Name: Karen Cotejo Score: _______________

Schedule: W-F: 8:30 TO 11:30 Date: November 9,2022

Online Activity No. 04
Plant Tissues

A. Illustrate the following, and give a brief description

Parenchyma cells
= are spherical, elongated cells with a thin
primary cell wall. It is a main component of
young plant organs. The basic functions of
parenchyma are photosynthesis and storage.
They are also important in regeneration
because they are totipotent (capable of
differentiating into any cell type).
Parenchyma cells are widespread in plant
body. They fill the leaf, frequent in stem
cortex and pith and is a component of
complex vascular tissues. (University of
California, 2022)

Collenchyma cells
= is composed by elongated living cells of
uneven primary thick walls, which possess
hemicellulose, cellulose, and pectic
materials. It provides support, structure,
mechanical strength, and flexibility to the
petiole, leaf veins, and stem of young plants,
allowing for easy bending without breakage.
(University of Florida, 2022)
Sclerenchyma cells
= is to provide mechanical support and
strength to the plants. They provide
structural support to the plant organs.
They form protective coverings around
nuts and seeds. They are also a part of
vascular bundles and form conductive
tissues.
(Britannica, 2022)
 Stoma and guard cells
=T he guard cell has different shapes in different
plants. T he kidney-shaped and dumbbell-shaped
guard cells are present in the dicots and monocots
plants respectively. T he guard cell is composed of
a prominent nucleus, poorly developed
chloroplasts, and numerous nucleus. T he guard
cells swell or shrink in response to the water
means osmotic pressure that regulates the opening
and closing of the stomata. T he ions are involved
in the metabolism of the carbon, and loss of the
Cl-, Malate2- and K+ ions from the guard cells
result in the closing of the stomata.
(Chegg Inc., 2022)

B. Label the following plant tissues, and give a short description

A. .

Structure Description
A- V essel = V essels are broad, connected end to end with perforated end walls, and the
perforations are simple.
B- Fiber Cell = Fibers are elongate cells with tapering ends and very thick, heavily
lignified cell walls. Fiber cells are dead at maturity and function as
support tissue in plant stems and roots. T he lumen or cavity inside mature,
dead fiber cells is very small when viewed in cross section.
C- Sieve T ubes = T he sieve tube is the conducting element of the phloem. It is formed
from a vertical series of elongated cells, interconnected by perforations in
their walls in areas known as sieve plates. T he perforations may be
restricted to smaller areas, sieve fields, several of which are contained in
each sieve plate.
D- Sieve T ube Member = Less cyndrical has narrower, more tapered companion cells closely
associated with them.
E- Sieve Plate = Sieve plates are the connection sites between sieve elements. During
early development of young sieve tubes, sieve plates resemble normal cell
walls. As in other cell walls, plasmodesmata connect the cytoplast of
adjacent sieve elements. (Washington State University, 2022)
F- Companion Cell = are specialized parenchyma cells in the phloem tissues of the
angiosperms. T hey are nucleated living cells with several ribosomes,
plastids, and mitochondria. T heir nuclei and nucleoli are relatively large
(an indication of being metabolically active). (BiologyOnline., 2022)
G- Perforation Cell perforation plates between adjacent vessel elements . Wide openings (slits
or pores) in perforation plates allow water to flow vertically between
vessel elements, forming a continuous tube. Both types of tracheary
elements contain pits, gaps in their secondary cell walls. Adjacent cells
have pits in the same locations, forming pit pairs, which allow water and
minerals to flow between adjacent cells through the pit membrane (the
remaining, thin primary cell walls in these regions. (University of
California, 2022)
H- V essels Member = V essel members are the principal water-conducting cells in angiosperms
(though most species also have tracheids) and are characterized by areas
that lack both primary and secondary cell walls, known as perforations.
Water flows relatively unimpeded from vessel to vessel through these
perforations, though fractures

Questions:
1. What are the three tissue types in vascular plants? What are their primary functions?
= V ascular tissue is the plumbing system of the plant. It allows water, minerals, and dissolved
sugars from photosynthesis to pass through roots, stems, leaves, and other parts of the plant. It is
primary composed of two types of conducting tissue: xylem and phloem. T he veins on leaves are
an example of vascular tissue, moving material through the plant in the same manner that our
blood vessels carry nutrients through our body. (University of California, 2022)
2. What is the function of vessel elements and tracheid’s?
= Tracheid’s and vessels are the components of the complex xylem tissue. Both help in
conduction of water along the stem and provide mechanical support to the plant. Both cells are
tubular. Secondary lignification is present in both cells.
. (BYJU'S Article, 2022)
3. What is the function of fibers and sclereids in plants?
= both are sclerenchyma cells found in the plants, and they are simple and non-living tissues and the main
function of these cells is to provide the structural support to the plants. And both cells have thick deposits
of lignin in their walls. (V edantu, 2022)
4. What are the conducting cells in the phloem? How do they differ from the conducting
cells in the xylem?
= consists of conducting cells, generally called sieve elements, parenchyma cells, including both
specialized companion cells or albuminous cells and unspecialized cells and supportive cells, such as
fibresand sclereids.
5. What cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomatal pore? How do these cells
differ from other cells in the epidermis?
= Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata. The guard cells differ from the
epidermal cells in the following aspects: The guard cells are bean-shaped in surface view,
while the epidermal cells are irregular in shape. The guard cells contain chloroplasts, so they
can manufacture food by photosynthesis (The epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts).
(Toppr, 2020)
6. What are trichomes?
= Type IV glandular trichomes of S. pennellii (Blauth et al., 1998) and S. pimpinellifolium (Alba et
al., 2009) contain high concentrations of acyl sugars that confer resistance to a broad
spectrum of tomato pests, including aphids, whiteflies, tomato fruitworm, armyworm,
leafminers, and spider mites. Trichome type refers to the specific, microscopic structure of
individual trichomes and may come under the realm of plant anatomy (see Chapter 10) and
constitute a systematically valuable character. Although trichome type and vestiture may be
correlated, vestiture refers to the gross appearance of masses of trichome. For example, a
tomentose vestiture could have any number of trichome types, e.g., dendritic, stellate,
multiseriate tapering, or uniseriate tapering. (Science Direct, 2022)
7. What parts of the plant supply economic fibers that are used in fabrics and cordage?
= Plant Fibers can made into Textile Fibers are the most important in that they are used for
fabrics, cordage and netting. To make fabrics and netting flexible fibers are twisted together
into thread or yarn and then either spun, knitted, woven or in some other way utilized. Fabrics
include cloth for wearing apparel, domestic use, awnings, sails, etc., and also coarser
materials such as gunny and burlap. Fabric fibers are all of some commercial value. Netting
fibers that are used for hammocks, lace and all forms of nets include many of the commercial
fabric fibers and a number of native fibers as well. Both commercial and native fibers are
used for cordage. For this the individual fibers are twisted together instead of being woven.
Binder Twine, fish lines, hawsers, rope and cables are among the many types.
(University of Arizona, 2022)
8. What can be used as sources of pulp for paper production?

= Wood Fiber pulp is made from breaking down the fibrous part of plants, primarily trees or
recycled paper, and refers to the main ingredient in the papermaking process. Pulp made from
trees (wood fiber) is the most common source of fiber for papermaking and the base for many
paper and wood products. (AF&PA., 2022)
References
AF&PA. (2022). Pulp. Retrieved from https://www.afandpa.org/paper-wood-products/pulp

BioExplorer. (2022, November 8). What Are Parenchyma Cells? Retrieved from
https://www.bioexplorer.net/parenchyma-cells.html/.

BiologyOnline. (2022). Companion cell. Retrieved from

https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/companion-cell

Britannica. (2022). sclerenchyma. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/sclerenchyma

BYJU'S Article. (2022). Difference Between Tracheids And Vessels. Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-tracheids-and-
vessels/#:~:text=Tracheids%20and%20vessels%20are%20the,is%20present%20in%20both%20ce
lls.

Chegg Inc. (2022). guard cell. Retrieved from https://www.chegg.com/learn/biology/introduction-to-

biology/guard-cell

Science Direct. (2022). Trichome. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-

and-biological-sciences/trichome

Toppr. (2020). Epidermal Cell. Retrieved from https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/in-land-plants-the-

guard-cells-differ-from-other-epidermal-cells-in-having/

University of Arizona. (2022). Fiber and Fiber Plant. Retrieved from

https://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/botany/fibers.htm

University of California. (2022). Plant Tissues. Retrieved from

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_2%3A_P
lant_Structure/09%3A_Cells_and_Tissues/9.03%3A_Plant_Tissues

University of Florida. (2022). Collenchyma. Retrieved from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/01-biology/02-cell-

types/03-celltypes-collenchyma.html

Vedantu. (2022). : What is the difference between fibers and sclereids in plant histology? Retrieved from
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/difference-between-fibers-and-sclereids-class-11-
biology-cbse-5f745a4bfb68fa34b4bfc480

Washington State University. (2022). The Sieve Plate. Retrieved from

https://labs.wsu.edu/knoblauch/230-
2/#:~:text=Sieve%20plates%20are%20the%20connection,cytoplast%20of%20adjacent%20sieve
%20elements.