Texto 1:

From the perspective of racial capitalism, the concurrent development of racism

alongside capitalism can be explained by the understanding that capitalism operates
within a racist system. Racial capitalism posits that racism is fundamental for the
reproduction of the capitalist system (Schnake-Mahl et al., 2021). This perspective
suggests that at the formation of capitalism in the United States, there was an
original collaboration between racial domination and capital accumulation, leading
to the fusion of these processes in social and economic life (Cowley, 2022). Racial
capitalism describes how the development, organization, and expansion of capitalist
society pursued racial directions (Rochadi, 2021). It argues that racism and
capitalism are fundamentally intertwined, shaping urban processes and urban life
(Dantzler et al., 2022). The concept of racial capitalism also offers insights into
understanding how anti-Blackness and anti-Asian racism are embedded within societal
responses to events such as school closures and reopenings due to COVID-19 (Anand &
Hsu, 2021). Overall, racial capitalism provides a framework for understanding the
intersectionality of racism, capitalism, and other systems of oppression (Fields &
Raymond, 2021; Neely & Lopez, 2022).

References:
Anand, D. and Hsu, L. (2021). Covid-19 and black lives matter: examining anti-asian
racism and anti-blackness in us education. International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education, 5(1), 190-199.
https://doi.org/10.32674/jimphe.v5i1.2656
Cowley, M. (2022). Critical race theory and black marxism: implications for higher
education. Educational Theory, 72(2), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12527
Dantzler, P., Korver-Glenn, E., & Howell, J. (2022). Introduction: what does racial
capitalism have to do with cities and communities?. City and Community, 21(3), 163-
172. https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221103978
Fields, D. and Raymond, E. (2021). Racialized geographies of housing
financialization. Progress in Human Geography, 45(6), 1625-1645.
https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211009299
Neely, A. and Lopez, P. (2022). Toward healthier futures in post‐pandemic times:
political ecology, racial capitalism, and black feminist approaches to care.
Geography Compass, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12609
Rochadi, S. (2021). Racialized capitalism and anti-chinese among indonesian
workers. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 261-275.
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/766
Schnake-Mahl, A., Lazo, M., Dureja, K., Ehtesham, N., & Bilal, U. (2021). Racial
and ethnic inequities in occupational exposure across and between us cities. SSM -
Population Health, 16, 100959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100959

Texto 2:
The concurrent development of racism alongside capitalism can be explained by
several factors. Firstly, social inequalities are inherent in capitalism and are
necessary for its functioning (Uphoff et al., 2013). These inequalities create a
sense of distrust and decreased social cohesion, which can contribute to the
development of racism (Uphoff et al., 2013). Additionally, capitalism has
historically been intertwined with racial directions, with the development and
expansion of capitalist societies pursuing racial paths (Rochadi, 2021). This
racialized capitalism has perpetuated and reinforced racist ideologies and
practices (Rochadi, 2021).

Furthermore, the power dynamics inherent in capitalism contribute to the

perpetuation of racism. Racism is a form of power, and capitalism is a system that
operates through societal power (Sawyer & Waite, 2021). The economic, political,
and other systems of influence that support capitalism also support and reproduce
racial inequalities (Best, 2022). Whiteness, as a structured racial system, has
remained intact in the postcolonial, neoliberal era, perpetuating racial inequality
and producing new mechanisms for its replication (Christian, 2018).
Social capital, which refers to the resources and networks available to individuals
and communities, also plays a role in the concurrent development of racism and
capitalism. Inequality reduces social capital within communities, making it more
difficult to develop a sense of togetherness and trust (Delhey & Dragolov, 2013).
Racism itself impedes the development of social capital, further exacerbating the
effects of inequality (Heim et al., 2010). The uneven distribution of different
types of social capital based on racial structures contributes to social inequality
(Ai-Bin & Shengai, 2022).

Moreover, the historical legacy of slavery and colonialism has shaped the
development of racism alongside capitalism. Although slavery was abolished, racism
persisted in various forms, including ideological, political, and economic forms of
exclusion, discrimination, and exploitation (Fuchs, 2017). The racialized power
dynamics established during the era of slavery and colonialism continue to
influence and perpetuate racism within capitalist societies.

In conclusion, the concurrent development of racism alongside capitalism can be

attributed to the inherent social inequalities of capitalism, the racialized
directions pursued by capitalist societies, the power dynamics that support and
reproduce racial inequalities, the impact of racism on social capital, and the
historical legacy of slavery and colonialism. These factors interact and reinforce
each other, contributing to the persistence of racism within capitalist societies.

References:
Best, A. (2022). Anti‐black racism and power: centering black scholars to achieve
health equity. The Hastings Center Report, 52(S1).
https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1368
Christian, M. (2018). A global critical race and racism framework: racial
entanglements and deep and malleable whiteness. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity,
5(2), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649218783220
Delhey, J. and Dragolov, G. (2013). Why inequality makes europeans less happy: the
role of distrust, status anxiety, and perceived conflict. European Sociological
Review, 30(2), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct033
Fuchs, C. (2017). Capitalism, patriarchy, slavery, and racism in the age of digital
capitalism and digital labour. Critical Sociology, 44(4-5), 677-702.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920517691108
Heim, D., Hunter, S., & Jones, R. (2010). Perceived discrimination, identification,
social capital, and well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(7), 1145-
1164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110383310
Rochadi, S. (2021). Racialized capitalism and anti-chinese among indonesian
workers. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 261-275.
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/766
Sawyer, L. and Waite, R. (2021). Racial and ethnic diversity in higher education:
white privileged resistance and implications for leadership. Education Policy
Analysis Archives, 29(January - July), 38. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.29.4668
Shengai, L. (2022). From developing to developed: mechanisms of health inequalities
among seniors in china and japan under macro-field control. Frontiers in
Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.956165
Uphoff, E., Pickett, K., Cabieses, B., Small, N., & Wright, J. (2013). A systematic
review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities
in health: a contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health
inequalities. International Journal for Equity in Health, 12(1), 54.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-54

Texto 3:
The concurrent development of racism alongside capitalism can be explained by the
mutually reinforcing relationship between the two systems. Racism and capitalism
are deeply intertwined, with racism playing a significant role in the formation and
expansion of capitalist societies (Cowley, 2022). The origins of capitalism in
Europe and the United States were closely tied to the slave trade and the
exploitation of Black labor (Dzurec & Larsen, 2022). The rise of Western, White
capitalism was supported by the oppression and subjugation of racialized groups
(Dzurec & Larsen, 2022). Racism served as a means to justify and maintain the
economic and social hierarchies necessary for capitalist accumulation (Virdee,
2019).

Racial capitalism, as a theoretical framework, posits that racism and capitalism

are co-constitutive, meaning that they have developed in tandem and are mutually
reinforcing (Benson & Dumas, 2021). This perspective argues that anti-Black and
other forms of racism preceded and merged with capitalist formations (Benson &
Dumas, 2021). The development and expansion of capitalist societies pursued racial
directions, with racial domination and capital accumulation becoming fused in
social and economic life (Cowley, 2022). The historical development of world
capitalism was fundamentally influenced by the particularistic forces of racism and
nationalism (Sobande, 2021).

Racism and capitalism also intersect in the realm of social reproduction and social
capital. Structural racism, which encompasses historic events such as slavery, Jim
Crow laws, and redlining, has deeply intertwined with patriarchy and capitalism,
creating systems of discrimination and marginalization (Egede et al., 2023). The
presence of racism impedes the fostering of social capital and hinders initiatives
aimed at promoting social cohesion and well-being (Heim et al., 2010). Furthermore,
racism has implications for social and physical well-being, as discriminatory
experiences and racial segregation can lead to the internalization of prejudicial
beliefs and the development of internalized racism (Brondolo et al., 2012).

The relationship between racism and capitalism is not limited to historical

contexts but extends to contemporary society. The maintenance of racial capitalism
is evident in the current global food insecurity and its disproportionate impact on
African, Caribbean, and Black populations during the COVID-19 pandemic Dabone et
al. (2021). Racism contributes to poverty and creates harmful social conditions
that perpetuate inequities in health outcomes (Dabone et al., 2021). The
macrosystem, which includes racism and capitalism, plays a central role in shaping
human development and social inequalities (Rogers et al., 2021).

In conclusion, the concurrent development of racism alongside capitalism can be

explained by their mutually reinforcing relationship. Racism has played a
significant role in the formation and expansion of capitalist societies, with
racial domination and capital accumulation becoming fused in social and economic
life. Racial capitalism posits that racism and capitalism are co-constitutive, with
anti-Black and other forms of racism preceding and merging with capitalist
formations. The presence of racism has implications for social reproduction, social
capital, and well-being. Understanding the relationship between racism and
capitalism is crucial for addressing systemic inequalities and working towards a
more just and equitable society.

References:
Benson, J. and Dumas, M. (2021). Building out the edges: reading racial capitalism
into jean anyon’s political economy of urban education. Teachers College Record,
123(14), 72-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/01614681211063966
Brondolo, E., Libretti, M., Rivera, L., & Walsemann, K. (2012). Racism and social
capital: the implications for social and physical well-being. Journal of Social
Issues, 68(2), 358-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01752.x
Cowley, M. (2022). Critical race theory and black marxism: implications for higher
education. Educational Theory, 72(2), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12527
Dabone, C., Mbagwu, I., Muray, M., Ubangha, L., Kohoun, B., Etowa, E., … & Etowa,
J. (2021). Global food insecurity and african, caribbean, and black (acb)
populations during the covid-19 pandemic: a rapid review. Journal of Racial and
Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(2), 420-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-00973-
1
Dzurec, L. and Larsen, P. (2022). No time for silence. Rehabilitation Nursing,
47(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/rnj.0000000000000355
Egede, L., Walker, R., Campbell, J., Linde, S., Hawks, L., & Burgess, K. (2023).
Modern day consequences of historic redlining: finding a path forward. Journal of
General Internal Medicine, 38(6), 1534-1537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-
08051-4
Heim, D., Hunter, S., & Jones, R. (2010). Perceived discrimination, identification,
social capital, and well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(7), 1145-
1164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110383310
Rogers, L., Niwa, E., Chung, K., Yip, T., & Chae, D. (2021). M(ai)cro: centering
the macrosystem in human development. Human Development, 65(5-6), 270-292.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000519630
Sobande, F. (2021). Spectacularized and branded digital (re)presentations of black
people and blackness. Television & New Media, 22(2), 131-146.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476420983745
Virdee, S. (2019). Racialized capitalism: an account of its contested origins and
consolidation. The Sociological Review, 67(1), 3-27.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118820293

Texto 4:
El desarrollo simultáneo del racismo y el capitalismo puede explicarse a través de
varias perspectivas. Por un lado, se argumenta que el trabajo africano y
afroamericano fue fundamental para el desarrollo del capitalismo en Europa y en
gran parte del hemisferio occidental (Mullings, 2013). Además, se sostiene que el
racismo está intrínsecamente ligado al desarrollo de la biopolítica y la
gubernamentalidad en el mundo moderno (Raffin, 2022). También se destaca que el
capitalismo amplía su explotación a través del racismo y el sexismo, lo que
contribuye a la explotación diferenciada de ciertos cuerpos, como los de las
mujeres negras (Caputo, n.d.). Por otro lado, se argumenta que el patriarcado y el
racismo comparten causas y juegan un papel importante en las sociedades
occidentales contemporáneas (Velado, 2021). En resumen, el desarrollo simultáneo
del racismo y el capitalismo puede entenderse como una intersección de diferentes
sistemas de opresión que se refuerzan mutuamente.

References:
Caputo, L. Formação social brasileira, racismo e sofrimento psíquico da população
negra: um estudo de revisão na área do serviço social..
https://doi.org/10.34019/ufjf/di/2021/00226
Mullings, L. (2013). Interrogando el racismo. hacia una antropología antirracista.
Revista Cs, 325-375. https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i12.1683
Raffin, M. (2022). Racismo, biopolítica y gubernamentalidad. derivas de las
categorías foucaultianas. Praxis Filosófica Nueva Serie, (55), 51-68.
https://doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i55.12382
Velado, I. (2021). La persistencia del patriarcado. análisis sociolegal sobre la
desinstitucionalización de la familia nuclear patriarcal y la evolución de la
opresión de las mujeres en el siglo xxi. Igualdades, (5), 427-459.
https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/igdes.5.05

Texto 5:
The simultaneous development of racism and capitalism can be explained through
various perspectives. One perspective is that the accumulation of wealth and power
during the development of capitalism relied heavily on the exploitation of African
and Afro-American labor (Mullings, 2013). This labor became the foundation for the
expansion of capitalism in Europe and the Western hemisphere. The accumulation of
wealth created the conditions for the modern world system to emerge.
Another perspective is that racism is deeply intertwined with the development of
capitalism. Michel Foucault's concepts of biopolitics and governmentality provide a
framework for understanding how racism is contextualized within the development of
the modern world (Raffin, 2022). According to Foucault, these concepts shape the
modern world as a decisive event. Racism, therefore, cannot be understood without
considering its relationship to these categories.

The relationship between environmental racism and racialized capitalism prioritizes

a historical approach to understanding racial inequality (Zaragocin & Jiménez,
2023). This perspective emphasizes the historical development of racial inequality
and its connection to capitalist systems.

Max Weber's concept of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism also sheds
light on the development of capitalism. Weber argues that asceticism, which
includes values such as self-discipline and frugality, played a crucial role in the
development of capitalism by enabling entrepreneurial enrichment (Miyashiro, 2020).

The stock market, as an instrument of capitalism, plays a significant role in the

development and multiplication of private wealth (Navas et al., 2022). This
highlights the creative forms of development and wealth multiplication that are
inherent in capitalism.

Furthermore, the development of capitalism has been linked to the promotion and
perpetuation of racism, sexism, and ecological extractivism (Díaz, 2022). This
perspective emphasizes how capitalism has served to reinforce and perpetuate
systems of oppression.

In summary, the development of racism and capitalism can be explained through

various perspectives. These include the exploitation of labor, the intertwining of
racism and capitalism, the historical development of racial inequality, the role of
asceticism in the development of capitalism, the stock market as an instrument of
capitalism, and the perpetuation of systems of oppression through capitalism
(Mullings, 2013; Raffin, 2022; Zaragocin & Jiménez, 2023; Miyashiro, 2020; Navas et
al., 2022; Díaz, 2022).

References:
Díaz, N. (2022). El sur distorsionado como un cambio paradigmático para el metal y
su estudio. Lenguas Radicales, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.56791/lr.v1i4.27
Miyashiro, M. (2020). Reseña del libro la ética protestante y el espíritu del
capitalismo. Espiral Revista De Geografías Y Ciencias Sociales, 2(3), 163-167.
https://doi.org/10.15381/espiral.v2i3.18190
Mullings, L. (2013). Interrogando el racismo. hacia una antropología antirracista.
Revista Cs, 325-375. https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i12.1683
Navas, B., Labanda, C., & Navas, C. (2022). La bolsa de valores y su rol en el
capitalismo. Kairós Revista De Ciencias Económicas Jurídicas Y Administrativas,
5(8), 105-125. https://doi.org/10.37135/kai.03.08.06
Raffin, M. (2022). Racismo, biopolítica y gubernamentalidad. derivas de las
categorías foucaultianas. Praxis Filosófica Nueva Serie, (55), 51-68.
https://doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i55.12382
Zaragocin, S. and Jiménez, M. (2023). Celebrando los 250 años de nacimiento del
buen geógrafo alexander von humboldt. Acme, 22(1), 791-816.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1098036ar

Texto 6:
El desarrollo simultáneo del racismo y el capitalismo puede explicarse a través de
varias perspectivas. Una de ellas es la relación entre el trabajo africano y
afroamericano como base para el desarrollo del hemisferio occidental y como motor
para la expansión del capitalismo en Europa (Mullings, 2013). El trabajo de estas
comunidades fue fundamental para la acumulación de capital y la creación de las
condiciones necesarias para el surgimiento del sistema mundo moderno.

Además, el racismo está estrechamente relacionado con las categorías de biopolítica

y gubernamentalidad desarrolladas por Foucault, las cuales configuran el mundo
moderno como su acontecimiento decisivo (Raffin, 2022). Estas categorías analizan
cómo el poder se ejerce sobre los cuerpos y las poblaciones, y cómo el racismo se
convierte en una forma de gobierno y control social.

El patriarcado también desempeña un papel importante en esta relación. El racismo y

el sexismo son fundamentales para la explotación diferenciada de ciertos cuerpos,
especialmente de las mujeres negras, y el capitalismo amplía esta explotación a
través de salarios más bajos y precarios (Caputo, n.d.). El patriarcado y el
racismo comparten causas y juegan un papel en las sociedades occidentales actuales
(Velado, 2021).

Además, el desarrollo del capitalismo está estrechamente relacionado con el

ascetismo y la ética protestante, según Weber (Miyashiro, 2020). El ascetismo
proporciona una base para el enriquecimiento empresarial y el desarrollo del
capitalismo.

También es importante tener en cuenta la influencia de la dependencia y la

colonización en el desarrollo del capitalismo y el racismo. La experiencia exitosa
de algunos países dependientes contradice las expectativas originales de los
modelos de desarrollo basados en la sustitución de importaciones y la intervención
estatal (Vargas-Hernández, 2012). Además, la dinámica capitalista revela relaciones
de poder consolidadas por la colonización, estableciendo jerarquías globales
conectadas (Neto & Menacho, 2021).

En resumen, el desarrollo simultáneo del racismo y el capitalismo puede explicarse

a través de la relación entre el trabajo africano y afroamericano, las categorías
de biopolítica y gubernamentalidad, el patriarcado, el ascetismo y la ética
protestante, la dependencia y la colonización. Estos factores interactúan y se
refuerzan mutuamente, creando las condiciones para el surgimiento y la perpetuación
del racismo y el capitalismo.

References:
Caputo, L. Formação social brasileira, racismo e sofrimento psíquico da população
negra: um estudo de revisão na área do serviço social..
https://doi.org/10.34019/ufjf/di/2021/00226
Miyashiro, M. (2020). Reseña del libro la ética protestante y el espíritu del
capitalismo. Espiral Revista De Geografías Y Ciencias Sociales, 2(3), 163-167.
https://doi.org/10.15381/espiral.v2i3.18190
Mullings, L. (2013). Interrogando el racismo. hacia una antropología antirracista.
Revista Cs, 325-375. https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i12.1683
Neto, S. and Menacho, B. (2021). A concepção de trabalho decente é suscetível à
apropriação decolonial? reflexões a partir das críticas ao conceito moderno de
desenvolvimento. Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [Ejjl], 22(2), 405-430.
https://doi.org/10.18593/ejjl.27270
Raffin, M. (2022). Racismo, biopolítica y gubernamentalidad. derivas de las
categorías foucaultianas. Praxis Filosófica Nueva Serie, (55), 51-68.
https://doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i55.12382
Vargas-Hernández, J. (2012). Modernidad y postmodernidad en latinoamérica. Estudios
De Deusto, 55(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.18543/ed-55(2)-2007pp123-153
Velado, I. (2021). La persistencia del patriarcado. análisis sociolegal sobre la
desinstitucionalización de la familia nuclear patriarcal y la evolución de la
opresión de las mujeres en el siglo xxi. Igualdades, (5), 427-459.
https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/igdes.5.05

Texto 7:
O desenvolvimento simultâneo do racismo e do capitalismo pode ser explicado por
diferentes perspectivas. Alguns estudos apontam que a exposição contínua à
violência racial não reconhecida pode levar ao desenvolvimento de estratégias
compensatórias disfuncionais, como a reprodução de crenças e comportamentos
discriminatórios (Tavares & Kuratani, 2019). Além disso, pesquisadores concluíram
que o racismo é compatível com o capitalismo e que a desigualdade racial tende a
prosperar sob esse regime (Louzano, 2013). Outros estudos destacam a relação entre
o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e o imperialismo, que contribui para o
desenvolvimento desigual e combinado (Ribeiro, 2022; Cruz & Pietzack, 2021). Também
é importante considerar a influência do colonialismo e do neocolonialismo, que
perpetuam o racismo e a opressão de grupos marginalizados (Averis, 2019). Em suma,
o desenvolvimento simultâneo do racismo e do capitalismo pode ser explicado pela
interação complexa entre fatores históricos, sociais e econômicos.

References:
Averis, K. (2019). Eco-ficciones americanas: crisis ambiental y social en la novia
oscura (1999) de laura restrepo y le club des miracles relatifs (2016) de nancy
huston. Estudios De Literatura Colombiana, (45), 105-122.
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.elc.n45a06
Cruz, B. and Pietzack, J. (2021). Da colônia ao capitalismo dependente: o
neoliberalismo na américa latina. Cadernos Do Ceas Revista Crítica De Humanidades,
45(250), 429. https://doi.org/10.25247/2447-861x.2020.n250.p429-447
Louzano, P. (2013). Fracasso escolar: evolução das oportunidades educacionais de
estudantes de diferentes grupos raciais. Cadernos Cenpec | Nova Série, 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.18676/cadernoscenpec.v3i1.205
Ribeiro, R. (2022). Ilusões do liberalismo, influxos do imperialismo e alternativa
socialista. Argumentum, 14(2), 42-56.
https://doi.org/10.47456/argumentum.v14i2.36767
Tavares, J. and Kuratani, S. (2019). Manejo clínico das repercussões do racismo
entre mulheres que se “tornaram negras”. Psicologia Ciência E Profissão, 39.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703003184764

Texto 8:
Synthesis:

The simultaneous development of racism and capitalism can be explained by various

factors. One factor is the compatibility of racism with capitalism. Researchers
have concluded that racial inequality tends to thrive under capitalism rather than
disappear (Louzano, 2013). This is because capitalism is based on the exploitation
of labor, and racism allows for the differential treatment and exploitation of
certain racial groups (Souza, 2022). Racism serves as a mechanism to justify and
maintain social and economic inequalities within a capitalist system.

Another factor is the historical legacy of colonialism and slavery. The development
of capitalism in Latin America, for example, was marked by the historical
plundering and exploitation carried out by colonial powers, which resulted in a
late, dependent, and subordinate capitalist development (Souza, 2022). The
racialized labor force that was made possible by slavery and colonialism played a
crucial role in the accumulation of capital (Mullings, 2013). The legacy of
colonialism and slavery continues to shape racial dynamics and inequalities within
capitalist societies.

Psychological factors also contribute to the simultaneous development of racism and

capitalism. Racism, colonialism, and capitalism produce alienation, not only for
marginalized racial groups but also for those in positions of privilege (Lanza,
2021). The psychological impact of racism can lead to the development of
dysfunctional coping strategies, such as the reproduction of discriminatory beliefs
and behaviors (Tavares & Kuratani, 2019). These psychological dynamics perpetuate
and reinforce the racial inequalities within capitalist societies.
Overall, the development of racism and capitalism is intertwined and mutually
reinforcing. Capitalism provides the economic and social conditions for the
perpetuation of racial inequalities, while racism serves as a mechanism to justify
and maintain these inequalities. The historical legacy of colonialism and slavery
further shapes the racial dynamics within capitalist societies. Psychological
factors also play a role in perpetuating and reinforcing racial inequalities.
Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for addressing and challenging
the simultaneous development of racism and capitalism.

References:
Lanza, H. (2021). Frantz fanon e a psicologia: contribuições para a prática
clínica. Estudos E Pesquisas Em Psicologia, 21(3), 1144-1159.
https://doi.org/10.12957/epp.2021.62732
Louzano, P. (2013). Fracasso escolar: evolução das oportunidades educacionais de
estudantes de diferentes grupos raciais. Cadernos Cenpec | Nova Série, 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.18676/cadernoscenpec.v3i1.205
Mullings, L. (2013). Interrogando el racismo. hacia una antropología antirracista.
Revista Cs, 325-375. https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i12.1683
Souza, C. (2022). Racismo e superexploração: apontamentos sobre a história do
trabalho e da classe trabalhadora no brasil. Germinal Marxismo E Educação Em
Debate, 14(2), 33-55. https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v14i2.49530
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entre mulheres que se “tornaram negras”. Psicologia Ciência E Profissão, 39.
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