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THE BASIS OF LIFE

Describe the ‘Cell Structure’. Write down at least three differences

between an animal cell and plant cell.

1. Cell Membrane:
2. Nucleus:
3. Cytoplasm:
4. Mitochondria:
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
6. Golgi Apparatus:
7. Lysosomes:
8. Vacuoles:

Explain the differences in structure & function between a cell wall and a cell
membrane.

Differences in Structure between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane:

1. Definition:
2. Composition:
3. Location:
4. Rigidity and Flexibility:
5. Permeability:
6. Presence in Cell Types:
7. Function:

Differences in Function between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane:

Cell Wall:
- Provides structural support and rigidity to the cell.
- Protects the cell from mechanical damage and external stresses.
- Helps the cell maintain its shape and prevents it from bursting under osmotic pressure.
- Allows the free diffusion of water, gases, and certain ions.
- Found in plant cells, fungi, algae, and some bacteria, but absent in animal cells.

Cell Membrane:
- Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
- Acts as a selective barrier, controlling the entry and exit of molecules based on size, charge, and solubility.
- Facilitates the transport of nutrients, waste products, and signaling molecules.
- Involved in cell recognition and communication.
Present in all types of cells, including plant cells, animal cells, fungi, and bacteria.
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PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOM

What is meant by transpiration? Explain in detail the significance of leaf

structure in the process of transpiration.
Transpiration is the process by which water is absorbed by the roots of a plant and then evaporated from the
leaves.This process is essential for the plant's survival, as it helps to regulate the plant's internal water balance and
also contributes to the movement of nutrients within the plant.

1. Water absorption:
2. Transport of water:
3. Evaporation:
4. Leaf surface area:
5. Stomata size and number:
6. Cuticle thickness:
7. Leaf shape:
8. Transpiration and plant growth:

Porifera is an ancient group of animals from Cambrian period. What is

the cause of their survival /success?

1. Adaptations to a Stationary Lifestyle:

2. Efficient Filter Feeders:

3. Porous Structure and High Surface Area:

4. Symbiotic Relationships:

5. Chemical Defenses and Repellents:

6. Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction:

7. Broad Environmental Tolerance:

8. Cambrian "Marine Revolution":

9. Lack of Predators and Competition:

10. Ancient and Stable Body Plan:

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Briefly explain how Photosynthesis works.

Photosynthesis: Understanding the Process

Light-Dependent Reactions:

1. Location:

2. Light Absorption:

3. Production of ATP and NADPH:

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):

1. Location:

2. CO2 Fixation:

3. Sugar Production:

4. Regeneration of RuBP:

Overall Equation for Photosynthesis:

 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Importance of Photosynthesis:

1. Energy Source:

2. Oxygen Production:

3. Carbon Dioxide Uptake:

Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:

1. Light Intensity:

2. Temperature:

3. Water Availability:

Adaptations for Photosynthesis:

2. Leaf Structure:

3. Pigment Variation:
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A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

What is meant by the term double circulation? Briefly describe how the heart is
adapted to keep blood flowing in a double circulation.

How the heart is adapted to keep blood flowing in a double circulation.

1. Four-Chambered Heart
2. Separation of Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Blood
3. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
4. Semilunar Valves
5. Strong Cardiac Muscle
6. Coronary Circulation
7. Controlled Heart Rate
8. Efficient Synchronization

Comment, ‘liver is the chief chemist in human body’.

The liver is a complex and vital organ that plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health of the body. It is
responsible for many functions, including:

1. Detoxification:

2. Bile Production:

3. Metabolism:

4. Hormone regulation:

5. Immune system:
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What is Cholesterol? Discuss its importance, normal blood level and

dangers of elevated levels with reference to the health and disease in
humans.

Importance of Cholesterol

1. Cell Structure and Function:

2. Hormone Production:

3. Vitamin D Synthesis:

4. Bile Acid Production:

Normal Blood Cholesterol Levels

Blood cholesterol levels are typically measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood. The total cholesterol
level iscomposed of different components:

1. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol:

2. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol:

3. Triglycerides:

4. Total Cholesterol:

Dangers of Elevated Cholesterol Levels

1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

2. Stroke:

3. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD):

4. High Blood Pressure:

5. Pancreatitis:
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People suffering from cardiovascular disease having high level of

cholesterol in their blood, this often leads to build of fats on its internal
arterial walls, suggests how this might be harmful to the heart

The buildup of fats, specifically cholesterol, on the internal walls of the arterial blood vessels can have several harmful
effects on the heart:

1. Obstruction of blood flow:

2. Heart attack:

3. Heart failure:

4. Stroke:

5. Arrhythmia:

6. Atherosclerosis:

7. Peripheral artery disease:

8. Renal artery stenosis:

9. Carotid artery disease:

10. Aneurysm:

Explain in detail the common causes of Heart Attack.

Common Causes of Heart Attack:

1. Coronary Artery Disease:

2. High Blood Pressure:

3. Diabetes:

4. Smoking:

5. Lack of Physical Activity:

6. Poor Diet:

7. Stress:

8. Genetics:

9. Metabolic Syndrome:

10. Sleep Apnea:

11. Alcohol and Drug Abuse:

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POLIO

Describe different causes and preventions of ‘Polio’

Causes of Polio:

Poliovirus Infection:

Fecal-Oral Transmission:

Person-to-Person Contact:

Inadequate Sanitation:

Preventive Measures:

1. Vaccination:

2. Routine Immunization:

3. National Immunization Days (NIDs):

4. Surveillance and Rapid Response:

5. Improving Sanitation:

6. Travel Recommendations:

7. Outbreak Preparedness:

8. Public Awareness:
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DIARRHEA
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MALARIA
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HEPATITIS
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DENGUE
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BIO FUEL

Define the term ‘Biofuel’. How is it helpful to promote clean energy?

Promoting Clean Energy with Biofuels:

1. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

2. Renewable and Sustainable Resource:
3. Less Dependence on Imported Oil:
4. Waste Reduction and Utilization:
5. Potential for Rural Development:
6. Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure:
7. Research and Technological Advancements: