Texto 1:

Racial capitalism is a systemic phenomenon that emerged in the context of 17th-

century Western Europe, where capitalism and racialism became intertwined to
facilitate economic exploitation (Embrick & Williams, 2023). The term "racial
capitalism" was formulated by Cedric to emphasize the constitutive nature of
racialization in capitalism from its beginnings (Robinson, 2019). It is important
to note that racial capitalism is not limited to European territories or those
previously under Europe's colonial rule (Embrick & Williams, 2023). Instead, it has
been a driving force behind the expropriation of indigenous lands and the
unhomemaking practices of settler-colonialism (Nethercote, 2022). Racial capitalism
is deeply intertwined with the history of colonialism, racialization, and
differentiation (Dang, 2021). It is characterized by the mutually constitutive
nature of racialization and capitalist exploitation on a global scale (Burden-
Stelly, 2020). The concept of racial capitalism reveals how urban processes produce
and maintain race-based pursuits of profit (Dantzler et al., 2022). By racializing
labor, resources, and power dynamics, racial capitalism has played a key role in
the production and maintenance of racial inequalities (Planson, 2022).

References:
Burden-Stelly, C. (2020). Modern u.s. racial capitalism. Monthly Review, 8-20.
https://doi.org/10.14452/mr-072-03-2020-07_2
Dang, T. (2021). Decolonizing landscape. Landscape Research, 46(7), 1004-1016.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2021.1935820
Dantzler, P., Korver-Glenn, E., & Howell, J. (2022). Introduction: what does racial
capitalism have to do with cities and communities?. City and Community, 21(3), 163-
172. https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221103978
Embrick, D. and Williams, J. (2023). Alienation, racial capitalism, and the
racialization of palestinians. Critical Sociology, 49(6), 939-951.
https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205231172730
Nethercote, M. (2022). Racialized geographies of home: property, unhoming and other
possible futures. Progress in Human Geography, 46(4), 935-959.
https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325221104480
Planson, S. (2022). Race, cultural capital, and school achievement in race-blind
france. Sociology of Education, 96(1), 19-42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00380407221139220
Robinson, B. (2019). Racialization and modern religion: sylvia wynter, black
feminist theory, and critical genealogies of religion. Critical Research on
Religion, 7(3), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303219848065

Texto 2:
Racial capitalism emerged in the 1970s within the context of the anti-apartheid and
South African liberation struggles (Embrick & Williams, 2023). It was developed by
individuals aligned with the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa as a
critique of liberal analysis, which suggested that apartheid could be reformed
through a reorientation of capitalism to address issues of race and racism (Embrick
& Williams, 2023). The concept of racial capitalism provided a more structural and
comprehensive understanding of the relationship between capitalism and racial
oppression (Embrick & Williams, 2023).

The term "racial capitalism" was influenced by South African scholarship of the
1970s, as noted by Robin Kelley (Torkelson, 2020). While South African scholars
focused on understanding the specificities of the apartheid economy, Cedric , who
popularized the term, took a broader historical perspective. He argued that
European feudal societies, from which capitalism emerged, were inherently
racialized (Torkelson, 2020).

According to Cedric , racial capitalism highlights how racialization is

constitutive of capitalism from its inception (Robinson, 2019). This perspective
aligns with the idea put forth by Black Marxism, which argues that capitalism has
always been racial capitalism (Cowley, 2022). It posits that racial domination and
exploitation were integral to the formation and development of capitalism in the
United States (Cowley, 2022).

The concept of racial capitalism allows for an analysis of the common patterns
through which exclusion, exploitation, and disposability are racialized processes
(Tucker & Anantharaman, 2020). It recognizes that different racialized groups may
experience these processes differently, but they are all shaped by the underlying
dynamics of racial capitalism (Tucker & Anantharaman, 2020).

In summary, racial capitalism emerged in the 1970s within the context of the anti-
apartheid and South African liberation struggles. It was developed as a critique of
liberal analysis and provided a more comprehensive understanding of the
relationship between capitalism and racial oppression. The concept highlights the
constitutive role of racialization in capitalism and recognizes the common patterns
of exclusion, exploitation, and disposability that are racialized processes within
a capitalist system.

References:
Cowley, M. (2022). Critical race theory and black marxism: implications for higher
education. Educational Theory, 72(2), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12527
Embrick, D. and Williams, J. (2023). Alienation, racial capitalism, and the
racialization of palestinians. Critical Sociology, 49(6), 939-951.
https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205231172730
Robinson, B. (2019). Racialization and modern religion: sylvia wynter, black
feminist theory, and critical genealogies of religion. Critical Research on
Religion, 7(3), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303219848065
Torkelson, E. (2020). Sophia’s choice: debt, social welfare, and racial finance
capitalism. Environment and Planning D Society and Space, 39(1), 67-84.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775820973680
Tucker, J. and Anantharaman, M. (2020). Informal work and sustainable cities: from
formalization to reparation. One Earth, 3(3), 290-299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.012

Texto 3:
Racial capitalism is a concept that emerged in the context of anti-apartheid and
South African liberation struggles in the 1970s (Embrick & Williams, 2023). It was
developed by individuals aligned with the Black Consciousness Movement in South
Africa as a counter to liberal analysis that suggested apartheid could be reformed
through a reorientation of capitalism (Embrick & Williams, 2023). The term "racial
capitalism" was drawn from South African scholarship of the 1970s (Torkelson,
2020). Cedric , a prominent scholar, formulated the term to highlight how
racialization is constitutive of capitalism from its beginnings (Robinson, 2019).

According to the perspective of Black Marxism, capitalism has always been racial
capitalism (Cowley, 2022). It argues that racial capitalism explains the character
of capitalism's development in the United States and posits that there was an
original collaboration between capitalism and racial domination (Cowley, 2022).
This perspective challenges the notion that racial capitalism emerged at a specific
point in time and instead asserts that it has been inherent in the capitalist
system since its inception (Cowley, 2022).

Furthermore, historical analysis supports the idea that capitalism has tended to
differentiate and exaggerate regional, subcultural, and dialectical differences
into racial ones (Tucker & Anantharaman, 2020). This suggests that racialization
has been intertwined with capitalism throughout its history, reinforcing the notion
of racial capitalism as a foundational aspect of the system.

In summary, the concept of racial capitalism first emerged in the 1970s in the
context of the anti-apartheid and South African liberation struggles (Embrick &
Williams, 2023). It was developed as a critique of liberal analysis and to
highlight the constitutive role of racialization in capitalism (Embrick & Williams,
2023; Robinson, 2019). The perspective of Black Marxism argues that capitalism has
always been racial capitalism, challenging the idea that it emerged at a specific
point in time (Cowley, 2022). Historical analysis also supports the notion that
capitalism has tended to differentiate and exaggerate racial differences throughout
its history (Tucker & Anantharaman, 2020). Therefore, racial capitalism can be
understood as a foundational aspect of the capitalist system.

References:
Cowley, M. (2022). Critical race theory and black marxism: implications for higher
education. Educational Theory, 72(2), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12527
Embrick, D. and Williams, J. (2023). Alienation, racial capitalism, and the
racialization of palestinians. Critical Sociology, 49(6), 939-951.
https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205231172730
Robinson, B. (2019). Racialization and modern religion: sylvia wynter, black
feminist theory, and critical genealogies of religion. Critical Research on
Religion, 7(3), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303219848065
Torkelson, E. (2020). Sophia’s choice: debt, social welfare, and racial finance
capitalism. Environment and Planning D Society and Space, 39(1), 67-84.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775820973680
Tucker, J. and Anantharaman, M. (2020). Informal work and sustainable cities: from
formalization to reparation. One Earth, 3(3), 290-299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.012

Texto 4:
El capitalismo racial surgió por primera vez con la conquista de América en 1492
(Fernández, 2021). Este concepto se refiere a la intersección entre el capitalismo
y el racismo, y cómo ambos sistemas se entrelazan para perpetuar la desigualdad y
la opresión (Robinson, 2018). El capitalismo racial no es un fenómeno objetivo,
sino que está arraigado en la ideología de raza y ha sido fundamental en múltiples
procesos de colonialidad (Zaragocin & Jiménez, 2023). Se reconoce que el racismo
ambiental y el capitalismo racializado han contribuido a la desigualdad racial a lo
largo de la historia (Zaragocin & Jiménez, 2023). La interseccionalidad también
juega un papel importante en el capitalismo racial, ya que muestra cómo el racismo,
el capitalismo y otros sistemas de opresión se entrelazan para crear desigualdades
(Villalón & Evelin, n.d.).

References:
Fernández, J. (2021). Más allá del medievalismo y el arabismo: al-ándalus en
perspectiva poscolonial. Estudios De Asia Y África, 57(1), 61-94.
https://doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v57i1.2653
Robinson, C. (2018). Capitalismo racial: el carácter no objetivo del desarrollo
capitalista. Tabula Rasa. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n28.2
Villalón, D. and Evelin, C. \"para no estar tan aérea de lo que soy\": narrativas
de participación en un colectivo de mujeres migrantes..
https://doi.org/10.11606/d.100.2021.tde-18052021-221122
Zaragocin, S. and Jiménez, M. (2023). Celebrando los 250 años de nacimiento del
buen geógrafo alexander von humboldt. Acme, 22(1), 791-816.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1098036ar

Texto 5:
The concept of racial capitalism first emerged in history during the development of
global capitalism. According to (Robinson, 2018), racial capitalism refers to the
non-objective nature of capitalist development. It is a system that emerged with
the establishment of global control of labor, combining various mechanisms such as
wage labor and unpaid labor. This system of control was established during the
colonization of the Americas, where future Europeans associated non-European labor
with racial classifications (Oliveira, 2018). This association between race and
labor was a fundamental aspect of the development of racial capitalism.

The emergence of racial capitalism can be understood within the context of the
coloniality of power. According to (Oliveira, 2018), the coloniality of power
refers to the logic of the necropolitical system, which perpetuates violence and
control over colonized populations. The establishment of racial capitalism was a
result of the articulation of different mechanisms of labor control within the
global capitalist system (Oliveira, 2018). This system of control was not only
economic but also had profound social and political implications.

The manifestations of racial capitalism can be seen in various aspects of society,

including healthcare. For example, Merino et al. (2021) discuss how thrombosis, a
vascular condition, can present with cutaneous manifestations such as livedo
racemosa and livedo reticularis. These manifestations can be the first clinical
signs of thrombotic events, and it is important to recognize the racial disparities
in healthcare access and outcomes that can result from racial capitalism.

In summary, racial capitalism emerged with the establishment of global capitalism

and the colonization of the Americas. It is a system that combines various
mechanisms of labor control and is closely associated with racial classifications.
The concept of racial capitalism helps us understand the non-objective nature of
capitalist development and the social and political implications of this system. It
is important to recognize and address the racial disparities that result from
racial capitalism in various aspects of society, including healthcare.

References:
Merino, M., Diago, A., Fernandez-Flores, A., Fraga, J., Herrera, A., Garrido, M., …
& Benito, V. (2021). Dermatopatología de la oclusión intraluminal vascular: parte i
(trombos). Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, 112(1), 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2020.09.006
Oliveira, D. (2018). A violência estrutural na américa latina na lógica do sistema
da necropolítica e da colonialidade do poder. Revista Extraprensa, 11(2), 39-57.
https://doi.org/10.11606/extraprensa2018.145010
Robinson, C. (2018). Capitalismo racial: el carácter no objetivo del desarrollo
capitalista. Tabula Rasa. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n28.2

Texto 6:
The concept of racial capitalism emerged as a critical framework to understand the
intersection of race and capitalism. According to (Robinson, 2018), racial
capitalism refers to the historical and ongoing process in which racial hierarchies
and inequalities are intertwined with capitalist economic systems. This concept
challenges the notion that capitalism is a neutral economic system and highlights
how racialized exploitation and oppression are inherent to its functioning.

The origins of racial capitalism can be traced back to the development of

capitalism itself. Robinson (2018) argues that racial capitalism emerged with the
expansion of European colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade. The
exploitation of enslaved Africans and the dispossession of indigenous peoples were
central to the accumulation of wealth and the establishment of capitalist
economies. The racialization of labor and the creation of racial hierarchies were
essential for the functioning of these early capitalist systems.

Furthermore, Espinel et al. (2019) discuss the impact of racial capitalism on the
Roma community in Catalonia. They highlight how historical and ongoing
discrimination and marginalization have shaped the economic opportunities and
social conditions of the Roma population. This case study demonstrates how racial
capitalism operates at both macro and micro levels, perpetuating systemic
inequalities and exclusion.
In conclusion, the concept of racial capitalism emerged as a critical framework to
understand the intersection of race and capitalism. It originated with the
expansion of European colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade, where racial
hierarchies and exploitation were integral to the functioning of capitalist
economies. The impact of racial capitalism can be seen in various contexts,
including the marginalization of the Roma community in Catalonia. Understanding the
historical origins and ongoing manifestations of racial capitalism is crucial for
addressing systemic inequalities and working towards a more just and equitable
society.

References:
Espinel, T., Santiago, D., & Algar, M. (2019). Diseñando e implementado políticas
públicas con y para la comunidad gitana. el impacto social del plan integral del
pueblo gitano en catalunya. International Journal of Roma Studies, 1(1), 84.
https://doi.org/10.17583/ijrs.2019.3957
Robinson, C. (2018). Capitalismo racial: el carácter no objetivo del desarrollo
capitalista. Tabula Rasa. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n28.2

Texto 7:
O capitalismo racial surgiu no final da Idade Média, como fator de desagregação da
civilização indo-europeia, tanto em termos de mentalidade coletiva predominante
quanto de instituições sociais (Comparato, 2011). O desenvolvimento do capitalismo
é diretamente ligado ao racismo e à escravidão racial, pois sem a marginalização e
controle dos corpos dos sujeitos raciais, o capitalismo não teria se desenvolvido
da forma como ocorreu (Pessoa, 2022). No caso do Brasil, as características
arcaicas do país combinaram-se com os traços deletérios do modo de produção
capitalista, facilitando o desenvolvimento do capitalismo monopolista (Carretero,
2021). Além disso, em regiões como a Coreia do Sul, a herança cultural
confucionista, embora originalmente anticapitalista, acabou facilitando a difusão
do capitalismo global (Silva, 2016). O estudo aprofundado da fase monopolista de
desenvolvimento do capitalismo, incluindo a política colonial de pilhagem e a
preparação de guerras imperialistas de conquista, foi realizado por desde o início
da Primeira Guerra Mundial (Lenin, 2013).

References:
Carretero, G. (2021). Particularidades históricas e sociais do entrelaçamento entre
capitalismo, questão social e políticas públicas no brasil.. Revista Gestão &
Políticas Públicas, 11(1), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2237-1095.v11p81-97
Comparato, F. (2011). Capitalismo: civilização e poder. Estudos Avançados, 25(72),
251-276. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142011000200020
Lenin, V. (2013). Imperialismo: fase superior do capitalismo.. Germinal: Marxismo E
Educação Em Debate, 4(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v4i1.9412
Pessoa, G. (2022). A construção do negro enquanto um não-ser na modernidade: a
fábrica de sujeitos raciais e suas implicações para as engrenagens do capitalismo
no ontem e no hoje. Germinal Marxismo E Educação Em Debate, 14(2), 107-130.
https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v14i2.49502
Silva, R. (2016). Capitalismo, confucionismo e teoria weberiana: reflexões
empíricas sobre o caso sul-coreano. Tempo Social, 28(1), 179.
https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2016.107998

Texto 8:
O capitalismo racial surgiu historicamente no final da Idade Média, como fator de
desagregação da civilização indo-europeia (Comparato, 2011). Desde então, o
desenvolvimento do capitalismo tem sido fortemente influenciado pelo racismo e pela
escravidão racial (Pessoa, 2022). No caso do Brasil, as características arcaicas do
país combinaram-se com os traços do capitalismo, servindo ao desenvolvimento do
capital no período monopolista (Carretero, 2021). Além disso, em outros contextos,
como no caso sul-coreano, a herança cultural confucionista facilitou a difusão do
capitalismo global na região (Silva, 2016).

O capitalismo racial está intrinsecamente ligado à marginalização e ao controle dos

corpos dos sujeitos raciais. Sem essa marginalização e controle, o capitalismo não
teria se desenvolvido da forma como conhecemos (Pessoa, 2022). O racismo e a
exploração racial são fatores nodais para a luta de classes e para a manutenção do
sistema capitalista (Pessoa, 2022).

O surgimento do capitalismo racial também está relacionado ao imperialismo e à

política colonial de pilhagem. dedicou atenção especial ao desmascaramento da
política colonial como uma fase superior do capitalismo (Lenin, 2013).

Em resumo, o capitalismo racial surgiu no final da Idade Média e desde então tem
sido influenciado pelo racismo e pela exploração racial. A marginalização e o
controle dos corpos dos sujeitos raciais são elementos essenciais para o
desenvolvimento do capitalismo. Além disso, o capitalismo racial está
intrinsecamente ligado ao imperialismo e à política colonial de pilhagem. Esses
elementos são fundamentais para a compreensão do sistema capitalista e das
desigualdades raciais que persistem até os dias de hoje.

References:
Carretero, G. (2021). Particularidades históricas e sociais do entrelaçamento entre
capitalismo, questão social e políticas públicas no brasil.. Revista Gestão &
Políticas Públicas, 11(1), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2237-1095.v11p81-97
Comparato, F. (2011). Capitalismo: civilização e poder. Estudos Avançados, 25(72),
251-276. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142011000200020
Lenin, V. (2013). Imperialismo: fase superior do capitalismo.. Germinal: Marxismo E
Educação Em Debate, 4(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v4i1.9412
Pessoa, G. (2022). A construção do negro enquanto um não-ser na modernidade: a
fábrica de sujeitos raciais e suas implicações para as engrenagens do capitalismo
no ontem e no hoje. Germinal Marxismo E Educação Em Debate, 14(2), 107-130.
https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v14i2.49502
Silva, R. (2016). Capitalismo, confucionismo e teoria weberiana: reflexões
empíricas sobre o caso sul-coreano. Tempo Social, 28(1), 179.
https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2016.107998

Texto 9:
The emergence of racial capitalism can be traced back to the development of
capitalism itself. Capitalism, as a global economic system, has been considered a
factor of disintegration of the Indo-European civilization since its emergence in
the late Middle Ages (Comparato, 2011). The development of capitalism is closely
intertwined with the exploitation and subjugation of racialized bodies. Without the
exploitation and control of racial subjects, capitalism would not have developed as
it did (Pessoa, 2022). This highlights the interdependence between capitalism and
racism, with the development of capitalism being indebted to racial slavery
(Pessoa, 2022).

In the context of Brazil, the late-peripheral nature of the country did not hinder
the development of the detrimental traits of capitalism. Instead, these traits
combined with the persisting archaic legacies in the country (Carretero, 2021).
Similarly, in the case of South Korea, certain cultural characteristics that were
originally anti-capitalist and anti-accumulation ended up aiding the spread of
capitalism (Silva, 2016).

The concept of imperialism, as analyzed by , also sheds light on the relationship

between capitalism and colonialism. focused on exposing the colonial policy of
plunder, the struggle for the division of the world, and the preparation of
imperialist wars of conquest. He delved into the study of the monopolistic phase of
capitalism, which is characterized by the domination of finance capital and the
division of the world among imperialist powers (Lenin, 2013).

In summary, racial capitalism emerged alongside the development of capitalism

itself. The exploitation and control of racialized bodies played a significant role
in the development of capitalism. This interdependence between capitalism and
racism can be observed in various historical and geographical contexts, such as
Brazil and South Korea. Additionally, imperialism, as a phase of capitalism,
further illustrates the connection between capitalism and colonialism.

References:
Carretero, G. (2021). Particularidades históricas e sociais do entrelaçamento entre
capitalismo, questão social e políticas públicas no brasil.. Revista Gestão &
Políticas Públicas, 11(1), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2237-1095.v11p81-97
Comparato, F. (2011). Capitalismo: civilização e poder. Estudos Avançados, 25(72),
251-276. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142011000200020
Lenin, V. (2013). Imperialismo: fase superior do capitalismo.. Germinal: Marxismo E
Educação Em Debate, 4(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v4i1.9412
Pessoa, G. (2022). A construção do negro enquanto um não-ser na modernidade: a
fábrica de sujeitos raciais e suas implicações para as engrenagens do capitalismo
no ontem e no hoje. Germinal Marxismo E Educação Em Debate, 14(2), 107-130.
https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v14i2.49502
Silva, R. (2016). Capitalismo, confucionismo e teoria weberiana: reflexões
empíricas sobre o caso sul-coreano. Tempo Social, 28(1), 179.
https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2016.107998