4
Dead, imposed and wind load Dead load (see note) Maximum 1.2
Minimum 1.0
Imposed load 1.2
Wind load 1.2
Construction stage Dead load of wet concrete (see note) Maximum 1.4
(temporary erection condition)
Minimum 0.0
Construction loads (see 2.2.3) 1.6
NOTE For dead loads, the minimum gf factor should be used for dead loads that counteract the effects of other loads causing
overturning or uplift.
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Section 2 BS 5950-4:1994
recommended in 8.3.
cause damage to the finishings.
2.4 Ultimate limit states The recommendations given in 5.3 should be
followed for profiled steel sheeting at the
2.4.1 Limit state of strength construction stage and those given in 6.6 should
In checking the strength of a composite slab, the be followed for the deflection of the composite slab.
loads should be multiplied by the appropriate value
of the partial safety factor for loads gf given in 2.6 Durability
Table 1. The factored loads should be applied in the 2.6.1 Corrosion protection of profiled steel
most unfavourable realistic combination for the part sheets
or effect under consideration.
The exposed surface at the underside of the profiled
2.4.2 Stability against overturning steel sheets should be adequately protected to resist
The factored loads, considered separately and in the relevant environmental conditions, including
combination, should not cause the composite slab those arising during site storage and erection.
(or the profiled steel sheeting at the construction Reference should be made to BS 5493:1977 for the
stage) to overturn, slip or lift off its seating. The recommended protective systems. Any damage to
combination of dead, imposed (or construction) and zinc coating or other surface protection should be
wind loads should be such as to have the most made good.
severe effect. NOTE 1 Due to the possibility of corrosion caused by road
de-icing salts or sea salt, composite slabs with zinc coated profiled
2.4.3 Strength of materials steel sheeting may not be appropriate for use without special
In the design of the profiled steel sheeting before measures in car park structures, or in the vicinity of seawater or
seawater spray.
composite action with the concrete slab is developed,
NOTE 2 Dilute acids from process industries (which are
the design strength of the profiled steel sheets sometimes airborne) may corrode galvanized surfaces.
should be taken as specified in BS 5950-62).
2.6.2 Concrete durability
For the design of the composite slab, the design
strength pyp of the profiled steel sheets should be For the durability of the concrete in the composite
taken as 0.93 times the specified yield strength slab, the relevant recommendations in BS 8110
Re.min (see 3.1.1), or 0.93 times the characteristic should be followed.
strength for the grade of steel used. 2.6.3 Fire resistance
NOTE The value 0.93 represents 1/gm, where gm is a partial The recommendations in section 7 should be
safety factor allowing for tolerances.
followed.
The modulus of elasticity E of profiled steel sheets
should be taken as 210 kN/mm2.
The properties of concrete and reinforcement to be
used in design should follow the recommendations
of BS 8110.
2)
In preparation.
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 3
Section 3. Materials
6 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 3 BS 5950-4:1994
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 3
3)
In preparation.
8 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 4 BS 5950-4:1994
d) by a combination of c) with either a) or b). Where service ducts are formed in the slab, due
Any bonding or adhesion of a chemical nature allowance should be made for the resulting
should be neglected in design. reduction in load carrying capacity (see 6.1.3).
NOTE 2 The reduction in load carrying capacity is particularly
Steel reinforcement should be provided where severe in the case of ducts running transverse to the span of the
necessary (see 4.4). However, steel reinforcement slab.
should not be used to resist positive moments in
combination with profiled steel sheets, unless the
moment capacity has been determined by testing
(see 6.3).
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 4
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Section 4 BS 5950-4:1994
e) Reinforcement in the top of the slab should The curtailment and lapping of reinforcement
have 25 mm4) nominal cover. should conform to BS 8110. Where a single layer of
f) Fire resistance reinforcement for negative reinforcement is used to fulfil more than one of the
moment capacity should be placed in the top above purposes, it should satisfy all the relevant
of the slab with 25 mm4) nominal cover. recommendations.
NOTE Longitudinal and transverse are used here as defined
g) Secondary transverse reinforcement for in 1.3 to describe slab reinforcement. Where a composite slab
controlling shrinkage should be placed in the top forms the concrete flange of a composite beam, BS 5950-3.1 gives
of the slab with 25 mm4) nominal cover. recommendations for transverse reinforcement of the beam,
running perpendicular to the span of the beam. Such
reinforcement can be either longitudinal or transverse relative to
the slab.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
4) Thenominal cover of 25 mm is common practice, but in appropriate cases this may be reduced to values in accordance with
Tables 3.4 and 3.5 of BS 8110-1:1985 or Tables 5.1 and 5.2 of BS 8110-2:1985.
© BSI 12-1998 11
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 4
12 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 4 BS 5950-4:1994
4.6.4 Embossed profiled sheets Where composite slabs are used in conjunction with
Embossed profiled sheets, as illustrated in reinforced concrete beams (see 6.10.2), any end
Figure 4 b), Figure 4 c) and Figure 4 d), should be anchorage required should normally be achieved by
designed to develop shear connection through means of reinforcing bars.
embossments (or embossments and indentations) 4.6.7 Sheet edges
in the webs and/or flanges of the sheets. For profiles such as that shown in Figure 4 e), the
4.6.5 Small holes in profiled sheets edges of adjacent sheets should be overlapped or
Holes in the webs and/or flanges of profiled steel crimped in such a way as to provide an effective
sheets, intended to develop shear connection, should horizontal shear transfer between the sheets.
be sufficiently large for concrete to fill the hole,
but sufficiently small to minimize the loss of fine 4.7 Minimum bearing requirements
material from the concrete, unless a permanent In all cases the bearing length of a composite slab
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
backing tape is provided on the underside which should be sufficient to satisfy the recommendations
prevents this loss. of 5.2 for load carrying capacity as permanent
4.6.6 End anchorage formwork and the recommendations of BS 8110 for
load carrying capacity as a composite slab.
Shear connectors may be used as end anchorages
to produce composite action in slabs which are Composite slabs bearing on steel or concrete
designed as simply supported. Where sheets are should normally have an end bearing of not less
not continuous over a support, end anchors should than 50 mm [see Figure 5 a) and Figure 5 c)]. For
be provided at the ends of both sheets. composite slabs bearing on other materials, the
end bearing should normally be not less than 70 mm
Where the end anchorage provided by shear [see Figure 5 b) and Figure 5 d)].
connectors is used in conjunction with the shear
bond between the concrete and the profiled steel For continuous slabs the minimum bearing at
sheets, account should be taken of the influence of intermediate supports should normally be 75 mm
the deformation capacity of the shear connectors on on steel or concrete and 100 mm on other materials
the shear bond between the concrete and the sheets, [see Figure 5 e) and Figure 5 f)].
as recommended in 6.4.3. Where smaller bearing lengths are adopted, account
The necessary interaction between stud shear should be taken of all relevant factors such as
connectors and the profiled steel sheets should tolerances, loading, span, height of support and
normally be achieved by welding them to the provision of continuity reinforcement. In such cases,
structural steelwork by the site technique of precautions should also be taken to ensure that
through-the-sheet welding. Shear connectors fixings (see 4.8.1) can still be achieved without
directly attached to the structural steelwork prior damage to the bearings, and that collapse cannot
to placing the profiled steel sheets should not be occur as a result of accidental displacement during
used as end anchorages unless the sheets are also erection.
attached to the steelwork as recommended in 4.8.1,
by means of fixings of sufficient capacity. 4.8 Constructional details
NOTE If studs are welded to the beams prior to placing the 4.8.1 Sheet fixings
profiled steel sheets, it may be found necessary to use single span
sheets, in which case stop ends (see 4.8.4.3) may be needed to The design should incorporate provision for the
prevent concrete loss. profiled steel sheets to be fixed:
Where end anchorage is provided by types of shear a) to keep them in position during construction so
connectors which connect the concrete slab directly as to provide a subsequent safe working platform;
to the profiled steel sheets, such as self-drilling b) to ensure connection between the sheets and
self-tapping screws with enlarged washers, account supporting beams;
should be taken of the deformation capacity of such
c) to ensure connection between adjacent sheets
shear connectors on the interaction between the
where necessary;
slab and the sheets.
d) to transmit horizontal forces where necessary;
Where shear connectors used as end anchorages
are assumed in design to act also as shear e) to prevent uplift forces displacing the sheets.
connectors in composite beams, reference should
be made to 6.10.1.
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 4
5)
In preparation.
14 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 5 BS 5950-4:1994
6)
In preparation.
© BSI 12-1998 15
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
For multiple spans designed as a continuous slab an equivalent simple span between points of
subjected to uniformly distributed imposed load, contraflexure when checking the shear-bond
only the following arrangements of imposed load capacity of an internal span. However, for end spans
need be considered. the value of Lv should be based on the full end span
length.
a) alternate spans loaded;
6.2.2 Design procedure
b) two adjacent spans loaded.
Where propped construction is used, the composite
For dead load, the same value of the partial safety
slab should be designed assuming that all the
factor for loads gf should be applied on all spans.
loading acts on the composite slab.
6.1.3 Effects of holes and ducts Where unpropped construction is used, the shear
Where holes or ducts interrupt the continuity of forces to be resisted by the composite slab should
a composite slab, the region affected should be be determined allowing for the separate effects of
designed as reinforced concrete and reference loading applied to the profiled steel sheeting or to
should be made to BS 8110. the composite slab, as appropriate. However, the
6.1.4 Transverse spanning moments to be resisted by the composite slab should
be determined assuming that all the loading acts on
Where slabs or portions of slabs span onto supports the composite slab.
in the transverse direction, this aspect of the design
NOTE Generally, composite slabs are constructed unpropped.
should be in accordance with BS 8110.
6.2.3 Specific tests
6.2 Strength As an alternative to the design procedure given
6.2.1 Design criteria in 6.2.2, the relevant design criterion and capacity
for a particular arrangement of profiled steel sheets
The capacity of the composite slab should be and concrete slab may be determined by specific
sufficient to resist the factored loads for the tests in accordance with 8.2.
ultimate limit state. The critical sections indicated
in Figure 6 should be considered. Section 2-2 6.3 Moment capacity
represents the interface between the concrete and
the profiled steel sheets. The following design The moment capacity for full shear connection
criteria for the various modes of failure should be should be treated as an upper bound to the capacity
considered. of a composite slab. The moment capacity of a
composite slab should be calculated as for reinforced
a) Flexural failure at section 1-1: this criterion
concrete, with the profiled steel sheets acting as
is represented by the moment capacity of the
tensile reinforcement.
composite slab, based on full shear connection
at section 2-2 (see 6.3). The moment capacity in positive moment regions
should be calculated assuming rectangular stress
b) Longitudinal slip at section 2-2: this criterion is
blocks for both concrete and profiled steel sheets.
represented by the shear-bond capacity. In this
The design strengths should be taken as 0.45fcu for
case the capacity of the composite slab is
the concrete and pyp for the profiled steel sheeting
governed by the shear connection at section 2-2
(see Figure 7). The lever arm z should not
(see 6.4).
exceed 0.95ds and the depth of the stress block for
c) Vertical shear failure at section 3-3: this the concrete should not exceed 0.45ds.
criterion is represented by the vertical shear
capacity of the composite slab (see 6.5.1).
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Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
Tension reinforcement in positive moment regions The moment capacity in negative moment regions
should be neglected, unless the moment capacity is should be determined as recommended in BS 8110.
determined by testing. In determining the negative moment capacity, the
profiled steel sheets should be neglected.
NOTE Where steel fabric reinforcement is used to resist
negative moments, refer to 3.2.2.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
© BSI 12-1998 17
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
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6.4 Shear capacity NOTE 1 The factor of 1.25 is a partial safety factor for
resistances gm, selected on the basis of the behaviour and mode
6.4.1 Shear-bond capacity Vs of failure of the slab.
When the capacity of a composite slab is governed by The empirical parameters mr and kr in this formula
shear bond, it should be expressed in terms of the should be obtained from parametric tests for the
vertical shear capacity at the supports. particular profiled sheet as recommended in 8.3.
Generally the shear-bond capacity Vs (in N) should In using this formula the value of Ap should not be
be calculated using taken as more than 10 % greater than that of the
profiled steel sheets used in the tests and the value
of fcu should not be taken as more than 1.1fcm
where fcm is the value used in 8.3.3 to determine
where mr and kr
Ap is the cross-sectional area of the profiled When the value of kr obtained from the tests is
steel sheeting (in mm2); negative, the nominal strength grade of the concrete
used in this formula should be not less than the
Bs is the width of the composite slab nominal strength grade of the concrete used in
(in mm); the tests.
ds is the effective depth of slab to the The shear-bond capacity of a lightweight concrete
centroid of the profiled steel sheets composite slab should be assumed to be the same as
(in mm); that of a normal weight composite slab made with
fcu is the characteristic concrete cube concrete of the same strength grade.
strength (in N/mm2); NOTE 2 As an alternative to calculation of the shear-bond
capacity, the load carrying capacity of the composite slab can be
kr is an empirical parameter (in N/mm); determined directly by means of specific tests (see 8.2).
Lv is the shear span of the composite slab Where it is necessary to use end anchors to increase
(in mm), determined in accordance the resistance to longitudinal shear above that
with 6.4.2, but see also 6.2.1; and provided by the shear-bond capacity Vs, reference
mr should be made to 6.4.3.
is an empirical parameter (in N/mm2).
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Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
The shear span Lv should be taken as: Where end anchorage is used in conjunction with
a) Ls/4 for a uniformly distributed load; the shear bond between the concrete and the
profiled steel sheets, the combined resistance to
b) the distance from the support to the nearest
longitudinal shear should be limited as follows:
concentrated load for a symmetrical two-point
load system. V c = V s + 0.5Va but V c #1.5V s
For other loading arrangements, including partial where
distributed loads and asymmetrical point load
Vc is the total longitudinal shear capacity per
systems, the shear span Lv should be determined on
unit width of slab; and
the basis of appropriate tests or by approximate
calculations similar to the following. Vs is the shear bond capacity per unit width.
The Ls/4 shear span for a uniformly distributed load
is obtained by equating the area under the shear 6.5 Vertical shear and punching shear
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
20 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
The deflection of the composite slab should not b) for end spans of continuous slabs (with full
normally exceed the following: continuity reinforcement over intermediate
a) deflection due to the imposed load: Ls/350 supports) of approximately equal span,
or 20 mm, whichever is the lesser; i.e. within 15 % of the maximum span
b) deflection due to the total load less the 1 W ser L s
3
deflection due to the self-weight of the slab plus, d = ---------- ---------------------
-
100 EI CA
when props are used, the deflection due to prop
removal: L/250. c) for two-span slabs (with full continuity
reinforcement over the internal support)
These limits should be increased only where it can
be shown that greater deflections will not impair the 3
1- W
d = --------- ser L s
---------------------
-
strength or efficiency of the slab, lead to damage to 135 EI CA
the finishes or be unsightly.
where
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
6.6.2 Calculation
E is the modulus of elasticity of the profiled
The deflection limits given in 6.6.1 should be steel sheets;
satisfied either by calculation as outlined in this
subclause, or by satisfying the recommended ICA is the second moment of area of the
span-to-depth ratios given in 6.6.3. composite slab about its centroidal axis;
For uniformly distributed loading, the following Ls is the effective span of the composite slab;
approximate expressions may be used to calculate and
the deflection: Wser is the serviceability load.
a) for simply supported spans (with nominal
NOTE The factor 1/100 is derived by dividing 5/384 (for the
reinforcement over intermediate supports) simply supported case) by a factor of 1.3. The factor 1.3 is a ratio
3 obtained from the basic span/effective depth ratios given in
5 W ser L s BS 8110-1 for continuous and simply supported spans. The
d = ---------- ---------------------
-
384 EI CA factor 1/135 is derived by comparing two-span and three-span
cases.
© BSI 12-1998 21
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
The value of the second moment of area of the The effective width of slab resisting bending
composite slab ICA about its centroidal axis moments and shear forces due to a concentrated
(in equivalent steel units) should be taken as load should be determined as follows.
the average of 1) For resisting bending moments:
ICA for the cracked section (i.e. the compression i) simple slabs
area of the concrete cross section combined
with the profiled steel sheets on the basis
of modular ratio) and
ii) continuous slabs
ICA for the gross section (i.e. the entire concrete
cross section combined with the profiled
steel sheets on the basis of modular ratio).
2) For resisting shear forces:
The modular ratio should be determined as
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
recommended in BS 5950-3.1:1990.
6.6.3 Span-to-depth ratios
where
As an alternative to calculation as recommended
in 6.6.2, the limiting deflections given in 6.6.1 a is the distance from the load to the nearer
should be assumed to be satisfied for slabs with support; and
nominal continuity reinforcement over intermediate Ls is the effective span of the slab.
supports, if the span-to-depth ratios do not exceed
the values given in Table 2. In Table 2, the depth A line load running parallel to the span should be
should be taken as the overall depth of the treated as a series of concentrated loads.
composite slab Ds and the span as the effective span Where there are discrete concentrated loads or line
of the profiled steel sheets Lp. loads, transverse reinforcement should be placed on
Table 2 — Span-to-depth ratios or above the profiled steel sheets. It should have a
cross-sectional area of not less than 0.2 % of the
Type of concrete Condition
concrete section above the ribs (Ds – Dp) and should
Single End spans Internal extend over a width of not less than beb. This
spans spans transverse reinforcement, which may include
Normal weight 30 35 38 reinforcement provided for other purposes, should
Lightweight 25 30 33 be ductile (see 3.2.2).
NOTE The values in this table apply to slabs with nominal
continuity reinforcement over intermediate supports.For slabs
6.8 Nominal reinforcement at
designed as continuous with full continuity over intermediate intermediate supports
supports, reference should be made to BS 8110.
Where continuous composite slabs are designed
as simply supported, nominal steel fabric
6.7 Concentrated loads reinforcement should be provided over intermediate
Where discrete concentrated loads or line loads supports. For mild exposure conditions in
running transverse to the span are to be supported accordance with BS 8110-1:1985, the cross-sectional
by a slab, they should be considered to be area of reinforcement in a longitudinal direction
distributed over an effective load width bm should be not less than 0.1 % of the gross
(see Figure 10), measured immediately above the cross-sectional area of the concrete at the support.
ribs of the profiled steel sheets, and determined as For propped construction consideration should be
follows. given to increasing the area of steel reinforcement
a) Where the load is applied directly onto the over supports as appropriate, depending on the span
structural slab: and the crack widths that can be tolerated.
bm = bo + 2 ( Ds – Dp ) For other conditions of exposure reference should be
made to BS 8110.
b) Where the load is applied directly onto
joint-free durable finishes: Where such nominal reinforcement also provides
fire resistance, see also 3.2.2.
b m = b o + 2t f + 2 ( D s – D p )
22 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
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© BSI 12-1998 23
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 7
thickness for thermal insulation recommended in NOTE Simplified design tables for the fire resistance of
composite slabs using steel fabric reinforcement are given in
BS 5950-8:1990. CIRIA Special Publication 42 and in SCI Publication 056[3].
24 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 8 BS 5950-4:1994
© BSI 12-1998 25
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BS 5950-4:1994 Section 8
a) three times the overall depth, 3Ds; Ls/50, where Ls is the effective span of the composite
b) 600 mm; slab.
c) the width of the profiled steel sheeting. 8.2.2.3 Static test
Thin sheet steel crack inducers extending to the full After satisfactory completion of the initial dynamic
depth of the slab and coated with a debonding agent test, the same slab should be subjected to a static
should be placed across the full width of the test test in which the applied load is increased
slab to ensure that the cracks form in the tensile progressively until failure occurs. The failure load
zone of the slab. In the case of four-point loading, the applied to the test slab, the mid-span deflection
crack inducers should be positioned under the two and the load at which the mid-span deflection
more central loads, as shown in Figure 11. For reaches Ls/50 should be recorded.
non-uniform or asymmetrical loading 8.2.2.4 Applied load capacity
arrangements, the crack inducers should be
The load capacity Wc (at gf = 1.0) for the load applied
positioned at the points of maximum bending
to the slab should, for design purposes, be taken as
moment.
the lowest of the following:
The surface of the profiled steel sheets should be in
a) 0.75 of the average applied static load (for a
the “as-rolled” condition, no attempt being made to
minimum of three tests) at a deflection of Ls/50,
improve the bond by degreasing the surface. A
the slab not having failed;
minimum of four concrete test cubes should be
prepared at the time of casting the test slabs. The b) 0.5 of the average applied static load at failure
cubes should be cured under the same conditions as Wst, when the slab fails with sudden and
the slabs and tested at the time of loading the slab. excessive end slip (i.e. when only partial
The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of horizontal shear connection is present between
the profiled steel sheets should be obtained from the concrete and the profiled steel sheets);
coupon test specimens cut from samples of each c) 0.75 of the average applied static load at
of the sheets used to form the composite test slabs. failure Wst, when the slab fails without sudden
The coupons should be tested in accordance with and excessive end slip (i.e. when full horizontal
BS EN 10002-1:1990. shear connection is present between the concrete
8.2.2 Test load procedure and the profiled steel sheeting);
8.2.2.1 General d) the upper value of the applied load used for the
dynamic test.
The load carrying capacity of the proposed
If the applied load in the static test has reached
composite slab construction should be determined
twice Ww but has not caused failure in the slab
from tests representing the effects of loading
under a), b) or c), then the dynamic and static tests
applied over a period of time. The testing procedure
may be repeated at higher values of Ww.
should consist of the following two parts:
— an initial dynamic test in which the slab is
subjected to a cyclic load (see 8.2.2.2);
— a static test in which the applied load is
increased until the slab fails (see 8.2.2.3).
26 © BSI 12-1998
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Section 8 BS 5950-4:1994
8.2.3 Reporting of test results If the failure mode is vertical shear, the results
The following information should be included in the should not be used for determining values of the
report for each slab tested: empirical parameters mr and kr.
a) anticipated value of the applied load Ww 8.3.2 Testing arrangement and procedure
(at gf = 1.0) for which the slab was tested; At least two sets of slabs should be tested, each
b) thickness and overall depth of profiled steel comprising not less than three samples. Testing
sheets; should be carried out in accordance with 8.2.1
c) dimensions and spacing of shear transfer and 8.2.2 except that at least two sets of four
devices; concrete cubes will be required. The same nominal
compressive cube strength grade of concrete should
d) ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of be used for all tests.
profiled steel sheets;
The shape and embossment of the profiled steel
e) dimensions of composite slab; sheets should accurately represent the sheets to be
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 10 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
f) observed values of concrete cube strengths fcm; used in practice. Tolerances of 5 % on spacing of
g) load ranges during the dynamic test, embossments and 10 % on depth of embossments
e.g. 0.5 Ww to 1.5 Ww; should be applied.
h) load/deflection and load/end slip graphs for 8.3.3 Test results
the static test; To establish the design relationship for shear-bond
i) static load at failure Wst; capacity, tests should be carried out on specimens
j) mode of failure of composite slab (flexure, in regions A and B indicated in Figure 12. The
longitudinal slip or vertical shear) and type maximum experimental shear force VE should be
of failure (ductile or brittle); taken as half of the value of the failure load Wst as
defined in 8.2.2.3 for each test. Only values from
k) applied load capacity Wc;
tests which resulted in shear-bond failure should be
l) dead weight of composite slab; included.
m) the total load carrying capacity of the slab The variables used for the tests should have
(i.e. Wc plus dead weight of slab). values such that the parameters VE/(Bsds√fcm)
and Ap/(BsLv√fcm) for the A and B regions:
8.3 Parametric tests — lie within the complete range of values for
8.3.1 General which a shear-bond type of failure is expected to
Separate series of tests should be carried out for occur; and
different thicknesses, grades and types of profiled — encompass the actual range of values which
steel sheets and for different grades of concrete and are required for use in practice.
slab thickness. The variable in a series of tests For specimens in region A the shear span should
should be the shear span Lv (see 6.4.2). be as long as practicable, whilst still producing
The tests should encompass the full range of spans a shear-bond type of failure. For specimens in
required for use in practice. No extrapolation should region B the shear span should be as short as
be made outside this range of spans. practicable, whilst still producing a shear-bond type
Where stud shear connectors are used to connect of failure. However, shear spans less than 450 mm
the composite slab to the supporting beams, these should not be used.
should be omitted from the test specimens. Their The nominal shape and thickness of the profiled
effects as end anchorages should then be covered steel sheets used for the tests should be the same
separately (see 6.4.3). as those to be used in practice and the value of Ap
The mode of failure should be recorded, should not vary by more than ± 10 % between the
distinguishing between flexural failure, test specimens. The nominal strength grade of the
longitudinal slip and vertical shear failure. profiled steel sheets should also be the same as that
Relative movement (end slip) between the sheets to be used in practice.
and the concrete at the ends of the test slab should
be considered as indicating longitudinal slip. The
absence of end slip at failure should be considered as
indicating flexural failure with full shear
connection.
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28
BS 5950-4:1994
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Section 8 BS 5950-4:1994
The minimum cube strength fcm of the concrete for So that the experimental values will generally lie
the specimens should not be less than 25 N/mm2 above the line used for design, the values of the
and the variation between the mean cube strengths empirical parameters mr and kr for use in design
of the concrete for the specimens in regions A and B (see 6.4.1) should be determined on the basis of a
should preferably not exceed 5 N/mm2. Where the reduction line, as indicated in Figure 12. Generally
variation is greater, the mean cube strength for all the reduction line should be 15 % below the
the specimens should be used when plotting the test regression line, except that, when eight or more
results. tests are carried out, the reduction line should be
From the tests a regression line should be plotted taken as 10 % below the regression line.
as shown in Figure 12. The regression line should In the event that the value of the empirical
be taken as the best straight line between the test parameter kr from the reduction line is negative
results in region A and those in region B. [see Figure 12 b], the application of the test results
There should be a minimum of three tests in each to design should be restricted as described in 6.4.1.
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© BSI 12-1998 29
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BS 5950-4:1994
Normative references
BSI standards publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
Informative references
BSI standards publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
7) In preparation.
© BSI 12-1998
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