MODULE 5: WORKSHEET

A. Answer the questions concisely. (10 points each)

1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?

The regionalism is inevitably linked with globalization while globalization is the

increased interdependence of states which includes regionalism that allows the
dependence.

2. What is the difference between state-to-state regionalism and non-state regionalism?

The difference between state to state regionalism and non-state regionalism is that the
state-to-state regionalism may refer to a formal project, policy, or scheme promoted by
regional states, while Non-state regionalism involves a wide variety of non-state actor
and results in a multitude of formal and informal regional types of governance and
regional networks in most fields of politics.

3. What triggers various regionalist projects?

I the triggers various regionalist projects is the End of Cold war and related consequence both
enabled and motivated regionalism. Advances of globalisation, existing economic
interdependence levels and globalization of structures of international economy in particular led
states to engage in projects which try to deal with the forces of the global market.

B. Learning Activity:
From Kingdoms to Empires, to Colonies, and to Republics. Organize yourselves based on these following
broad regional divisions:

North America South America

China Japan

Korea South Asia

Middle East Southeast Asia

 At the beginning of the 16th century, before the Europeans ruled the world, these regions had
their own empires and kingdoms. When the Spanish established the first global empire, some of these
kingdoms and empires disappeared or were weakened. This process was continued under the British
colonial rule, and other power began to carve their own spheres of interests. Europeans dominated and
made colonies out of these areas.

After World War I, there began a noticeable shift, this time with colonies challenging the colonial
rule and demanding that they be allowed to become nations and determine their own future. This
pursuit was what US President Woodrow Wilson called “the principle of self-determination” (see the
discussion on this in the Lesson 3) reached a high point when World War II destroyed the empires, and
the colonies achieved their independence.

Choose a regional division and trace how it has changed from the time before European powers
like Britain and Spain ruled the world, then during the era of colonialism, until its independence.

List what kinds of changes happened to these areas (once precipitated, then provinces, then
republics) and the people who inhabit there. Finally, see how the nations and republics that were born
from the ashes of colonialism after World War II looked back on the past era to explain their own
histories.

This are the changes happened in the China

China, After 1945
Tattered and torn from decades of Western colonial extraterritoriality and Japanese military
occupation, China emerged from the ashes of World War II only to plunge full force back into civil war
that had begun in the late 1920s but had been put on hold while the country struggled with the
Japanese occupiers. Ferociously resumed between the Nationalists and the Chinese Communist Party,
the civil war raged until October 1949 when the communists, led by Mao Zedong, declared victory with
a speech from the Forbidden City. The Nationalists retreated to the island of Taiwan by December 1949.
With the establishment of the communist government, all of the extraterritorialities a system by which
the colonial powers were not bound by Chinese laws and de facto ruled portions of the country were
disbanded and virtually all westerners were expelled from China as the government began the long, and
often tumultuous, task of transforming the once great, but now shattered, country.

China set on the task of rebuilding. Throughout the 1950s, the country was reorganized, with
major social reforms such as the banning of multiple wives and reordering villages into communes. By
the end of that decade, however, there was a major split between China and the Soviet Union, one of
China's few supporters in this early phase of the Cold War, due to differences over their efforts in
the Korean War (1950–1953), over ideological interpretations of communism, and over the Soviet
refusal to share atomic bomb technology. With continued boycott by all the Western powers now
supplemented with hostile relations with the Soviet Union, China launched into the 1960s with a
disastrous approach called the Great Leap Forward, which was an attempt to rapidly push the still the
underdeveloped country into industrialization and resulted in one of the largest famines in the world
history. The decade ended no more smoothly than it began with yet another devastating movement
called the Cultural Revolution, from approximately 1966 to 1976. Remnants of the Cultural Revolution, a
massive social and political movement meant to destroy Chinese traditions and society, lasted until the
death of Mao in 1976. After a brief struggle with the Maoist faction, the notorious Gang of Four, China
ushered in a more prosperous and less turbulent era.

The faction that opposed Mao's policies, initially called the "pragmatists," rose to power in 1979
through the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. Deng initiated a policy of domestic reform, both politically and
economically, and began opening to the West and the world. Deng not only changed the Chinese
economy from a centrally controlled communist economy to a market-based economy, but also
revamped the political system so that just one tyrant would no longer rule the country. The impact
throughout the 1980s was a booming Chinese economy and growing political pluralism in China, which
welcomed Western and Japanese investment for the first time since 1949.

The country's 1980s growth was chilled by the Tiananmen Square incident, a two-month-long
demonstration in the Chinese capital city of Beijing, by student and worker protesters desiring social and
political change to accompany the economic change and protesting the economic ills of inflation and
unemployment as a result of these same economic changes. The government ultimately responded with
force against the protesters in the early morning hours of June 4, 1989. Western governments reacted
with bans on certain trade with China.

As a result of the Tiananmen Square incident, a new president, Jiang Zemin, came to power in
the 1990s. Jiang continued the policies of economic growth and reform without political reform. China
prospered in the 1990s, accelerating exports to the world. Although tensions with the government on
Taiwan continued, China's relations with the rest of the world advanced as China became a responsible
member in global organizations, such as the World Trade Organization, and took on a leadership role in
Asia.

A new page in Chinese history dawned in the twenty-first century. Not only has China remerged
as a powerful global economy, but also subtle political changes were revealed in 2003 with the rise of
the president, Hu Jintao, a candidate not backed by the outgoing President Jiang. China began the
twenty-first century on a more level playing field with the Western powers and began building new
relationships. While some scholars and politicians in the West talk about the "China threat" from this re-
emerging power, others believe that a stronger, more stable China will not only help the one-quarter of
the world's population that lives within its borders, but also will contribute to a more balanced world.