Force and Motion

Horizontal and Vertical Motion

One and Two Dimensional Motion

Impulse and Momentum

PRETEST
For questions 1-5, consider the given A. 0 m/s
situation. B. 0 m/s
Maria throws a ball straight up with an C. 9.8 m/s2
initial velocity of 10 m/s. D. - 9.8 m/ s2
1. What is its velocity at the highest point? E. 10 m/s2
2. What is its velocity when it returned to the F. -10 m/s2
elevation from where it was thrown? G. cannot be
determined
3. What is its acceleration at the highest
point?
4. What is its acceleration just before it hits
the ground?
5. After 1 second what is the acceleration of
the ball? 4
PRE TEST

6. The initial velocity of

Manuel playing “luksong
tinik” has horizontal and
vertical components that
are equal in magnitude.
What angle does his
velocity make with the
horizontal?
A. 30° C. 60°
B. 45° D. 90°
5
PRE TEST

7. A sepak takraw that is

kicked from a height of
two meters follows a path
that is____________.
A. circular
B. linear
C. hyperbolic
D. parabolic

6
PRE TEST

8. A goalie made three

soccer punts at 700, 500,
and 300 with varying
speeds – all reaching the
same maximum heights.
Which statement is
correct?
A. All punts have the same hang time
B. The punt at 700 has the longest hang time
C. The punt at 500 has the longest hang time
7
D. The punt at 300 has the longest hang time
PRE TEST

9. A volleyball is served
at a speed of 8.0 m/s at
an angle 35° above the
horizontal. What is the
speed of the ball when
received by the opponent
at the same height?
A. 4.0 m/s
B. 8.0 m/s
C. 9.8 m/s
8
D. 16.0 m/s
PRE TEST

10. A Batang Pinoy

athlete from your school
throws a javelin, always at
the same speed, at four
different angles (30°,
40°, 60°, and 80°) above
the horizontal. Which two
throws cause the javelin to
land the same distance A. 30° and 80° C. 30° and 60°
away? B. 40° and 80° D. 40° and 60°
9
PRE TEST
For questions 11 and 12, refer to the table below:
VEHICLE MASS (kg) VELOCITY (m/s)
Jeepney 2000 10

Motorcycle 300 20

11. In the table above, what is the momentum of the jeepney?

A. 6,000 kg.m/s c. 20,000kg.m/s
B. 40,000 kg.m/s d. 3,000 kg.m/s
10
PRE TEST
For questions 11 and 12, refer to the table below:
VEHICLE MASS (kg) VELOCITY (m/s)
Jeepney 2000 10

Motorcycle 300 20

12. Which has greater momentum, the jeepney or the

motorcycle?
a. jeepney c. both have the same momentum
b. Motorcycle d. cannot be determined
11
PRE TEST

13. Two identical cars are

travelling along EDSA.
Which of the two cars
would have a greater
momentum?
A. the slower car
B. the faster car
C. both have the same momentum
D. cannot be easily determined
12
PRE TEST

15. A 25-kg boy is riding

a 5-kg bike with a
velocity of 5 m/s the East.
What is the total
momentum of a boy and a
bike together?
A. 100 kg m/s
B. 125 kg m/s
C. 150 kg m/s
D. 200 m/s
13
PRE TEST

16. Which of the

following is a
necessary condition for
the total momentum of
a system to be
conserved?
A. Kinetic energy must not change.
B. No net external force acts on the system.
C. The system must be at rest.
14
D. Only the force of gravity acts on the system.
PRE TEST

17. Two 0.5 kg balls

approach each other
with the same speed of
1.0 m/s. What is the
total momentum of the
system before collision?

A. 0 C. 1.0 kg m/s
B. 0.50 kg m/s D. -1.0 kg m/s
15
PRE TEST

18. Two 0.5 kg balls

approach each other
with the same speed of
1.0 m/s. If there is no
external force acting on
the system, what the
total momentum of the
system after collision?
A. 0 C. 1.0 kg m/s
B. 0.50 kg m/s D. -1.0 kg m/s
16
PRE TEST

19. Two billiard balls

approach each other
with the same speed. If
they collide in a
perfectly elastic collision,
what would be their
velocities after collision?
A. Zero
B. Same in magnitude and direction
C. Same in magnitude but opposite in direction
17
D. Different in magnitude and opposite in direction
PRE TEST

20. A 50 kg astronaut
ejects 100 g of gas from
his propulsion pistol at a
velocity of 50 m/s.
What is his resulting
velocity?
A. -0.10 m/s
B. -0.50 m/s
C. 0 m/s
18
D. -100 m/s
VOCABULARY WORDS

1 2
Motion is a movement Point of Reference is a
of an object from one stationary point of an
place to another place object before it move.
by the influence of
force.

20
Point of Reference
VOCABULARY WORDS

3 4
Speed refers to how Velocity refers to how
fast the object is fast the object is
moving. moving with respect to
the direction.
60 60
km/h
km/h East

22
VOCABULARY WORDS

5 6
Acceleration is the At rest is a state
rate at which the where the objects
speed of a moving possess no motion at
object changes over all; the velocity is
time equals to 0 m/s.

23
VOCABULARY WORDS

7 8
Initial velocity means Final velocity means
first velocity last velocity (take-off
speed)

0s 1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s
0m/s 2m/s 4m/s 6m/s 8m/s 10m/s
24
LESSONS

Related Activities Quiz

Literatures

25
Related
Literatures

Table of Variables in Variables Description Symbol Units

Determining Motion How far the object Meters (m)
Distance move from one d Kilometers (km)
place to another Miles (mi)
How fast the
60 Speed/ object move from
meters/second (m/s)
s/v kilometers/hour (km/h)
km/h Velocity one place to
miles/hour (mi/h)
another
Period that tells
seconds (s)
Time how much it takes t
hours (h)
to cause motion
The rate at which
the speed of a Meters/second/second
Acceleration a
moving object (m/s/s or m/s2)
changes over time

26
Related
Literatures

Table of Formula in Variables Formula

Determining Motion
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Speed/ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Velocity 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
60 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
km/h
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Acceleration 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

27
 Related Variables Formula
Literatures 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Speed/ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Velocity 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Examples Acceleration 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

1. Lydia de Vega is a world known Filipino track and field athlete. She
can run the 100-meter dash in about 11 seconds. What is her average
speed?
2. What distance would be covered by a moving vehicle in 60 seconds
if its speed is 5 m/s?
3. How long will Eli takes to travel 50 meters if his speed is 2 m/s?
4. A rollercoaster car rapidly picks up speed as it rolls down a slope. As
it starts down the slope, its speed is 4m/s. but 8 seconds later, at the
bottom of the slope, its speed is 22m/s. what is its average
acceleration? 28
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
If a body maintains a constant change in its velocity in a given time
interval along a straight line, then the body is said to have a uniform
acceleration.
0s 1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s
0m/s 2m/s 4m/s 6m/s 8m/s 10m/s
Consider an airplane on a runway preparing for takeoff. Positions taken
at equal time intervals are indicated in the figure below.

A B C D
29
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Consider an airplane on a runway preparing for takeoff. Positions taken
at equal time intervals are indicated in the figure below.
What do you think should be the motion of an airplane preparing for takeoff?
How will you describe the speed of the plane from rest until it takes off?

0 sec 1 sec 2 sec 3 sec

30
Activities
ACTIVITY 1 ROLL, ROLL, AND AWAY! Activities

Objectives:
In this activity, you should be able to record the time for the tin can to
travel a given distance, calculate the acceleration of the can rolling
down an inclined plane, given a distance vs. time and distance vs.
time2 graph of its motion, and describe the motion of an object given
a distance vs. time or a distance vs. time2 graph.
Materials:
Board/plank (at least 200 cm long)
Timing device (stopwatch)
Tin can
Stack of books
Protractor 32
ACTIVITY 1 ROLL, ROLL, AND AWAY! Activities

Procedures:
1. Set up an inclined plane by putting one end of the plane on top of a stack of
books. Mark the plane for every 40 cm and label these as 40 cm, 80 cm, 120
cm, and so on, starting from the lowest end.
2. Measure the base and the height and calculate the angle of inclination. Use
the formula, Ɵ = tan-1(height / base)
3. Roll the tin can from each labeled point starting with the 40 cm mark. Start
the timer as the tin can is released, and stop the timer when the tin can reaches
the bottom of the inclined plane.
4. Ask your partner to record the time (t) taken by the tin can to travel each
distance (d) down the plane. Perform three trials from each mark. Use the table
below for your data.
5. Graph d vs. t and then d vs. t2. 33
ACTIVITY 1 ROLL, ROLL, AND AWAY! Activities
Distance Time, t (s) time2
Guide Questions: (cm)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Ave (s2)

Q1. How will you describe the graphs of: 40

a. distance vs. time? 80

120
b. distance vs. time2? 160
Q2. What is the relationship between 200
distance and time of travel of the rolling
can?
Q3. What is the slope of d – t2 graph?
What quantity does the slope of d – t2
graph represent? (Refer to the unit of the
slope)
Q4. What do the graphs of distance vs. time
34
and distance vs. time2 suggest?
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
From the activity, you related distance and time. In
computing the slope, you divided distance by time which is
actually the speed of the can. You will now relate these
quantities in the derivation of formula to solve problems
relating to uniformly accelerated motion.
You have learned about displacements, velocities and
acceleration when you were in Grades 7 and 8. Now you will
use those basic equations to derive formulae used in Uniformly
Accelerated Motion (UAM). Using the following equations on
velocity, average velocity, and acceleration, you can derive
other equations.
35
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

Where:
v = velocity vf = final velocity
d = distance/displacement vi = initial velocity
t = time a = acceleration

36
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

d
____
v =
t
To find out how distance changes with time when an object is uniformly
accelerated, rearrange the formula of velocity to arrive new formula 37
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

d = v t
Since the velocity of the object changes when it is uniformly accelerating, we
will use the average velocity to determine distance by substituting velocity by
average velocity to get new formula
38
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

𝑣𝑓+𝑣𝑖
d = ( ) t
2
Rearrange the formula of acceleration to arrive at vf = vi+ (a)(t) and
substituting the vf in the equation above to get new formula
39
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

(𝑣𝑖+ 𝑎 (𝑡)+𝑣𝑖
d =( )t
2
Combining vi, you will get new formula

40
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

(2𝑣𝑖+ 𝑎 (𝑡)
d =( 2
)t
Distributing time will give you new formula

41
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

(2𝑣𝑖) (𝑡)+ 𝑎 (𝑡 2 )
d =( 2
)
Simplifying further will provide you new formula

42
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡
2
𝑎 (𝑡 )
d = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 +
2
Or this one

43
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 )

This shows that distance of the moving object is directly proportional to the
square of time. This confirms that for equal interval of time, distance
increases quadratically. 44
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

d = v t
To find out how final velocity depends on the distance, substitute velocity and
time from the formula of average velocity and acceleration to the formula
d=(v)(t) and you will get new formula
45
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

𝑣𝑓+𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
d = ( 2 )( 𝑎 )
Recall from your algebra class that (a+b) (a-b) = a2 – b2 to get new formula

46
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

𝑣𝑓2 +𝑣𝑖 2
d =( )
2𝑎
Simplifying, you will get new formula

47
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

2 2
2(a)(d) = (𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
Rearranging, you will get new formula

48
Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Derivation of Formulae

Velocity Average Velocity Acceleration

𝑑 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑎=
𝑡 2 𝑡

2 2
(𝑣𝑓) = 𝑣𝑖 + 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

49
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
One Dimensional Motion Formula (The Big Three)

First Second Third

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Where:
v = velocity vf = final velocity
d = distance/displacement vi = initial velocity
t = time a = acceleration

50
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
If a body maintains a constant change in its velocity in a given time
interval along a straight line, then the body is said to have a uniform
acceleration.
0s 1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s
0m/s 2m/s 4m/s 6m/s 8m/s 10m/s
Consider an airplane on a runway preparing for takeoff. Positions taken
at equal time intervals are indicated in the figure below.

A B C D
51
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Consider an airplane on a runway preparing for takeoff. Positions taken
at equal time intervals are indicated in the figure below.
What do you think should be the motion of an airplane preparing for takeoff?
How will you describe the speed of the plane from rest until it takes off?

0 sec 1 sec 2 sec 3 sec

52
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Example (Horizontal Dimension)

An airplane accelerates from rest on a runway at 5.50 m/s2 for 20.25 s
until it finally takes off the ground. What is the distance covered before
takeoff?
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:
53
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Example (Horizontal Dimension)

From rest, a jeepney accelerates uniformly over a time of 3.25 seconds
and covers a distance of 15 m. Determine the acceleration of the
jeepney.
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:
54
 Activities

Pointing System:
Identifying the Given and Required 2 points
Determining formula 2 points
Substituting given in the formula 2 points
Solution 2 points
Final Answer 2 points
TOTAL 10 POINTS
Activities

5 Minutes
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Big Group Sharing (Horizontal Dimension)

A plane has a takeoff speed of 88.3 m/s and requires 1365 meters to
reach that speed. Determine the acceleration of the plane and the time
required reach this speed.
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:
57
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Seatwork (Horizontal Dimension)

A train accelerates to a speed of 20 m/s over a distance of 150 m.
Determine the acceleration (assume uniform) of the train.
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:

58
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Seatwork (Horizontal Dimension

A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s in 2.47
seconds. Determine the acceleration and the distance travelled.
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:

59
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Seatwork (Horizontal Dimension)

A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a
distance of 35.4 meters. Determine the acceleration of the bike.
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:

60
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
One Dimensional Motion Formula (The Big Three)

First Second Third

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Vertical Dimension
You learned in Grade 8 that the pull of gravity acts on all objects. So on Earth, when
you throw something up, it will go down. Things thrown upward always fall at a
constant acceleration which has a magnitude of 9.8 m/s2. This means that the
velocity of an object in free fall changes by 9.8 m/s every second of fall.

61
Activities
ACTIVITY 2 DROP ME! Activities

Objectives:
In this activity, you should be able to record the time for the
ball to reach the ground and calculate the height of a
building.
Materials:
Stopwatch
Ball

63
ACTIVITY 2 DROP ME! Activities

1. Look for a tall building in your school. Drop the tennis ball from the
tall building.
2. Using the stopwatch, ask your classmate to record the time it takes
the ball to reach the ground. Record your data.
3. Calculate the height covered by the ball using the formula
d=½ (a)(t2)
(since vi = 0)
TRIAL TIME, t (s) HEIGHT, h (m)
1
2
3
AVERAGE 64
ACTIVITY 2 DROP ME! Activities

4. Using the data from the table, calculate the final velocity of the
ball using the formula vf = (a)(t) since vi = 0. Try also calculating final
velocity using the formula vf = √2(a) (d) and compare your answers.
5. Using a very long string, get the actual height of the building.

65
ACTIVITY 2 DROP ME! Activities

Guide Questions:
Q1. What is the velocity of the ball just before it hits the
ground?
Q2. How will you compare the actual height of the building
from the result of the experiment?
Q3. What is the percentage error?

66
Activities
ACTIVITY 3 YOU RAISE ME UP! Activities

Objectives:
In this activity, you should be able to Determine the initial
velocity of a ball thrown upward; record the time for the ball
to reach the ground; record the time for ball to reach its
maximum height; and calculate the maximum height reached
by the ball thrown vertically upward.
Materials:
Stopwatch
Ball
68
ACTIVITY 3 YOU RAISE ME UP! Activities

1. Throw the ball vertically upward in the air as hard as you

can in an open space.
2. Using your stopwatch, ask your classmate to record the
total time the ball remains in the air. Get the time from point
of release of the ball until it reaches its maximum height by
the dividing the total time into two. Record your data.
TRIAL TOTAL TIME (s) TIME (s)
1
2
3
AVERAGE

69
ACTIVITY 3 YOU RAISE ME UP! Activities

3. Calculate the initial velocity of the ball using the formula

vi =vf + (a)(t)
Use -9.8m/s2 for a.
4. Solve for the maximum height reached by the ball using
d = (vi)(t) + ½ (a)(t)2
Use -9.8m/s2 for a.
TRIAL VELOCITY (m/s) HEIGHT (m)
1
2
3
AVERAGE 70
ACTIVITY 3 YOU RAISE ME UP! Activities

Guide Questions:
Q1. What do you think happens to the speed of the ball as it
reaches its maximum height?
Q2. What will happen to the ball’s velocity as it falls farther
below the point of release?

71
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Seatwork (Vertical Dimension)

Zed is playing with a ball on top of a building but the ball fell and hit the
ground after 2.6 seconds, what is the final velocity of the ball just
before it hits the ground and how high is the building?
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:
72
 Activities

𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) (𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2

+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑)

Seatwork (Vertical Dimension)

The acceleration of gravity on the moon is 1.62 m/s2. If a ball is
dropped on the moon from a height of 1.50 m. Determine the time for
the ball to fall to the surface of the moon.
Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer:
73
 Quiz

𝒅 = (𝒗𝒊)(𝒕) + 𝟏ൗ𝟐 (𝒂) (𝒕𝟐 ) (𝒗𝒇)𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐

𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + (𝒂)(𝒕) + 𝟐 𝒂 (𝒅)

Directions: Solve the following one dimensional motion problems.

1. Ivan threw a ball upward with an initial velocity of 30 m/s and was
able to catch before it reach the ground. What was its velocity after
1 second and the height during the flight?
2. A commercial jet was about to flight with a speed of 267 m/s,
accelerating down the runway covering 1335 meters. What is the
acceleration of the jet? How long did it take before takeoff?
3. A bee in a flight initially accelerating at a rate of 5.2 m/s2. How far
did the bee covered during the flight after 7 seconds? What will be
its final velocity?
74
LESSONS

Related Activities Quiz

Literatures

75
 Related
Literatures

Many problems in mechanics can

The Big Three Equations be simplified to the special case
𝑑 = (𝑣𝑖)(𝑡) + 1ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 2 ) of uniform motion in one
dimension with constant
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑎)(𝑡) acceleration. In this type of
problem, the objects involved are
(𝑣𝑓)2 = 𝑣𝑖 2
+ 2 𝑎 (𝑑) moving in a straight line
(horizontal or vertical) whose
acceleration does not change
over time.

76
 Related
Literatures Many neighborhood games you play and
sporting events you join and/or officiate in
MAPEH classes involve flying objects or
Two-Dimensional Motion balls. Have you noticed the curved paths
A type of motion they make in mid-air? This curve is what
naturally happens when an object, called
which has both a projectile, moves in two dimensions –
horizontal and having both horizontal and vertical motion
vertical motion. components, acted by gravity only. In
physics this is called projectile motion.
Not only balls fly when in projectile
motion. Have you noticed that in many
sports and games, players come “flying”
too? Understanding motion in two-
dimensions will help you apply the
physics of sports and enhance game
events experiences. 77
 Related
Literatures Elements of
Projectile Motion
Variables Description Symbol Units

The speed of the projectile that is launching at an

Initial Velocity vi m/s
initial angle, Ө
The speed of the projectile that returns back to
Final Velocity vf m/s
earth or target
The entire duration while the projectile is in its
Time of flight t seconds (s)
trajectory
The maximum horizontal distance traveled by the
Range dx meters (m)
projectile

The maximum vertical displacement traveled by

Maximum height dy meters (m)
the projectile in its trajectory 78
Activities
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Objectives:
In this activity, you should be able to capture a full
trajectory of projectile motion on an inclined surface
and investigate the relationships between the projection
angle, the height, the range, and the time of travel of a
projectile.

80
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Materials:
Projectiles : marble or jackstone, soda/water plastic bottle cap, powder (e.g. face
powder or flour on low container)
Projectile launcher : retractable pen preferably HBW Matrix pen, sticky tape, pair of
scissors, and 2 popsicle sticks
Inclined surface : 1/8 illustration board (10” x 15”) on cookie baking sheet or cookie
baking sheet (13” x 17”) alone, 4 books (~1” thick) for 200 incline and weight support
Table top
Protractor
Pencil
Tissue paper
Ruler or tape measure
81
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Tracing the Trajectory

1. Tape the popsicle sticks together. Using tape, attach these firmly to
one side of the retractable pen to serve as the launching pad. Push
the top end and position the object to launch (marble or bottle cap).

82
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Tracing the Trajectory

2. Using a protractor and pencil, mark
the bottom left of the illustration board
or cookie baking sheet with selected
angles at 15 or 20 degree intervals.
Tape the illustration board at the top
right of the cookie sheet. On the board
select and draw fix origins at points A
and B. The left and bottom ends of the
board or cookie baking sheet may serve
as the y-axis and x-axis respectively.
83
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Tracing the Trajectory

3. To complete the set-up, elevate one end of the board or cookie
sheet using books with an angle of inclination of about 20°. Use
another book to hold the inclined surface in place

84
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Tracing the Trajectory

4. Push the top end of the modified retractable pen and firmly hold it
horizontally at point A. Then carefully place the powder coated
marble on its launching pad. Launch the marble by pushing the clip of
the modified retractable pen.

85
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Tracing the Trajectory

5. Trace the powder-marked trajectory with a pencil. Dust off the
powder. Label this path as ‘horizontally-launched’ for later analysis.

86
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Tracing the Trajectory

6. At point B, repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 but this time carefully launching
the marble at selected angles (e.g. 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75°) and
marking the pencil-traced trajectories as ‘launched at __ angle.’

87
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

GUIDE QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe the trajectory for horizontally fired projectiles along an incline. Sketch the
trajectory.
Q2. Describe the shape of the trajectory for projectiles fired at angles along an incline.
Sketch the trajectory.
Q3. Compare the locations of the trajectory peaks in terms of maximum height, hmax
reached.
Q4. Compare the horizontal distances, x (range) reached when they return to the
elevation from which they were projected.
Q5. Among the trajectories of projectiles fired at different angles, for the same launching
velocity, which covered the greatest range (horizontal distance in the x-axis)?
Q6. Among the trajectories of projectiles fired at different angles, for the same launching
speed, which recorded the highest peak?
88
Q7. Which pairs of trajectories have ranges that are almost equal?
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Launching Bottle Caps Horizontally

1. Use the modified retractable pen to launch a bottle cap
horizontally five to ten times from heights, h of 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m,
and 2.0 m.

89
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Launching Bottle Caps Horizontally

2. Note the place on the floor where the plastic bottle cap lands.
Measure and record the projectile’s horizontal distance from this spot
up to the point on the floor that is exactly below the release location
of the bottle cap. Record as range.

90
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Launching Bottle Caps Horizontally

HEIGHT RANGE, dx (m) AVERAGE
RANGE
OF FALL, TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4 TRIAL 5
dY (m)
0.00 m
-0.50 m
-1.00 m
-1.50 m
-2.00 m
Q1. At which height of fall is the average range the longest?
Shortest? 91
ACTIVITY 4 CURVE ME ON AN INCLINE Activities

Launching Bottle Caps Horizontally

HEIGHT OF FALL, AVERAGE CALCULATED SQUARE OF
dY (m) RANGE, dx (m) TIME OF FALL, TIME OF FALL,
t, (s) t2 (s2)
0.00 m
-0.50 m
-1.00 m
-1.50 m
-2.00 m
Q2. At which height of fall is the calculated time of fall the longest?
Shortest? 92
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
A projectile like the bottle cap moves freely through the air with
a constant horizontal velocity (vx) and accelerates vertically the
same as that of a freely falling object. The horizontal and
vertical positions of the horizontally projected bottle cap can be
described by the equations
2
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑣𝑖𝑥)(𝑡)
1 2
𝑑𝑦 = ൗ2 (𝑎) (𝑡 )
Where:
dx – horizontal distance (range) vix – initial velocity
dy – vertical distance (height) t – time
a – acceleration 93
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
In Activity 4, the concept check on horizontal uniform velocity motion and
vertical uniform acceleration motion in one dimension should serve as
reminder that all projectiles regardless of its path will always follow these
principles:
1. Projectiles always maintain a constant horizontal velocity (neglecting air
resistance).
2. Projectiles always experience a constant acceleration along the axis
where the constant net force is directed. There is a constant vertical
acceleration of 9.8 m/s2, downward (neglecting air resistance) for projectiles
on air. For projectiles on inclined surfaces, the constant “vertical”
acceleration will be smaller than 9.8 m/s2 down the tilt which is equal to
𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽.
3. The horizontal and “vertical” motions are completely independent of each
other. Therefore, horizontal and vertical motion can be treated separately. 94
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Recall that vectors are quantities with magnitude and direction. And any
vector can be represented by a vector arrow, the length of which
corresponds to the magnitude, while the arrow point in the direction of the
vector quantity. For a horizontally projected object, the displacement and
velocity vector has both magnitude and direction that you can separate into
Horizontal Components Vertical Components
ax = 0 m/s2 ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2
vx = constant viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽)
vfx = vix t = viy / a
vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽) t =
𝟐𝒅𝒚

dx = (vix) (t) 𝒂

vfy = viy + (a)(t)

dy = (viy)(t) – ½ (a)(t)2
vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy) 95
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Consider the following conditions:
Throughout the 1. Neglect the effect of air resistance on the body
Flight 2. Separate the distance and velocity to its x and y components
Along the 1. The x component of the velocity is always constant throughout
Horizontal the range
2. The horizontal distance (x) follows a linear motion
Along the 1. The y component behaves as free-fall, and thus, only affected
Vertical by the acceleration due to gravity.
2. Since our initial velocity is usually in upward direction, from 0 to
less than 90° with respect to the horizontal, then our convention
is upward positive, downward negative. So throughout this
topic, our acceleration is negative.
3. Before reaching the maximum height, acceleration acts against
the velocity, slowing it down until it reaches zero.
4. After reaching the maximum height, acceleration is in the same
direction as the velocity, speeding it up. 96
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Consider the following conditions:
When the 1. The x component of the velocity is always constant
Vertical 2. The y component of the velocity is zero
Distance is at 3. The acceleration is still the same and not zero
its Maximum

97
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
Recall that vectors are quantities with magnitude and direction. The
horizontal and vertical components of the projectiles are used to identify the
magnitude and direction of the velocity of the projectile.
Vertical Components Horizontal Components And for the magnitude of
velocity
ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2 𝟐 𝟐
v = constant v=√(𝒗𝒊 𝒙 ) + (𝒗𝒊 𝒚 )
viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) x
vfx = vix And for the direction of
t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽) velocity
𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t) 𝒗𝒊𝒚
t = 𝒂 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
𝒗𝒊𝒙
vfy = viy + (a)(t)
dy = (viy)(t) + ½ (a)(t)2
vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy)
98
vi = (a)(t)
 Activities
UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
You can also adopt the BIG THREE equations to solve projectile motion
problems by separating horizontal and vertical components.

Horizontal Components Vertical Components And for the magnitude of

velocity
ax = 0 m/s2 ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2
v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
vx = constant viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽)
vfx = vix t = viy / a And for the direction of
vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽) 𝟐𝒅𝒚 velocity
t = 𝒗𝒇𝒚
dx = (vix) (t) 𝒂
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
vfy = viy + (a)(t) 𝒗𝒇𝒙
dy = (viy)(t) + ½ (a)(t)2
vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy)
𝒅 = (𝒗𝒊)(𝒕) + 𝟏ൗ𝟐 (𝒂) (𝒕𝟐 ) (𝒗𝒇)𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + (𝒂)(𝒕) + 𝟐 𝒂 (𝒅) 99
 Activities
Vertical Components Horizontal Components

Example (Projectile Motion) ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2

viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) vx = constant
In the last 5 seconds of the vfx = vix
basketball championship match t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽)
between Lakers and Cavaliers, 𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t)
the scores were tied at 80. Lebron t = 𝒂
James shoots from a distance of
7.5 meters away from the basket vfy = viy + (a)(t) And for the magnitude of
from a height of 2.5 meters at a dy = (viy)(t) + ½ (a)(t)2 velocity
velocity of 15 m/s at 40º with the v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
horizontal. Does he miss or shoot
vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy)
into the basket? The basket is viy = (a)(t) And for the direction of
3.05 meters above the floor. velocity
Given: −𝟏
𝒗𝒊𝒚
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
Required: 𝒗𝒊𝒙
Formula:
Solution:
100
 Activities
Vertical Components Horizontal Components

Example (Projectile Motion) ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2

viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) vx = constant
A rock is thrown horizontally from vfx = vix
the top of a cliff 88 meters high, t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽)
with a horizontal speed of 25 m/s. 𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t)
For what interval of time is the t = 𝒂
rock in the air? How far from the
base of the cliff does the rock vfy = viy + (a)(t) And for the magnitude of
land? What is the magnitude and dy = (viy)(t) + ½ (a)(t)2 velocity
direction of the velocity of the v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
rock?
vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy)
Given:
viy = (a)(t) And for the direction of
velocity
Required: 𝒗𝒊𝒚
−𝟏
Formula: 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒗𝒊𝒙
Solution:
Final Answer: 101
 Activities
Vertical Components Horizontal Components

Example (Projectile Motion) ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2

viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) vx = constant
A pool ball leaves a 0.60-meter vfx = vix
high table with an initial t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽)
horizontal velocity of 2.4 m/s. 𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t)
Predict the time required for the t = 𝒂
pool ball to fall to the ground vfy = viy + (a)(t) And for the magnitude of
and the horizontal distance 2 velocity
between the table's edge and dy = (viy)(t) + ½ (a)(t)
the ball's landing location. vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy) v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
Given: viy = (a)(t) And for the direction of
velocity
Required: 𝒗𝒊𝒚
−𝟏
Formula: 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒗𝒊𝒙
Solution:
Final Answer: 102
 Activities
Vertical Components Horizontal Components

Example (Projectile Motion) ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2

viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) vx = constant
A soccer ball is kicked vfx = vix
horizontally off a 22.0-meter t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽)
high hill and lands a distance 𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t)
t = 𝒂
of 35.0 meters from the edge
of the hill. Determine the vfy = viy + (a)(t) And for the magnitude of
initial horizontal velocity of dy = (viy)(t) + ½ (a)(t)2 velocity
the soccer ball. vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy) v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
Given: viy = (a)(t) And for the direction of
Required: velocity
−𝟏
𝒗𝒊𝒚
Formula: 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒗𝒊𝒙
Solution:
Final Answer: 103
 Activities
Vertical Components Horizontal Components

Example (Projectile Motion) ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2

viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) vx = constant
John kicks the ball and ball vfx = vix
does projectile motion with an t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽)
angle of 53º to horizontal. Its 𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t)
t = 𝒂
initial velocity is 10 m/s, find
the maximum height it can vfy = viy + (a)(t) And for the magnitude of
reach, horizontal displacement d = (vi )(t) + ½ (a)(t)2 velocity
and total time required for this y y
v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
motion. vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy)

Given:
viy = (a)(t) And for the direction of
velocity
Required: −𝟏
𝒗𝒊𝒚
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
Formula: 𝒗𝒊𝒙
Solution:
104
Final Answer:
 Activities
Vertical Components Horizontal Components

Example (Projectile Motion) ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2

viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) vx = constant
A cannon is fired with muzzle vfx = vix
velocity of 150 m/s at an angle t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽)
of elevation 45°. What is the 𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t)
t = 𝒂
maximum height the projectile
reaches? What is the total vfy = viy + (a)(t) And for the magnitude of
time aloft? How far away did d = (vi )(t) + ½ (a)(t)2 velocity
the projectile land? (Range) y y
v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
Where is the projectile at 10 vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy)
seconds after firing? viy = (a)(t) And for the direction of
Given: velocity
−𝟏
𝒗𝒊𝒚
Required: 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
Formula: 𝒗𝒊𝒙
Solution:
Final Answer: 105
 Activities
Vertical Components Horizontal Components

Example (Projectile Motion) ay = -a = -9.8 m/s2 ax = 0 m/s2

viy = (vi) (sin 𝜽) vx = constant
Maria, a diver, takes off with vfx = vix
a speed of 10 m/s from a 5- t = viy / a vix = (vi) (cos 𝜽)
meter high diving board at 𝟐𝒅𝒚 dx = (vix) (t)
t = 𝒂
30° above the horizontal. At
what time does she strike the vfy = viy + (a)(t) And for the magnitude of
water? dy = (viy)(t) + ½ (a)(t)2 velocity
Given: vfy = viy + 2 (a)(dy) v=√(𝒗𝒊𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒗𝒊𝒚 )𝟐
Required: viy = (a)(t) And for the direction of
velocity
Formula: 𝒗𝒊𝒚
−𝟏
Solution: 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒗𝒊𝒙
Final Answer:
106
 Activities
Seatwork (Projectile Motion)
1. A golf ball was given a velocity of 50 m/s at an angle of 42° to the
horizontal. What are the vertical and horizontal components of the
ball’s initial velocity? For what interval of time is the ball in flight?
How far will the ball travel horizontally?
2. A marble rolls off the edge of a table top with an initial velocity of 15
m/s. In 0.5 second, how far does it travel vertically and horizontally?
3. Alice throws the ball to the horizontal direction with an initial velocity
10m/s. Time elapsed during the motion is 5 seconds, calculate the
height that object is thrown and vertical velocity after it hits the
ground

107
 Quiz

Directions: Solve the following two dimensional motion problems.

1. An object is launched at a velocity of 20 m/s in a direction making
an angle of 25° upward with the horizontal. What is the maximum
height reached by the object? What is the total flight time (between
launch and touching the ground) of the object? What is the
horizontal range of the object? What is the magnitude of the velocity
of the object just before it hits the ground?
2. A long jumper leaves the ground with an initial velocity of 12 m/s at
an angle of 28° above the horizontal. Determine the time of flight,
the horizontal distance, and the peak height of the long-jumper.

108