1.

Point out the differences between sex and gender

Sex Gender

Biological and physical characteristics Social and cultural roles and expectations

Determined by chromosomes, hormones, Determined by societal norms and

and reproductive organs individual identity

Can encompass a wide range of

identities, including male, female, non-
Typically categorized as male or female binary, etc.

Can be fluid, non-binary, or exist outside

Generally binary (male or female) the binary

Determined at birth Developed and understood over time

 Sex Gender

Often referred to as biological sex or Often referred to as gender identity or

assigned sex at birth gender expression

Subject to personal exploration and self-

Relatively fixed and stable identification

Involves reproductive functions and Involves personal feelings, behaviors,

secondary sexual characteristics and societal roles

Can be self-identified and may not have

Can be observed and measured visible indicators

Influences medical diagnoses and Influences social interactions and

treatments expectations

Can be determined through genetic Can only be understood through self-

testing reporting
 Sex Gender

Can affect susceptibility to certain Can influence mental health and well-
diseases being

Can influence physical performance and Can shape personal interests, hobbies,
athletic abilities and preferences

May result in the presence of primary and May result in the adoption of gender
secondary sexual characteristics roles and expressions

Is often the basis for legal and Is considered in policies regarding

administrative classifications discrimination and rights

Can be different from an individual's Can be aligned or misaligned with an

gender identity individual's sex

Typically categorized based on external Can be independent of physical

appearance appearance
 Sex Gender

Generally determined by medical Self-determined and self-identified by

professionals individuals

Can be represented using terms such as Can be represented using terms such as
male, female, intersex, etc. man, woman, non-binary, etc.

Has a biological basis Has a societal and cultural basis

Typically discussed in the context of Typically discussed in the context of

reproductive and sexual health identity and social dynamics

Can impact fertility and reproductive Can influence personal expression and
capabilities gender dysphoria

Can have legal implications, such as Can have legal implications, such as
gender-based discrimination gender recognition and rights
 2. Describe the approaches to women empowerment

Women empowerment refers to the efforts and actions taken to enhance the
rights, opportunities, and overall well-being of women. It aims to ensure that
women have equal access to resources, decision-making processes, and
opportunities in all aspects of life. Here are some approaches to women
empowerment:

 Education: Providing quality education to girls and women, enabling

them to develop knowledge, skills, and confidence to pursue their goals
and contribute to society.

 Economic empowerment: Promoting economic independence through

training, skill development, access to financial services, and
entrepreneurship opportunities for women. This allows them to
generate income, support their families, and have financial autonomy.

 Health and healthcare: Ensuring women have access to comprehensive

healthcare services, including reproductive health, maternal care, and
information about their rights and well-being.

 Legal rights and protection: Advocating for and enforcing laws that
protect women's rights, such as laws against discrimination, gender-
based violence, and harassment. Providing legal support and services to
empower women to seek justice.

 Leadership and decision-making: Encouraging women's participation in

leadership roles across sectors, including politics, business, and
community organizations. Promoting equal representation and
influence in decision-making processes.
  Changing societal norms and attitudes: Challenging gender stereotypes
and promoting gender equality through awareness campaigns, media,
and community engagement. Encouraging positive male engagement
and involvement in gender equality efforts.

 Access to resources: Ensuring women have equal access to land,

property, credit, and other resources necessary for economic and social
development. Breaking down barriers that limit women's access to
resources.

 Support networks and mentorship: Establishing networks, mentorship

programs, and platforms for women to connect, support, and learn from
each other. Building solidarity and empowering women through mutual
assistance and encouragement.

 Addressing gender-based violence: Combating all forms of violence

against women, including domestic violence, sexual harassment, and
trafficking. Providing safe spaces, support services, and legal protection
for survivors.

 Policy and institutional changes: Advocating for gender-responsive

policies and practices in governments, organizations, and institutions.
Ensuring that laws and policies consider and address the unique
challenges faced by women.

Remember, these approaches to women empowerment are interconnected

and should be implemented in a holistic and collaborative manner. By
empowering women, we can create a more just, equal, and inclusive society
for everyone.
 3. What do you mean by gender ecuity and equality ?

Gender Equity Gender Equality

Fair and just treatment of individuals Equal rights, opportunities, and

regardless of gender treatment for all genders

Focuses on providing equal Aims to eliminate discrimination

opportunities and resources and bias based on gender

Acknowledges different support and

accommodations based on historical Promotes fairness and equal access
disadvantages to resources

Addresses existing disparities and Challenges traditional gender roles

promotes inclusivity and stereotypes

Seeks to eliminate gender-based Advocates for policies and laws that

discrimination and bias uphold the rights of all genders
 Gender Equity Gender Equality

Recognizes different needs and Strives for equal representation in

experiences of genders leadership and decision-making

Challenges societal norms and

Creates an environment where everyone attitudes that perpetuate gender
has an equal chance to succeed inequality

Ensures that no one is disadvantaged or Emphasizes equal participation and

marginalized due to gender contribution from all genders

Provides equal opportunities for Promotes gender balance and equal

personal and professional development representation in society

Focuses on breaking down gender Requires systemic change to

stereotypes remove barriers to equality
 Gender Equity Gender Equality

Recognizes intersectionality and

addresses unique challenges of Upholds the freedom of gender
marginalized identities expression without discrimination

Encourages active participation and Supports comprehensive sex

representation of all genders education and respectful behavior

Promotes economic opportunities

Requires policies and practices and financial independence for all
promoting inclusivity genders

Creates supportive and inclusive work Values inclusive language and

and educational environments behavior towards all genders

Requires collaboration and

Recognizes the value of diversity and involvement from individuals,
equal access to resources communities, and institutions
 Gender Equity Gender Equality

A continuous process requiring ongoing A fundamental human right and

commitment and action aspect of social justice

4. Explain the causes of gender discrimination in our

society

Gender discrimination in our society arises from various factors that

perpetuate unequal treatment and opportunities based on gender. While the
causes are complex and interconnected, here are some common reasons for
gender discrimination:

 Stereotypes and societal norms: Traditional gender roles and

expectations dictate certain behaviors, roles, and responsibilities for
men and women. Stereotypes perpetuate the belief that men should be
strong, assertive, and the primary breadwinners, while women should
be nurturing, submissive, and focused on caregiving. These stereotypes
limit individuals' choices and contribute to discrimination.

 Patriarchal systems: Many societies are structured around patriarchal

systems, where power and decision-making are primarily held by men.
This power imbalance can lead to the marginalization and oppression of
 women, restricting their access to resources, opportunities, and
decision-making processes.

 Lack of education and awareness: Limited education and awareness

about gender equality can contribute to discriminatory practices.
Ignorance about the importance of gender equality and the negative
consequences of discrimination perpetuates unequal treatment.

 Economic disparities: Gender discrimination is often reinforced by

economic disparities. Women tend to earn less than men for similar
work, face occupational segregation, and have limited access to
economic resources and opportunities. These disparities contribute to
the perpetuation of gender discrimination.

 Gender-based violence: Violence against women and other gender-

based violence is a significant form of discrimination. It creates an
environment of fear, limits freedom, and reinforces power dynamics
that discriminate against women. This includes domestic violence,
sexual harassment, assault, and harmful traditional practices.

 Cultural and religious beliefs: Certain cultural and religious beliefs can
reinforce gender discrimination. Some cultural practices and religious
interpretations may prioritize men's roles and restrict women's
autonomy, leading to unequal treatment and opportunities.

 Lack of legal protection and enforcement: Inadequate legal protection

and enforcement of gender equality laws can perpetuate discrimination.
When laws against discrimination, violence, and harassment are weak or
not effectively implemented, it allows gender discrimination to persist.
  Media influence: Media plays a significant role in shaping societal
perceptions and attitudes. However, media representations often
reinforce gender stereotypes, objectify women, and portray limited
roles for women. These portrayals can influence societal views and
contribute to gender discrimination.

 Intersectionality: Discrimination is often compounded by other factors

such as race, ethnicity, class, religion, disability, or sexual orientation.
Intersectionality highlights how different aspects of identity intersect,
resulting in unique experiences of discrimination and marginalization.

 Lack of representation and voice: Women's underrepresentation in

decision-making positions, politics, and leadership roles hinders their
ability to shape policies and address gender discrimination effectively.
Limited representation can perpetuate discriminatory practices and
policies.

Addressing these causes of gender discrimination requires a multifaceted

approach that includes promoting education, challenging stereotypes,
empowering women economically and politically, enacting and enforcing
strong legal protections, fostering cultural change, and promoting equal
opportunities for all genders. By working together to challenge and change
these causes, we can strive for a more equitable and inclusive society.
 5. What are the different forms of violence against
women ?

Violence against women encompasses various forms of harmful actions and

behaviors that target women based on their gender. Here are different forms
of violence against women:

 Physical violence: This involves physical acts that cause harm or injury
to women, such as hitting, punching, slapping, kicking, or any form of
physical aggression.

 Sexual violence: It includes any non-consensual sexual act or behavior

inflicted on women, such as rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment, or
coercion to engage in unwanted sexual activities.

 Domestic violence: Also known as intimate partner violence, this form

of violence occurs within intimate relationships. It involves a pattern of
controlling and abusive behaviors, which can be physical, sexual, or
psychological in nature.

 Emotional and psychological violence: This form of violence is

characterized by behaviors that undermine a woman's self-esteem,
mental well-being, and emotional stability. It may include insults,
threats, humiliation, intimidation, and manipulation.

 Financial abuse: This form of violence involves controlling a woman's

financial resources, limiting her access to money, and creating
dependence. It may include withholding money, restricting employment
opportunities, or preventing women from managing their own finances.
 Cyber harassment and online violence: With the rise of digital
communication, women are increasingly subjected to online abuse and
harassment. This can include cyberstalking, online threats, non-
consensual sharing of intimate images (revenge porn), and online
bullying.

 Harmful traditional practices: Certain cultural practices inflict physical,

sexual, or psychological harm on women. These include female genital
mutilation/cutting, child marriage, forced marriage, honor killings,
dowry-related violence, and other harmful rituals.

 Human trafficking: Women and girls are disproportionately affected by

human trafficking. They are trafficked for various purposes, including
sexual exploitation, forced labor, domestic servitude, and organ
trafficking.

 Reproductive coercion: This involves controlling or manipulating a

woman's reproductive choices, such as coercing her to have or prevent
pregnancies, controlling access to contraception, or forcing her into
unwanted sterilization.

 Acid attacks: Acid attacks involve throwing corrosive substances on

women, causing severe physical disfigurement, disabilities, and
emotional trauma.

 Marital rape: It refers to non-consensual sexual acts committed within a

marital relationship. Marital rape recognizes that consent is necessary
for any sexual activity, even within a marriage.
  Institutional violence: Women may face violence within institutional
settings, such as prisons, immigration detention centers, or psychiatric
facilities. This can include physical abuse, sexual assault, and neglect.

 Workplace harassment: This form of violence occurs in work

environments and includes behaviors like sexual advances, unwelcome
comments, discriminatory practices, and creating a hostile work
environment.

 Street harassment: Women often experience harassment in public

spaces, such as catcalling, stalking, unwanted touching, or other forms
of public sexual harassment.

 Forced and child marriages: Forced marriages involve marrying women

against their will, often with no choice in the selection of their partner.
Child marriages involve marrying girls below the age of 18, denying
them education, autonomy, and exposing them to various forms of
abuse.

These different forms of violence against women highlight the need for
concerted efforts to challenge and eradicate gender-based violence. It is
crucial to raise awareness, implement laws and policies, provide support
services, and promote a culture of respect, consent, and gender equality to
eliminate violence against women.
 6. Illustrate the structural causes of violence against
women

The structural causes of violence against women are rooted in societal

systems, norms, and power dynamics that perpetuate gender inequality.
These underlying structural causes contribute to the prevalence and
acceptance of violence against women. Here are some examples:

 Patriarchal norms: Societies influenced by patriarchal norms give men

greater power and control, positioning women as subordinate. This
power imbalance creates an environment where violence against
women can occur and go unchallenged.

 Gender roles and expectations: Traditional gender roles prescribe

specific behaviors and expectations for men and women. When
individuals deviate from these roles, it can lead to societal disapproval,
which may manifest as violence to enforce conformity.

 Socialization and cultural norms: From an early age, children are

socialized into gender roles and taught to accept certain norms and
behaviors. This socialization perpetuates gender inequalities and
contributes to the acceptance of violence against women as a societal
norm.

 Lack of gender equality: Societies that lack gender equality often have
higher rates of violence against women. When women are not valued as
equals and their rights are not respected, it creates an environment
where violence can occur with impunity.
 Power imbalances: Violence against women is often a manifestation of
power imbalances between men and women. Structural inequalities in
areas such as employment, politics, and decision-making processes
contribute to these imbalances and can enable violence.

 Economic disparities: Economic inequalities and women's financial

dependence on men can exacerbate violence. Women who lack
economic resources and autonomy may find it harder to escape abusive
situations or have the means to support themselves independently.

 Lack of access to justice: Structural barriers can prevent women from

accessing justice when they experience violence. These barriers include
limited legal protection, inadequate enforcement of laws, and a lack of
support services for survivors.

 Normalization of violence: In some societies, violence against women is

normalized or trivialized, making it more challenging to address and
eradicate. This normalization perpetuates a cycle of violence and
creates a culture that tolerates and excuses abusive behaviors.

 Institutional failures: Institutions such as law enforcement, judiciary,

and social services may fail to adequately respond to violence against
women. This can be due to biased attitudes, lack of training, or
insufficient resources, further perpetuating a culture of impunity.

 Intersectionality: Intersectional factors, such as race, ethnicity,

socioeconomic status, disability, and sexual orientation, can compound
the experiences of violence for women. Multiple forms of discrimination
intersect, making it even harder to address violence effectively.
Addressing the structural causes of violence against women requires
transformative changes in societal attitudes, policies, and systems. It involves
promoting gender equality, challenging harmful norms, ensuring access to
justice, providing support services for survivors, and engaging men and boys
as allies in the movement to end violence against women. By dismantling
these structural causes, we can work towards a society where violence
against women is no longer tolerated or accepted.

7. Describe the reasons of proliferation of dowry

marriages in Bangladesh

The proliferation of dowry marriages in Bangladesh can be attributed to

several interconnected reasons. While it is important to note that not all
marriages in Bangladesh involve dowry, it remains a prevalent practice in
many communities. Here are some reasons behind the proliferation of dowry
marriages:

 Socio-cultural norms: Dowry has deep-rooted connections with socio-

cultural norms in Bangladesh. It is often seen as a tradition and a way to
display a family's social status and wealth. The expectation of dowry is
reinforced by societal pressure and the desire to conform to these
norms.

 Economic factors: In Bangladesh, the practice of dowry is influenced by

economic factors. Families may demand dowry as a means to enhance
their financial situation, secure resources for the groom, or alleviate
 economic burdens. The perceived economic benefits can drive the
continuation of dowry practices.

 Gender inequality: Dowry is linked to gender inequality and the

devaluation of women. It reflects a belief that women are financial
burdens on their families and must be compensated through dowry
payments. This unequal perception of gender roles and expectations
contributes to the perpetuation of dowry marriages.

 Lack of legal enforcement: Although the Dowry Prohibition Act exists in

Bangladesh, its enforcement remains a challenge. Weak implementation
and lack of effective legal mechanisms lead to impunity for those
demanding dowry, which in turn encourages the proliferation of dowry
marriages.

 Social pressure and stigma: Families may feel compelled to engage in

dowry marriages due to social pressure and fear of social stigma. Non-
compliance with dowry expectations can lead to disapproval, exclusion,
and negative consequences within the community, making it difficult for
families to break away from the practice.

 Parental concerns for daughters' safety: In some instances, parents

may view dowry as a means to provide financial security and protect
their daughters in a patriarchal society. They may believe that dowry
payments will ensure their daughters' well-being and safeguard them
from potential abuse or mistreatment in their marital homes.
  Lack of awareness and education: Limited awareness and education
about the negative consequences of dowry practices contribute to its
perpetuation. Many individuals may not fully understand the harmful
implications of dowry marriages, and the cycle continues due to a lack of
knowledge about alternatives and the importance of gender equality.

 Interplay of traditional and modern influences: The interplay between

traditional values and modern influences can create complexities in
addressing dowry practices. While some communities hold onto
traditional beliefs, modern aspirations for material wealth and status
can further fuel the demand for dowry.

Addressing the proliferation of dowry marriages in Bangladesh requires a

multi-faceted approach. It involves raising awareness about the negative
impacts of dowry, promoting gender equality and women's empowerment,
strengthening legal enforcement, providing support to survivors of dowry-
related abuse, and fostering a cultural shift towards valuing women beyond
material transactions. By tackling these underlying reasons, Bangladesh can
strive for a society where dowry marriages are no longer prevalent, and the
well-being and rights of women are prioritized.
 8. How do social workers play their roles in addressing
dowry practice and dowry-related violence ?

Social workers play a vital role in addressing dowry practices and dowry-
related violence. Their involvement is crucial in providing support, raising
awareness, and working towards systemic change. Here's how social workers
contribute to addressing these issues:

 Support for survivors: Social workers provide emotional support,

counseling, and practical assistance to survivors of dowry-related
violence. They offer a safe and non-judgmental space for survivors to
share their experiences, heal from trauma, and explore options for their
well-being and safety.

 Advocacy and empowerment: Social workers advocate for the rights

and empowerment of women affected by dowry practices. They help
survivors navigate legal processes, access justice, and understand their
rights. By empowering survivors, social workers promote their agency
and support them in making informed decisions.

 Awareness-raising and education: Social workers engage in community-

level awareness campaigns to challenge the acceptance of dowry
practices and promote gender equality. They conduct workshops,
seminars, and discussions to educate community members about the
negative consequences of dowry and the importance of respectful
relationships.

 Capacity-building and skill development: Social workers provide

training and capacity-building initiatives to enhance the skills and
 knowledge of individuals, families, and communities. These programs
focus on conflict resolution, communication skills, gender sensitivity,
and alternatives to dowry-based marriages.

 Collaboration with stakeholders: Social workers collaborate with

government agencies, non-governmental organizations, community
leaders, and religious institutions to address dowry practices
collectively. They work towards creating partnerships, developing
intervention strategies, and advocating for policy changes to eradicate
dowry-related violence.

 Support groups and community interventions: Social workers facilitate

support groups where survivors can connect with others who have
similar experiences. These groups offer a platform for sharing stories,
providing peer support, and fostering a sense of solidarity. Social
workers also organize community interventions, such as street plays and
public discussions, to engage the wider population in addressing dowry-
related issues.

 Research and documentation: Social workers conduct research and

document the prevalence and impact of dowry practices and dowry-
related violence. This research helps in understanding the underlying
causes, identifying patterns, and advocating for evidence-based
interventions and policies.

 Prevention through education: Social workers play a crucial role in

preventing dowry-related issues by promoting comprehensive gender-
sensitive education. They work within schools and educational
institutions to foster a culture of respect, equality, and non-violence,
challenging traditional norms and beliefs associated with dowry.
  Policy advocacy and reform: Social workers engage in advocacy efforts
to influence policy changes and legal reforms to address dowry practices
effectively. They collaborate with policymakers, participate in policy
dialogues, and provide expert insights to shape laws and regulations
that protect women's rights and prohibit dowry-related violence.

By playing these roles, social workers contribute significantly to raising

awareness, supporting survivors, promoting gender equality, and advocating
for systemic change. Their efforts are instrumental in challenging and
eradicating dowry practices and dowry-related violence, creating a safer and
more equitable society for all.

9. What are the types of prostitution ?

Prostitution is a complex and multifaceted issue, and different

categorizations of types of prostitution exist. Here are some commonly
recognized types:

 Street-based prostitution: This type of prostitution involves sex work

conducted in public spaces, such as streets, alleys, or parks. Street-
based sex workers often face higher risks and vulnerabilities due to
their visibility and lack of control over their work environment.

 Brothel-based prostitution: Brothel-based prostitution occurs in

dedicated establishments, often referred to as brothels, bordellos, or
whorehouses. Sex workers provide services within these premises,
which are typically managed by a third party, such as a brothel owner
or manager.
 Escort prostitution: Escort prostitution involves sex work where
individuals provide services on a more personalized and discreet basis.
Escorts may accompany clients to various settings, such as hotels,
private residences, or social events, and engage in sexual activities in
exchange for payment.

 Online or virtual prostitution: With the advent of the internet, online

prostitution has emerged as a significant form of sex work. It involves
individuals advertising their services and engaging in sexual activities
through online platforms, such as websites, social media, or online
forums.

 Survival or street-based prostitution: This type of prostitution often

involves individuals engaging in sex work as a means of survival due to
extreme poverty, homelessness, or lack of other viable options. They
may exchange sex for basic necessities, such as food, shelter, or drugs.

 Trafficked prostitution: Trafficked prostitution refers to situations

where individuals are coerced, deceived, or forced into engaging in sex
work against their will. These individuals are victims of human
trafficking, and their involvement in prostitution is a result of
exploitation and control by traffickers.

 Bar or club-based prostitution: Some forms of prostitution take place

within establishments such as bars, clubs, or entertainment venues. Sex
workers may be hired by the establishment or work independently,
offering sexual services to clients who frequent these venues.
  Child prostitution: Child prostitution involves the exploitation of minors
who are forced or coerced into engaging in commercial sexual
activities. This form of prostitution is illegal and considered a severe
violation of human rights.

It is important to note that these types of prostitution are not mutually

exclusive, and individuals involved in sex work may transition between
different forms depending on their circumstances, location, and personal
choices. Additionally, it is crucial to address the underlying factors such as
poverty, inequality, and exploitation that contribute to the prevalence of
prostitution and ensure the protection and well-being of individuals involved
in sex work.

10. Critically explain the abolitionist view of sex

work

The abolitionist view of sex work is a perspective that argues for the
complete eradication of prostitution and considers it inherently harmful and
exploitative. Advocates of this view believe that sex work is a form of
violence against women and a reflection of gender inequality and systemic
oppression. Here is a critical explanation of the abolitionist view using
simple words:

The abolitionist view sees sex work as a form of exploitation, where

individuals, mostly women, are coerced or forced into selling sexual services
due to various societal factors. Abolitionists argue that the sex industry
perpetuates the commodification of human bodies and contributes to the
objectification and dehumanization of individuals involved in sex work.

Central to the abolitionist perspective is the belief that prostitution is rooted

in unequal power dynamics. Advocates argue that those engaging in sex
work often come from marginalized communities, facing economic
hardships, and lack viable alternatives. They view prostitution as a
consequence of poverty, inequality, and systemic oppression that must be
addressed by addressing the underlying social and economic factors.

Abolitionists also emphasize the distinction between sex work and voluntary
sexual choices. They argue that the notion of "choice" in sex work is often
distorted by factors such as economic coercion, human trafficking, and
limited options due to social disadvantages. They assert that true autonomy
and consent are compromised within the context of prostitution.

Furthermore, abolitionists criticize the sex industry for perpetuating harm

and violence. They contend that sex work exposes individuals to physical,
sexual, and psychological risks, including violence, abuse, and the
transmission of sexually transmitted infections. They argue that regulating
or legalizing prostitution does not adequately address these harms and can
even normalize exploitative practices.

In line with their goal of abolition, advocates of this perspective focus on

addressing the root causes of prostitution by advocating for social and
economic reforms. They prioritize measures such as poverty alleviation,
access to education, job training, and social support systems to provide
individuals with viable alternatives to sex work. They also advocate for
robust law enforcement to combat human trafficking and the exploitation of
vulnerable individuals.

It is important to note that the abolitionist view is subject to criticism and

debate. Opponents argue that it can undermine the agency and choices of
individuals engaged in sex work, and that criminalizing sex work can lead to
increased violence, marginalization, and health risks for those involved. They
advocate for harm reduction approaches, decriminalization, and the
recognition of sex work as legitimate labor, along with improved labor and
human rights protections.

In summary, the abolitionist view of sex work asserts that prostitution is

inherently harmful and exploitative, rooted in gender inequality and
systemic oppression. Abolitionists aim to address the underlying social and
economic factors that lead to sex work and advocate for its complete
eradication through social reforms, poverty alleviation, and law
enforcement efforts. However, it is important to consider diverse
perspectives and engage in constructive dialogue to develop comprehensive
approaches that prioritize the well-being and agency of individuals involved
in sex work.
 11. What are the major women development
programs undertaken by the Government of
Bangladesh ?

The Government of Bangladesh has implemented several major women

development programs to promote gender equality, empower women, and
enhance their social and economic well-being. Here are some of the notable
programs undertaken by the government:

 National Women Development Policy: The National Women

Development Policy focuses on ensuring women's equal rights and
opportunities in all sectors of society. It aims to address gender-based
discrimination and promote women's empowerment through various
policy measures.

 Gender-responsive budgeting: The government has implemented

gender-responsive budgeting to ensure that resources are allocated
equitably and address gender disparities. This approach considers the
specific needs and priorities of women in budgetary planning and
decision-making processes.

 Safe Motherhood Promotion: The Safe Motherhood Promotion

program aims to improve maternal health and reduce maternal
mortality rates. It focuses on increasing access to quality healthcare
services, promoting safe birthing practices, and raising awareness
about maternal health issues.
 National Girl Child Advocacy Forum: The National Girl Child Advocacy
Forum is a platform that addresses the rights and well-being of girl
children. It aims to eliminate child marriage, promote girls' education,
and protect them from all forms of exploitation and abuse.

 Social Safety Net Programs: The government has implemented various

social safety net programs that specifically target women. These
programs include cash transfer schemes, allowances for vulnerable
women, and skill development initiatives to enhance their economic
security and social protection.

 Female Secondary School Stipend Program: The Female Secondary

School Stipend Program provides financial support to girls from
disadvantaged backgrounds to encourage their secondary education. It
aims to reduce gender disparities in education and improve girls'
access to quality schooling.

 National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking: The National

Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking focuses on preventing
human trafficking, protecting victims, and prosecuting perpetrators. It
includes measures to raise awareness, strengthen law enforcement,
and provide support services to victims, with a particular focus on
women and girls.

 Rural Women's Employment Creation Project: This project aims to

enhance rural women's income-generating opportunities through skill
 development training, entrepreneurship support, and access to credit
facilities. It promotes women's economic empowerment and reduces
their dependency on traditional occupations.

 Women's Economic Empowerment Project: The Women's Economic

Empowerment Project focuses on creating favorable conditions for
women's entrepreneurship, employment, and participation in
economic activities. It includes capacity-building programs, access to
finance, and market linkages to enhance women's economic
opportunities.

 National Plan of Action for Women, Peace, and Security: The National
Plan of Action for Women, Peace, and Security seeks to promote
women's participation in peace-building processes, prevent violence
against women in conflict situations, and address their specific needs
in post-conflict recovery efforts.

These programs, among others, demonstrate the government's

commitment to advancing women's development and gender equality in
Bangladesh. By addressing various aspects of women's lives, such as
education, health, employment, and protection, these initiatives strive to
create an inclusive and empowered society where women can fully
participate and thrive.
 12. Briefly describe the detriments of women
welfare in Bangladesh

Despite efforts to promote women's welfare in Bangladesh, several

challenges and detriments persist. Here are some of the key issues faced by
women in the country:

 Gender-based violence: Women in Bangladesh continue to face

various forms of gender-based violence, including domestic violence,
sexual harassment, and dowry-related violence. These acts of violence
have detrimental physical, emotional, and psychological effects on
women, hindering their overall well-being.

 Limited access to education: Although significant progress has been

made, women in Bangladesh still face barriers to accessing quality
education. Factors such as poverty, cultural norms, child marriage, and
gender discrimination contribute to low enrollment and high dropout
rates among girls, limiting their educational opportunities and future
prospects.

 Economic inequality: Women in Bangladesh often encounter

economic disparities, with limited access to resources, employment
opportunities, and financial independence. They frequently face
discrimination in the labor market, unequal pay, and limited access to
credit, inhibiting their ability to achieve economic empowerment.
 Maternal health challenges: Maternal health remains a concern in
Bangladesh, with high maternal mortality rates and limited access to
quality healthcare services for pregnant women. Factors such as
inadequate healthcare facilities, lack of awareness, and limited
financial resources contribute to maternal health challenges and
negatively impact women's well-being.

 Child marriage: Child marriage is a prevalent issue in Bangladesh, with

many girls being married off at an early age, often before they reach
adulthood. Early marriage deprives girls of education, exposes them to
health risks, and limits their opportunities for personal and
professional development.

 Limited political representation: Women's representation in political

leadership roles remains low in Bangladesh. Despite constitutional
provisions and reserved seats for women in local government bodies,
their active participation and decision-making power in politics are still
relatively limited.

 Limited access to justice: Women in Bangladesh often face challenges

in accessing justice, particularly in cases of gender-based violence.
Limited legal awareness, social stigma, and procedural barriers deter
women from seeking legal remedies and hinder their access to justice.

 Social norms and stereotypes: Deep-rooted social norms and gender

stereotypes perpetuate gender inequality in Bangladesh. Expectations
of women's roles as caregivers and limited mobility can restrict their
 opportunities for personal growth, empowerment, and participation in
public life.

Addressing these detriments requires a comprehensive approach that

includes legal reforms, awareness campaigns, educational initiatives,
economic empowerment programs, healthcare improvements, and efforts
to challenge societal norms and stereotypes. By addressing these challenges,
Bangladesh can work towards creating an inclusive and equitable society
where women can enjoy equal rights, opportunities, and well-being.