Texto 1:

Racism developed alongside early capitalism through a mutually reinforcing

relationship. The competitive nature of capitalist accumulation led to the
production of a heightened sense of essentialized difference among the global
laboring class, which contributed to the construction of racism (Virdee, 2019).
Racism and capitalism became intertwined as capitalism pursued racial directions in
its development, organization, and expansion (Flores & Greenwood, 2023; Rochadi,
2021). This racial capitalism produced state-sponsored racism, where race was
structured in social and labor hierarchies in capitalist economies (Flores &
Greenwood, 2023). Racism also contributed to poverty, affecting minorities and
creating harmful social conditions that perpetuated racial inequities (Dabone et
al., 2021). The stress associated with racism negatively impacted individuals'
well-being, leading to psychological and physiological outcomes (Liang et al.,
2009). Furthermore, racism influenced the development of racial identities in young
children, as they observed and internalized racially-related roles in society
(Boutte et al., 2011). Overall, racism and capitalism were interconnected, with
capitalism reinforcing and perpetuating racial hierarchies and divisions.

References:
Boutte, G., López-Robertson, J., & Powers-Costello, E. (2011). Moving beyond
colorblindness in early childhood classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal,
39(5), 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-011-0457-x
Dabone, C., Mbagwu, I., Muray, M., Ubangha, L., Kohoun, B., Etowa, E., … & Etowa,
J. (2021). Global food insecurity and african, caribbean, and black (acb)
populations during the covid-19 pandemic: a rapid review. Journal of Racial and
Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(2), 420-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-00973-
1
Flores, Y. and Greenwood, H. (2023). The future of public health must be radical:
incorporating racial capitalism. Health Education & Behavior, 50(4), 473-476.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981231166572
Liang, C., Alvarez, A., Juang, L., & Liang, M. (2009). The role of coping in the
relationship between perceived racism and racism-related stress for asian
americans: gender differences.. Asian American Journal of Psychology, S(1), 56-69.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.56
Rochadi, S. (2021). Racialized capitalism and anti-chinese among indonesian
workers. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 261-275.
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/766
Virdee, S. (2019). Racialized capitalism: an account of its contested origins and
consolidation. The Sociological Review, 67(1), 3-27.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118820293

Texto 2:
Racism and capitalism have a complex and intertwined relationship that has
developed over time. While dominant historical narratives often locate the origins
of racism in European colonization, there is evidence to suggest that racism
predates capitalism and can be found in Europe (King, 2017). This challenges the
notion that racism is solely a product of capitalism and highlights its existence
in diverse economic systems, including colonization and slavery.

One way in which racism and capitalism intersect is through their impact on health
and well-being. Racism contributes to poverty and affects marginalized communities,
creating harmful social conditions that shape health inequities (Dabone et al.,
2021). The food insecurity experienced by African, Caribbean, and Black
populations, for example, is deeply linked to racism and its connection to
capitalism (Dabone et al., 2021). This demonstrates how racism and capitalism
mutually construct social and economic conditions that perpetuate inequality.

The development of capitalism in the English countryside is also associated with

the emergence of racism (King, 2017). Some scholars argue that racism appeared
alongside the development of capitalism, challenging the idea that racism is solely
a product of colonialism (King, 2017). This suggests that racism and capitalism
have coevolved and influenced each other throughout history.

The concept of racial capitalism has been used to analyze the relationship between
capitalism and racism. Anti-Apartheid activists in South Africa coined the term to
argue that capitalism reinforced racism in the country (Flores & Greenwood, 2023).
Cedric Robinson further developed this concept in his book "Black Marxism," showing
how race is structured in social and labor hierarchies in capitalist economies
(Flores & Greenwood, 2023). Racial capitalism highlights how capitalism has pursued
racial directions and shaped social ideologies (Flores & Greenwood, 2023).

The stress associated with racism also plays a role in the relationship between
racism and well-being. Perceived racism can lead to stress, which negatively
impacts an individual's psychological and physiological well-being (Liang et al.,
2009). Studies have shown a significant relationship between perceived
discrimination and psychological problems among marginalized communities (Liang et
al., 2009). This highlights how racism, as a social stressor, can have detrimental
effects on individuals.

In some contexts, racialized capitalism has been used to describe the specific form
of capitalism that has developed. For example, racialized capitalism has been
observed in Indonesia, where it describes the intersection of racism and capitalism
in the country's economic system (Rochadi, 2021). This concept recognizes how race
and capitalism intersect to shape the experiences of marginalized communities
within the capitalist framework.

In conclusion, racism and capitalism have developed alongside each other throughout
history. While racism predates capitalism, the two have influenced and shaped each
other over time. The relationship between racism and capitalism can be seen in
various contexts, including health inequities, the emergence of racism alongside
the development of capitalism, the concept of racial capitalism, and the impact of
racism-related stress on well-being. Understanding the development of racism
alongside early capitalism requires considering the complex and intertwined nature
of these two phenomena.

References:
Dabone, C., Mbagwu, I., Muray, M., Ubangha, L., Kohoun, B., Etowa, E., … & Etowa,
J. (2021). Global food insecurity and african, caribbean, and black (acb)
populations during the covid-19 pandemic: a rapid review. Journal of Racial and
Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(2), 420-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-00973-
1
Flores, Y. and Greenwood, H. (2023). The future of public health must be radical:
incorporating racial capitalism. Health Education & Behavior, 50(4), 473-476.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981231166572
King, S. (2017). Colonial criminology: a survey of what it means and why it is
important. Sociology Compass, 11(3), e12447. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12447
Liang, C., Alvarez, A., Juang, L., & Liang, M. (2009). The role of coping in the
relationship between perceived racism and racism-related stress for asian
americans: gender differences.. Asian American Journal of Psychology, S(1), 56-69.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.56
Rochadi, S. (2021). Racialized capitalism and anti-chinese among indonesian
workers. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 261-275.
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/766

Texto 3:
Racism developed alongside early capitalism through a complex interplay of
historical, social, and economic factors (Pulido, 2016). While dominant historical
narratives often locate the origins of racism in European colonization, recent
scholarship challenges this notion by tracing its roots back to Europe itself
(Pulido, 2016). The development of racism can be understood within the context of
colonialism, which involved the subjugation and exploitation of indigenous peoples
by European powers (King, 2017). This process of colonization was driven by
capitalist interests, as European nations sought to extract resources and establish
profitable trade routes (Virdee, 2019).

One key aspect of the development of racism alongside early capitalism is the
construction of racial hierarchies and the dehumanization of non-European peoples
(King, 2017). European colonizers justified their actions by portraying indigenous
peoples as inferior and in need of "civilization" (King, 2017). This racial
ideology served to legitimize the exploitation of colonized populations and the
extraction of wealth from their lands (Virdee, 2019). The emergence of racial
capitalism in South Africa during the era of apartheid exemplifies how capitalism
and racism intersected, with capitalism reinforcing and perpetuating racial
inequalities (Flores & Greenwood, 2023).

The economic system of early capitalism also played a role in the development of
racism. Capitalism is characterized by the pursuit of profit and the accumulation
of wealth, which often leads to the exploitation of marginalized groups (Rochadi,
2021). In the context of early capitalism, racialized labor systems emerged, such
as slavery and indentured servitude, which disproportionately affected non-European
populations (Rochadi, 2021). These systems of labor exploitation were justified
through racial ideologies that portrayed certain groups as inherently inferior and
suited for servitude (Pulido, 2016).

Furthermore, the economic competition inherent in capitalism can exacerbate racial

tensions (Virdee, 2019). As capitalist economies expanded, there was a need for
cheap labor, which led to the exploitation of racialized groups (Virdee, 2019). The
unequal distribution of wealth and resources under capitalism can also contribute
to racial disparities in access to education, healthcare, and other social goods,
further perpetuating systemic racism (Flores & Greenwood, 2023).

The development of racism alongside early capitalism was not solely driven by
economic factors. Social and cultural factors also played a significant role.
Racism was often reinforced and perpetuated through social institutions, such as
education and the media, which disseminated racial stereotypes and ideologies
(Pulido, 2016). These ideologies were internalized by individuals and shaped their
perceptions and interactions with people of different races (Liang et al., 2009).
The psychological impact of racism, including the experience of racism-related
stress, has been well-documented and can have detrimental effects on individuals'
well-being (Liang et al., 2009).

In conclusion, racism developed alongside early capitalism through a complex

interplay of historical, social, and economic factors (Pulido, 2016). The
exploitation of non-European populations during the era of colonialism, driven by
capitalist interests, contributed to the construction of racial hierarchies and the
dehumanization of marginalized groups (King, 2017). The economic system of
capitalism, with its pursuit of profit and accumulation of wealth, perpetuated
racial inequalities through systems of labor exploitation and unequal distribution
of resources (Rochadi, 2021). Social and cultural factors, such as the
dissemination of racial ideologies through education and the media, further
reinforced and perpetuated racism (Pulido, 2016). Understanding the development of
racism alongside early capitalism requires a comprehensive analysis of these
interconnected factors.

References:
Flores, Y. and Greenwood, H. (2023). The future of public health must be radical:
incorporating racial capitalism. Health Education & Behavior, 50(4), 473-476.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981231166572
King, S. (2017). Colonial criminology: a survey of what it means and why it is
important. Sociology Compass, 11(3), e12447. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12447
Liang, C., Alvarez, A., Juang, L., & Liang, M. (2009). The role of coping in the
relationship between perceived racism and racism-related stress for asian
americans: gender differences.. Asian American Journal of Psychology, S(1), 56-69.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.56
Pulido, L. (2016). Geographies of race and ethnicity ii. Progress in Human
Geography, 41(4), 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516646495
Rochadi, S. (2021). Racialized capitalism and anti-chinese among indonesian
workers. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 261-275.
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/766
Virdee, S. (2019). Racialized capitalism: an account of its contested origins and
consolidation. The Sociological Review, 67(1), 3-27.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118820293

Texto 4:
El racismo se desarrolló junto con el capitalismo temprano a medida que el sistema
económico se expandía y se consolidaba. Aunque inicialmente se creía que el
capitalismo eliminaría la desigualdad racial, investigaciones posteriores han
demostrado que el racismo es compatible con el capitalismo y que la desigualdad
racial tiende a persistir bajo este sistema (Louzano, 2013). El capitalismo, en su
búsqueda de desarrollo y crecimiento, avanza sobre los grupos más vulnerables y
marginados de la sociedad, lo que incluye a las personas de diferentes grupos
raciales (Crubelati et al., 2021). El racismo se entrelaza con otras formas de
opresión, como el patriarcado y la colonialidad, y se manifiesta en la exclusión y
la subalternización de las mujeres negras (Pereira et al., 2022). Además, el
racismo se ha utilizado como una herramienta de dominación en la colonización del
poder, perpetuando jerarquías sociales basadas en la raza (Coelho & Cunha, 2020).
En resumen, el racismo y el capitalismo temprano se desarrollaron conjuntamente, y
el racismo continúa siendo una forma de opresión arraigada en el sistema económico
y social actual.

References:
Coelho, L. and Cunha, I. (2020). Direito à cidade contra o desenvolvimento. Revista
Direito E Práxis, 11(1), 535-561. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8966/2020/48472
Crubelati, A., Nanaka, H., & Poquiviqui, A. (2021). Usina hidrelétrica de
castanheira juara mato grosso: planejamento e impactos socioambientais. Revista
Ibero-Americana De Ciências Ambientais, 12(12), 234-251.
https://doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.012.0024
Louzano, P. (2013). Fracasso escolar: evolução das oportunidades educacionais de
estudantes de diferentes grupos raciais. Cadernos Cenpec | Nova Série, 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.18676/cadernoscenpec.v3i1.205
Pereira, A., Allegretti, M., & Magalhães, L. (2022). “nós, mulheres quilombolas,
sabemos a dor uma da outra”: uma investigação sobre sororidade e ocupação. Cadernos
Brasileiros De Terapia Ocupacional, 30. https://doi.org/10.1590/2526-
8910.ctoao254033181

Texto 5:
El racismo se desarrolló junto con el capitalismo temprano como resultado de la
intersección de varios factores sociales, económicos y políticos. Según Grosfogel,
el proyecto moderno, que promovía el progreso a toda costa, también perpetuaba el
racismo y el capitalismo (Díaz, 2022). Además, Foucault argumenta que el racismo
está intrínsecamente ligado al desarrollo de la biopolítica y la gubernamentalidad
en el mundo moderno (Raffin, 2022). Estas categorías, según Foucault, son
fundamentales para comprender cómo se ejerce el poder y cómo se controla y regula
la vida de las personas.

Weber también señala que el ascetismo, que fomenta la acumulación de riqueza, es

una característica del desarrollo del capitalismo (Miyashiro, 2020). Esto coincide
con la idea de que el modo de producción capitalista aumentó el espíritu ascético,
según Erich Fromm (Miyashiro, 2020). El ascetismo y la ética protestante, según
Weber, proporcionaron una base moral para el desarrollo del capitalismo.

Es importante tener en cuenta que el racismo no solo se desarrolló en el contexto

del capitalismo temprano, sino que también se ha perpetuado y evolucionado a lo
largo del tiempo. La revista de investigación en geografía, Antipode, ha criticado
el capitalismo y el racismo como sustentos de las relaciones desiguales y opresivas
de poder (Santana, 2020). Esto demuestra que el racismo sigue siendo un problema en
la sociedad contemporánea y que está intrínsecamente relacionado con el sistema
económico y las estructuras de poder.

En resumen, el racismo se desarrolló junto con el capitalismo temprano debido a la

intersección de factores sociales, económicos y políticos. El proyecto moderno, la
biopolítica y la gubernamentalidad, el ascetismo y la ética protestante son algunos
de los elementos que contribuyeron a la aparición y perpetuación del racismo en el
contexto del capitalismo. Es importante reconocer que el racismo sigue siendo un
problema en la sociedad actual y que está estrechamente vinculado al sistema
económico y las estructuras de poder.

References:
Díaz, N. (2022). El sur distorsionado como un cambio paradigmático para el metal y
su estudio. Lenguas Radicales, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.56791/lr.v1i4.27
Miyashiro, M. (2020). Reseña del libro la ética protestante y el espíritu del
capitalismo. Espiral Revista De Geografías Y Ciencias Sociales, 2(3), 163-167.
https://doi.org/10.15381/espiral.v2i3.18190
Raffin, M. (2022). Racismo, biopolítica y gubernamentalidad. derivas de las
categorías foucaultianas. Praxis Filosófica Nueva Serie, (55), 51-68.
https://doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i55.12382
Santana, D. (2020). Reseña de antipode editorial collective (eds.). (2019).
keywords in radical geography: antipode at 50. hoboken: willey blackwell.. Tlalli
Revista De Investigación en Geografía, (3), 124-128.
https://doi.org/10.22201/ffyl.26832275e.2020.3.1290

Texto 6:
El racismo se desarrolló junto con el capitalismo temprano a medida que el sistema
económico capitalista comenzó a expandirse y consolidarse. Aunque inicialmente se
creía que el capitalismo eliminaría las desigualdades raciales, investigaciones
posteriores han demostrado que el racismo es compatible con el capitalismo y que la
desigualdad racial tiende a prosperar bajo este sistema (Louzano, 2013).

El sociólogo brasileño Hasenbalg (1991) y el antropólogo Munanga (1996) han

argumentado que el racismo no desaparece bajo el capitalismo, sino que persiste y
se fortalece. Estos investigadores han destacado la necesidad de políticas que
aborden la desigualdad racial y luchen contra ella (Louzano, 2013).

Además, el filósofo Michel Foucault ha desarrollado las categorías de biopolítica y

gubernamentalidad, que son fundamentales para comprender el racismo en el contexto
del desarrollo del capitalismo. Según Foucault, estas categorías configuran el
mundo moderno y son cruciales para analizar la cuestión del racismo (Raffin, 2022).

El sociólogo Max Weber también ha señalado el ascetismo como una característica

importante en el desarrollo del capitalismo. Weber argumenta que el ascetismo, en
particular el espíritu ascético protestante, fomenta el enriquecimiento empresarial
y contribuye al desarrollo del capitalismo (Miyashiro, 2020).

Además, se ha argumentado que el desarrollo del capitalismo ha llevado a la

emergencia de lo que se conoce como "capitalismo emocional". La socióloga Eva
Illouz ha explorado cómo las emociones desempeñan un papel en la construcción del
capitalismo y cómo la literatura de autoayuda se ha desarrollado en este contexto
(Medina-Vicent, 2020).

En resumen, el racismo se desarrolló junto con el capitalismo temprano a medida que

el sistema económico capitalista se expandía. Aunque inicialmente se creía que el
capitalismo eliminaría las desigualdades raciales, investigaciones posteriores han
demostrado que el racismo es compatible con el capitalismo y que la desigualdad
racial tiende a prosperar bajo este sistema. El análisis de Foucault sobre la
biopolítica y la gubernamentalidad, así como las ideas de Weber sobre el ascetismo
y el espíritu empresarial, proporcionan una comprensión más profunda de cómo se
desarrolló el racismo junto con el capitalismo temprano (Louzano, 2013; Raffin,
2022; Miyashiro, 2020; Medina-Vicent, 2020).

References:
Louzano, P. (2013). Fracasso escolar: evolução das oportunidades educacionais de
estudantes de diferentes grupos raciais. Cadernos Cenpec | Nova Série, 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.18676/cadernoscenpec.v3i1.205
Medina-Vicent, M. (2020). La difusión del lenguaje terapéutico a través de la
literatura gerencial y de autoayuda. Agora Papeles De Filosofía, 39(2), 33-58.
https://doi.org/10.15304/ag.39.2.5910
Miyashiro, M. (2020). Reseña del libro la ética protestante y el espíritu del
capitalismo. Espiral Revista De Geografías Y Ciencias Sociales, 2(3), 163-167.
https://doi.org/10.15381/espiral.v2i3.18190
Raffin, M. (2022). Racismo, biopolítica y gubernamentalidad. derivas de las
categorías foucaultianas. Praxis Filosófica Nueva Serie, (55), 51-68.
https://doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i55.12382

Texto 7:
Racism has developed alongside early capitalism through various interconnected
mechanisms. One key aspect is the exploitation and control of racialized bodies,
particularly through slavery and colonialism (Pessoa, 2022). The development of
capitalism is indebted to racism and racialized slavery, as these systems provided
the labor and resources necessary for capitalist accumulation (Pessoa, 2022).
Additionally, racism operates at multiple scales, including individual, market,
state, and international levels, shaping the allocation of goods, services, and
opportunities based on race (Gonçalves et al., 2021). The intersectionality of
racism, patriarchy, and capitalism further reinforces structural inequalities and
shapes the experiences of marginalized groups, such as quilombola women (Grossi et
al., 2019). It is important to recognize that racism is not solely a result of
individual attitudes, but also a systemic phenomenon embedded in institutions and
organizations, leading to unequal distribution of resources and opportunities
(López, 2012). Understanding racism as a historical and political phenomenon allows
for an analysis of the routine processes and practices that perpetuate racial
injustice (Araújo, 2019). Ultimately, the development of capitalism and the
persistence of racism are intertwined, with racism serving as a structural element
of oppression (Bersani, 2018).

References:
Araújo, M. (2019). À procura do “sujeito racista”: a segregação da população cigana
como caso paradigmático. Cadernos Do Lepaarq (Ufpel), 16(31), 147.
https://doi.org/10.15210/lepaarq.v16i31.14940
Bersani, H. (2018). Aportes teóricos e reflexões sobre o racismo estrutural no
brasil. Revista Extraprensa, 11(2), 175-196.
https://doi.org/10.11606/extraprensa2018.148025
Gonçalves, I., Orsini, A., Morais, J., & Meneghini, N. (2021). Racismo ambiental e
acesso à justiça pela via dos direitos uma reflexão sobre o desastre ambiental em
brumadinho e os desafios para a concretização da agenda 2030. J², 092-108.
https://doi.org/10.29073/j2.v4i2.342
Grossi, P., Oliveira, S., Almeida, E., & Ferreira, A. (2019). Mulheres quilombolas
e políticas públicas: uma análise sobre o racismo institucional. Diversidade E
Educação, 7(Especial), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.14295/de.v7iespecial.9522
López, L. (2012). O conceito de racismo institucional: aplicações no campo da
saúde. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 16(40), 121-134.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1414-32832012005000004
Pessoa, G. (2022). A construção do negro enquanto um não-ser na modernidade: a
fábrica de sujeitos raciais e suas implicações para as engrenagens do capitalismo
no ontem e no hoje. Germinal Marxismo E Educação Em Debate, 14(2), 107-130.
https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v14i2.49502

Texto 8:
Racism has developed alongside early capitalism through a complex interplay of
social, economic, and political factors. Several references shed light on this
relationship.

Reference Pessoa (2022) argues that the development of capitalism is indebted to

racism and racial slavery. The marginalization and control of racialized subjects
were essential for the functioning of capitalism. This perspective highlights the
intertwined nature of racism and capitalism, suggesting that the exploitation of
racialized bodies was a crucial factor in the development of early capitalism.

Reference Grossi et al. (2019) further emphasizes the interconnectedness of racism,

patriarchy, and capitalism. These systems of oppression are described as
inseparable, shaping the social experiences of marginalized groups. In the context
of the study on quilombola women, the violations of rights experienced by these
women and their families are seen as having a structural dimension, influenced by
the intertwined forces of racism, patriarchy, and capitalism.

Reference Gonçalves et al. (2021) adds another dimension to the understanding of

racism and capitalism, highlighting the systemic nature of racism in a capitalist
society. The author argues that certain categories of individuals benefit from the
racist capitalist logic, even if unintentionally. This multiscalar phenomenon of
racism operates at various levels, including the individual, market, and
institutional scales.

While the references provide valuable insights into the relationship between racism
and capitalism, it is important to note that they do not provide a comprehensive
analysis of the historical development of racism alongside early capitalism.
Further research and analysis would be necessary to fully understand the
complexities and nuances of this relationship.

References:
Gonçalves, I., Orsini, A., Morais, J., & Meneghini, N. (2021). Racismo ambiental e
acesso à justiça pela via dos direitos uma reflexão sobre o desastre ambiental em
brumadinho e os desafios para a concretização da agenda 2030. J², 092-108.
https://doi.org/10.29073/j2.v4i2.342
Grossi, P., Oliveira, S., Almeida, E., & Ferreira, A. (2019). Mulheres quilombolas
e políticas públicas: uma análise sobre o racismo institucional. Diversidade E
Educação, 7(Especial), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.14295/de.v7iespecial.9522
Pessoa, G. (2022). A construção do negro enquanto um não-ser na modernidade: a
fábrica de sujeitos raciais e suas implicações para as engrenagens do capitalismo
no ontem e no hoje. Germinal Marxismo E Educação Em Debate, 14(2), 107-130.
https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v14i2.49502

Texto 9:
The development of racism alongside early capitalism can be understood through the
lens of the construction of racial subjects and the dehumanization of the Black
population. According to (Pessoa, 2022), the development of capitalism was indebted
to racism and racial slavery. The marginalization and control of racial subjects
were essential for the functioning and reproduction of capitalism. This can be seen
in the historical context of colonialism and the emergence of the modern state,
where discriminatory ideologies and practices were reconfigured throughout the
development of capitalism (Almeida, 2014). The concept of the Black Diaspora as
genocide further highlights the dehumanization of the Black population as a tacit
principle of capitalism (Almeida, 2014).

The effects of racism on individuals and society are also significant. Tavares &
Kuratani (2019) emphasize that many Brazilian Black individuals are not even aware
of the structural racism or chronic stress they are subjected to. This lack of
awareness perpetuates the cycle of racism and its impact on the lives of Black
individuals. The psychological and social effects of this type of racism contribute
to the perpetuation of racial inequalities and the entrenchment of racism within
capitalist systems.

In summary, the development of racism alongside early capitalism can be attributed

to the marginalization and control of racial subjects, which were necessary for the
functioning and reproduction of capitalism. The dehumanization of the Black
population and the perpetuation of racial inequalities have been deeply intertwined
with the development of capitalism. This historical context of racism and
capitalism has shaped social structures and continues to impact individuals and
society today.

References:
Almeida, M. (2014). Desumanização da população negra: genocídio como princípio
tácito do capitalismo. Revista Em Pauta, 12(34).
https://doi.org/10.12957/rep.2014.15086
Pessoa, G. (2022). A construção do negro enquanto um não-ser na modernidade: a
fábrica de sujeitos raciais e suas implicações para as engrenagens do capitalismo
no ontem e no hoje. Germinal Marxismo E Educação Em Debate, 14(2), 107-130.
https://doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v14i2.49502
Tavares, J. and Kuratani, S. (2019). Manejo clínico das repercussões do racismo
entre mulheres que se “tornaram negras”. Psicologia Ciência E Profissão, 39.
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